Post on 04-Nov-2015
description
Vipera berus
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Viperinae
Genus: Vipera
Species: V. berus
Binomial name
Vipera berus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
[Coluber] berus Linnaeus, 1758
Vipera berusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vipera berus, the common European adder[3] or common
European viper,[4] is a venomous viper species that is extremelywidespread and can be found throughout most of Western Europe
and as far as East Asia.[2] Known by a host of common namesincluding common adder and common viper, adders have been the
subject of much folklore in Britain and other European countries.[5]
They are not regarded as especially dangerous;[3] the snake is notaggressive and usually bites only when alarmed or disturbed. Bites
can be very painful, but are seldom fatal.[6] The specific name,berus, is New Latin and was at one time used to refer to a snake,
possibly the grass snake, Natrix natrix.[7]
The common adder is found in different terrains, habitat complexitybeing essential for different aspects of its behaviour. It feeds onsmall mammals, birds, lizards, and amphibians, and in some caseson spiders, worms, and insects. The common adder, like most othervipers, is ovoviviparous. Females breed once every two or threeyears, with litters usually being born in late summer to early autumnin the Northern Hemisphere. Litters range in size from three to 20with young staying with their mothers for a few days. Adults growto a total length (including tail) of 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) and amass of 50 to 180 g (1.8 to 6.3 oz). Three subspecies arerecognized, including the nominate subspecies, Vipera berus berus
described here.[8] The snake is not considered to be threatened,though it is protected in some countries.
Contents
1 Etymologies2 Description3 Geographic range4 Conservation status5 Habitat6 Behaviour7 Feeding8 Reproduction9 Venom10 Taxonomy11 See also12 References13 Further reading
Species synonymy
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[Coluber] Chersea Linnaeus, 1758
Coluber prester Linnaeus, 1761
Coluber vipera Anglorum
Laurenti, 1768
Coluber Melanis Pallas, 1771
Coluber Scytha Pallas, 1773
C[oluber]. Scytha Bonnaterre,
1790
Vipera melanis Sonnini &
Latreille, 1801
Vipera berus Daudin, 1803
Vipera chersea Daudin, 1803
Vipera prester Daudin, 1803
[Coluber] Caeruleus Sheppard,
1804
Vipera communis Leach, 1817
Coluber chersea var. marasso
Pollini, 1818
[Pelias] berus Merrem, 1820
[Vipera] marasso Sette, 1821
Vipera limnaea Bendiscioli, 1826
Vipera trilamina Millet, 1828
[Pelias] Chersea Wagler, 1830
Vipera torva Lenz, 1832
Pelias dorsalis Gray, 1842
V[ipera]. Prester var. gagatina
Freyer, 1842
Echidnoides trilamina Mauduyt,
1844
Vipera Pelias Soubeiran, 1855
Pelias berus var. Prester
Gnther, 1858
Pelias berus var. Chersea
Gnther, 1858
P[elias berus]. Var. dorsalis
Cope, 1860
P[elias berus]. Var. niger Cope,
14 External links
Etymologies
The name "adder" is derived from ndre an Old English word thathad the generic meaning of serpent in the older forms of manyGermanic languages. It was commonly used in the Old Englishversion of the Christian Scriptures for the devil and the serpent in
the Book of Genesis.[5][9] In the 14th century, "a nadder" in MiddleEnglish was rebracketed to "an adder" (just as "a napron" became"an apron" and "a nompere" changed into "an umpire").
In keeping with its wide distribution and familiarity through theages, Vipera berus has a large number of common names inEnglish, which include:
Common European adder,[3] common European viper,[4]
European viper,[10] northern viper,[11] adder, common adder,
crossed viper, European adder,[12] common viper, European
common viper, cross adder,[13] or common cross adder.[14]
In Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, the snake is known as huggormor hoggorm, roughly translated as "striking serpent" or "cuttingserpent". In Finland, it is known as kyykrme or simply kyy, inEstonia it is known as rstik, while in Lithuania it is known asangis.
Description
Relatively thick-bodied, adults usually grow to 60 cm (24 in) in
total length (including tail), with an average of 55 cm (22 in).[3]
Maximum size varies by region. The largest, at over 90 cm (35 in),are found in Scandinavia; specimens of 104 cm (41 in) have beenobserved there on two occasions. In France and Great Britain, the
maximum size is 8087 cm (3134 in).[3] Mass ranges from 50 g
(1.8 oz) to about 180 grams (6.3 oz).[15][16]
The head is fairly large and distinct and its sides are almost flat andvertical. The edge of the snout is usually raised into a low ridge.Seen from above, the rostral scale is not visible, or only just.Immediately behind the rostral, there are two (rarely one) smallscales. Dorsally, there are usually five large plates: a squarishfrontal (longer than wide, sometimes rectangular), two parietals(sometimes with a tiny scale between the frontal and the parietals),and two long and narrow supraoculars. The latter are large anddistinct, each separated from the frontal by one to four small scales.
