VisionUse the following ppt. to take notes on the structure of the eye.

Before you tape the eye diagram into notes – take notes on wavelengths (Obj.7)Tape the eye into your notebook.You should label the eye and then define each part underneath your diagram.You will take additional notes on the retina after you define the structures.

Objective 7: What is the energy we see as visible light?

1.Wavelength = hue/color distance from 1 wave peak to the next Hue (color)

2. Intensity = brightness the amount of energy in light waves Wave amplitude/height = brightness

Frequency of a wave

shows us color

Height of a wave

shows us brightnes

s

The Physical Property of WavesHUE/ COLOR BRIGHTNESS

Frequency of a wave shows us color

Height of a wave shows us brightness

Objective 8: Eye Structure

CorneaPupil IrisLens

accommodationRetina

The Structure of the Eye

The Structure of the Eye

Cornea = outer covering of the eye.

The Structure of the Eye

Pupil = the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

The Structure of the Eye

Iris = a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size

of the pupil opening.• The iris dilates/constricts in response to changing light

intensity

The Structure of the Eye

Lens = the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

The Structure of the Eye

Retina = the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

The Structure of the Eye

Blind Spot = the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are

located there.

The Structure of the Eye

Fovea = the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

The Structure of the Eye

Optic Nerve = the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

The Retina

Rods and Cones

Rods

Cones

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; peripheral & twilight vision,

when cones don’t respond

*work well in dark*

retinal receptor cells concentrated near the Center of

the retina; function in

daylight or in well-lit conditions.

Detect fine detail & Color.

*doesn’t work well in dark *

Objective 9:Visual Organization

Gestalt psychology- Our brain’s tendency to integrate pieces of

information into meaningful wholes

GO TO MY BIG CAMPUS & TAKE NOTES ON THE VIDEOS YOU SEE FOR OBJECTIVES 9 -10-11

Figure Ground

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that

stand out from their

surroundings (the ground)

Objective 9Gestalt Psychology

Gestalt An organized whole;

our brains “fill in” the missing details

Figure-GroundGrouping

Proximity Similarity Closure

Form PerceptionGrouping

Form PerceptionGrouping - Proximity

We group nearby objects togethe

r

Form PerceptionGrouping - Similarity

We group similar objects togethe

r

Form PerceptionGrouping - Closure

We fill in gaps to create a complete,

whole object

Objective 10: Depth Perception

Depth perception Visual-cliff

The ability to see objects in 3D – the images that strike retina are 2D but hit at different times so see depth

Biology prepares us to be wary of

heights but nonverbal cues

matter

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNhHrMJA

Depth PerceptionBinocular Cues

Binocular cues Retinal

disparity Eyes are 2 ½ inches

apart Brain compares

images to judge how close an object is

Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues

Monocular cues Depth cue

available to each eye alone

Monocular cues Relative height Relative size Interposition Linear

perspective Relative motion Light and shadow

Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues – Relative Height

We perceiv

e objects higher in our field of vision

as farther away

Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues – Relative Size

If we assume 2 objects

are similar in size, most

people perceive the one

that casts the

smaller retinal

image as farther away

Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues - Interposition

If one object

partially blocks

our view of

another, we

perceive it as

closer.

Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues – Linear Perspective

Parallel lines seem to meet in

the distance.

The sharper the

angel of convergenc

e, the greater the perceived distance.

Perceptual Adaptation

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or

even inverted visual field

Humans adapt to a distorted world when wearing goggles that shifts location 30 degrees.

Hearinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsOo3jzkhYA29 year old hears for first time

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GA9gEh1fLs

Little Boy hears for first time

Hearing & Other SensesObjectives 11

Oval window =middle earconnects to the

cochlea

Cochlea = a coiled, bony,

fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve

impulses.

thalamus

The EarPerceiving Loudness

Brain interprets loudness from the number of activated hair cells

Basilar membrane’s hair cells

PainUnderstanding Pain

Gate-control theory Endorphins Phantom limb sensations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DAgFwn4-w4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSjwy6Y7Y8M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrqi1B9Xbt0

Phantom Limb Therapy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL_6OMPywnQPhantom Limb Treatment

Taste

Sweet, sour, salty and bitterTaste budsAge and taste

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fhc0t_QNhs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZC-WfUHUBSw

Lemon Babies MSG

TasteSensory Interaction

Sensory interaction Interaction of smell and taste

McGurk Effect Interaction of other senses

synaesthesia

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-lN8vWm3m0

McGurk Effect

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkRbebvoYqI

Smell

Olfaction Chemical sense Oldest sense