Does the word end with

a consonantsimilar to the suf�x?*

START

Voice the suf�x/z/ /d/

Do not voicethe suf�x

/s/ /t/

YES

NO

How to pronounce the suf�xes -(e)s and -ed

(regular plural nouns, verb 3ps,past & perfect, participle adjectives)

wantneedwashpass

Is the �nal consonantvoiced?

Any vowel, /b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /v/

NO

Pronounce /I/(in plurals, write ‘e’)

to separatethe �nal consonant

from the suf�x

passeswashes

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unvoiced/s//∫//t∫/

voiced/z//ʒ/

/dʒ/

similar sibilantsunvoiced

/t/voiced

/d/

alveolar stops alike

YES

washedpassedraised

washedpassedwants

raisedneeds

wantedneeded

*Exceptions include the adjectives wicked, naked and learned