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1860
V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus Jan,
1863
V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var.
prester
Jan, 1863
V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var.
lymnaea
Jan, 1863
Pelias Chersea Erber, 1863
Pelias berus Erber, 1863
Vipera berus var. prester
Jan & Sordelli, 1874
Vipera berus [berus] Boettger,
1889
[Vipera berus] var. montana
Mhel, 1893
Vipera berus Boulenger, 1896
Pelias berus lugubris Kashehenko,
1902
Vipera berus pelias Chabanaud,
1923
[Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma
brunneomarcata A.F. Reuss, 1923
[Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma
luteoalba A.F. Reuss, 1923
[Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma
ochracea asymmetrica A.F. Reuss,
1923
[Vipera (Pelias) berus] rudolphi-
marchica A.F. Reuss, 1924
[Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma
bilineata A.F. Reuss, 1924
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma
chersea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma
ochracea-splendens A.F. Reuss,
1925
V. berus: normal and melanistic
colour patterns
The nostril is situated in ashallow depression within alarge nasal scale. The eye isrelatively largeequal insize or slightly larger thanthe nasal scalebut oftensmaller in females. Belowthe supraoculars are six to13 (usually eight to 10)small circumorbital scales.The temporal scales aresmooth (rarely weaklykeeled). There are 1012
sublabials and six to 10 (usually eight or 9) supralabials. Of thelatter, the numbers 3 and 4 are the largest, while 4 and 5 (rarely 3and 4) are separated from the eye by a single row of small scales
(sometimes two rows in alpine specimens).[3]
Midbody there are 21 dorsal scales rows (rarely 19, 20, 22, or 23).These are strongly keeled scales, except for those bordering theventral scales. These scales seem loosely attached to the skin andlower rows become increasingly wide; those closest to the ventralscales are twice as wide as the ones along the midline. The ventralscales number 132-150 in males and 132158 in females. The analplate is single. The subcaudals are paired, numbering 3246 in
males and 2338 in females.[3]
The colour pattern varies, ranging from very light-colouredspecimens with small, incomplete, dark dorsal crossbars to entirelybrown ones with faint or clear, darker brown markings, and on tomelanistic individuals that are entirely dark and lack any apparentdorsal pattern. However, most have some kind of zigzag dorsalpattern down the entire length of their bodies and tails. The headusually has a distinctive dark V or X on the back. A dark streak runsfrom the eye to the neck and continues as a longitudinal series of
spots along the flanks.[3] Unusual for snakes, the sexes are possibleto tell apart by the colour. Females are usually brownish in hue withdark-brown markings, the males are pure grey with black markings.The basal colour of males will often be slightly lighter than that ofthe females, making the black zigzag pattern stand out. Themelanistic individuals are often females.
Geographic range
Vipera berus has a wide range. It can be found across the Eurasianland-mass; from northwestern Europe (Great Britain, Scandinavia,Germany, France) across southern Europe (Italy, Serbia, Albania,Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic ofMacedonia, Bulgaria, and northern Greece) and eastern Europe to
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Vipera (Pelias) berus forma
rutila
A.F. Reuss, 1925
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma
punctata
A.F. Reuss, 1925
Coluber sachalinensis
continentalis Nikolski, 1927
P[elias]. sudetica A.F. Reuss, 1927
(nomen nudum)
V[ipera]. berus marchici A.F.
Reuss, 1927
Vipera berus rudolphi A.F. Reuss,
1927
(nomen nudum)
Vipera berus berus
Mertens & L. Mller, 1928
[Pelias] elberfeldi A.F. Reuss, 1929
Pelias rudolphi A.F. Reuss, 1930
Pelias schttleri A.F. Reuss, 1930
P[elias]. tyrolensis A.F. Reuss, 1930
Pelias schreiberi A.F. Reuss, 1930
Pelias flavescens A.F. Reuss, 1930
(nomen nudum)
Pelias subalpina A.F. Reuss, 1930
(nomen nudum)
Pelias neglecta A.F. Reuss, 1932
Vipera berus sphagnosa
Krassawzef, 1932
Pelias occidentalis A.F. Reuss,
1933
Pelias occidentalis oldesloensis
A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum)
Pelias occidentalis orbensis
A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum)
Pelias sudetica forma steinii
A.F. Reuss, 1935 (nomen nudum)
Vipera marchici A.F. Reuss, 1935
north of the Arctic Circle, and Russia to the Pacific Ocean, SakhalinIsland, North Korea, northern Mongolia and northern China. Thetype locality was originally listed as "Europa". Mertens and Mller(1940) proposed restricting the type locality to "Upsala, Schweden"
(Uppsala, Sweden)[2] and it was eventually restricted to Berthga,Uppsala by designation of a neotype by Krecsk & Wahlgren
(2008).[17]
In several European countries, it is notable as being the only nativevenomous snake.
Conservation status
In the United Kingdom, it is illegal to kill, injure, harm, or sell
adders under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act.[18] The
common viper is categorised as "endangered" in Switzerland,[19]
and is also protected in some other countries in its range. It is also
found in many protected areas.[1] This species is listed as protected
(Appendix III) under the Berne Convention.[20]
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List ofThreatened Species describes the conservation status as of "leastconcern" in view of its wide distribution, presumed largepopulation, broad range of habitats, and likely slow rate of decline
though it acknowledges the population to be decreasing.[21]
Reduction in habitat for a variety of reasons, fragmentation ofpopulations in Europe due to intense agriculture practices, andcollection for the pet trade or for venom extraction have been
recorded as major contributing factors for its decline.[1]
Habitat
Sufficient habitat complexity is a crucial requirement for thepresence of this species, in order to support their various behaviorsbasking, foraging, and hibernationas well as to offer some
protection from predators and human harassment.[3] It is found invariety of habitats, including: chalky downs, rocky hillsides, moors,sandy heaths, meadows, rough commons, edges of woods, sunnyglades and clearings, bushy slopes and hedgerows, dumps, coastaldunes, and stone quarries. They will venture into wetlands if dryground is available nearby and thus may be found on the banks of
streams, lakes, and ponds.[22]
In much of southern Europe, such as southern France and northernItaly, it is found in either low lying wetlands or at high altitudes. Inthe Swiss Alps, it may ascend to about 3,000 m (9,842 ft). InHungary and Russia, it avoids open steppeland; a habitat in which
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Pelias sudetica steinii forma
emarcata A.F. Reuss, 1937 (nomen
illegitimum)
Vipera (Vipera) berus berus
Obst, 1983
Vipera berus forma
brunneomarcata
Golay et al., 1993
Vipera berus forma
ochracea-asymmetrica Golay et
al., 1993
Vipera berus forma luteoalba
Golay et al., 1993
Pelias schoettleri Golay et al.,
1993
Coluber coeruleus Golay et al.,
1993
Vipera berus Golay et al., 1993[2]
Distribution in EuropeV. berus
V. berus female
V. ursinii is more likely to occur. In Russia, however, it does occur
in the forest steppe zone.[22]
Behaviour
This species is mainly diurnal, especially in the north of its range.
Further south it is said[23] to be active in the evening, and it may even beactive at night during the summer months. It is predominantly aterrestrial species, although it has been known to climb up banks and
into low bushes in order to bask or search for prey.[22]
Adders are not usually aggressive, tending to be rather timid and bitingonly when cornered or alarmed. People are generally bitten only afterstepping on them or attempting to pick them up. They will usually disappear into the undergrowth at a hint of
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V. berus male
V. berus showing strongly keeled
scales on dorsal area.
any danger, but will return once all is quiet, often to the same spot.Occasionally, individual snakes will reveal their presence with a loudand sustained hissing, hoping to warn off potential aggressors. Often,these turn out to be pregnant females. When the adder is threatened, the
front part of the body is drawn into an S-shape to prepare for a strike.[22]
The species is cold-adapted and hibernates in the winter. In GreatBritain, males and females hibernate for about 150 and 180 daysrespectively. In northern Sweden hibernation lasts 89 months. On mildwinter days, they may emerge to bask where the snow has melted andwill often travel across snow. About 15% of adults and 3040% of
juveniles die during hibernation.[3]
Feeding
Diet consists mainly of small mammals, such as mice, voles, and shrews, as well as lizards. Sometimes, slowworms are taken, and even weasels and moles. They feed on amphibians, such as frogs, newts, and salamanders.
Birds are also reported[24] to be on the menu, especially nestlings and even eggs, for which they will climb into
shrubbery and bushes. Generally, diet varies depending on locality.[22] Juveniles will eat nestling mammals,small lizards and frogs as well as worms and spiders. Once they reach about 30 cm (1 ft) in length, their diet
begins to resemble that of the adults.[3]
Reproduction
In Hungary, mating takes place in the last week of April, while in the north it happens later in the second weekof May. Matings have also been observed in June and even early October, but it is not known if the autumn
matings result in any young.[3] Females often breed once every two years,[22] or even once every three years if
the seasons are short and the climate is severe.[3]
Males find females by following their scent trails, sometimes trackingthem for hundreds of meters a day. If a female is found and flees, themale follows. Courtship involves side-by-side parallel "flowing"behavior, tongue flicking along the back and excited lashing of the tail.Pairs stay together for one or two days after mating. Males chase awaytheir rivals and engage in combat. Often, this also starts with theaforementioned flowing behavior before culminating in the dramatic
"adder dance."[3] In this act, the males confront each other, raise up thefront part of the body vertically, make swaying movements and attemptto push each other to the ground. This is repeated until one of the twobecomes exhausted and crawls off to find another mate. Interestingly,Appleby (1971) notes that he has never seen an intruder win one of thesecontests, as if the frustrated defender is so aroused by courtship that he
refuses to lose his chance to mate.[25] There are no records of any biting taking place during these bouts.[22]
Females usually give birth in August or September, but sometimes as early as July, or as late as early October.Litters range in size from 3 to 20. The young are usually born encased in a transparent sac from which theymust free themselves. Sometimes, they succeed in freeing themselves from this membrane while still inside thefemale. The neonates measure 14 to 23 centimetres (5.5 to 9.1 in) in total length (including tail), with an
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Vipera berus; the one erect fang has
left a small venom stain on the glove.
average total length of 17 cm (6.7 in). They are born with a fully functional venom apparatus and a reservesupply of yolk within their bodies. They shed their skins for the first time within a day or two. Females do notappear to take much interest in their offspring, but the young have been observed to remain near their mothers
for several days after birth.[22]
Venom
Because of the rapid rate of human expansion throughout the range of this species, bites are relatively common.Domestic animals and livestock are frequent victims. In Great Britain, most instances occur in MarchOctober.
In Sweden, there are about 1,300 bites a year, with an estimated 12% that require hospitalisation.[3] At least
eight different antivenoms are available against bites from this species.[26]
Mallow et al. (2003) describe the venom toxicity as being relatively low compared to other viper species. Theycite Minton (1974) who reported the LD50 values for mice to be 0.55 mg/kg IV, 0.80 mg/kg IP and 6.45 mg/kg
SC. As a comparison, in one test the minimum lethal dose of for a guinea pig was 4067 mg, but only 1.7 mg
was necessary when Daboia russelii venom was used.[3] Brown (1973) gives a higher subcutaneous LD50 range
of 1.04.0 mg/kg.[14] All agree that the venom yield is low: Minton (1974) mentions 1018 mg for specimens
4862 cm (1924 in) in length,[3] while Brown (1973) lists only 6 mg.[14]
Relatively speaking, bites from this species are not highly dangerous.[3]
In Britain there have been only 14 known fatalities since 1876; the last a
5-year-old child in 1975.[6] and one near fatal bite of a 39-year-old
woman in Essex in 1998.[6] An 82-year-old woman died following a bitein Germany in 2004, although it is not clear whether her death was due
to the effect of the venom.[27] Even so, professional medical help shouldalways be sought as soon as possible after any bite. Very occasionallybites can be life-threatening, particularly in small children, while adults
may experience discomfort and disability long after the bite.[6] The
length of recovery varies, but may take up to a year.[3]
Local symptoms include immediate and intense pain, followed after afew minutes (but perhaps by as much as 30 minutes) by swelling and a tingling sensation. Blisters containingblood are not common. The pain may spread within a few hours, along with tenderness and inflammation.Reddish lymphangitic lines and bruising may appear, and the whole limb can become swollen and bruisedwithin 24 hours. Swelling may also spread to the trunk, and with children, throughout the entire body. Necrosis
and intracompartmental syndromes are very rare.[6]
Systemic symptoms resulting from anaphylaxis can be dramatic. These may appear within 5 minutes post bite,or can be delayed for many hours. Such symptoms include nausea, retching and vomiting, abdominal colic anddiarrhoea, incontinence of urine and faeces, sweating, fever, vasoconstriction, tachycardia, lightheadedness, loss
of consciousness, blindness,[28] shock, angioedema of the face, lips, gums, tongue, throat and epiglotis, urticaria
and bronchospam. If left untreated, these symptoms may persist or fluctuate for up to 48 hours.[6] In severe
cases, cardiovascular failure may occur.[3]
Taxonomy
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The species has three recognised subspecies :
Subspecies[8] Taxon author[8] Common name Geographic range
V. b. berus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common European adder[3]
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia,Lithuania, France, Denmark, Germany,Austria, Switzerland, Northern Italy,Belgium, Netherlands, Great Britain,Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia,Hungary, Romania, Russia, Mongolia,Northwest China (north Xinjiang)
V. b. bosniensis Boettger, 1889 Balkan cross adder[13] Balkan Peninsula
V. b. sachalinensis Zarevskij, 1917 Sakhalin Island adder[12]
Russian Far East (Amur Oblast,Primorskye Kray, Khabarovsk Kray,Sakhalin Island), North Korea, NortheastChina (Jilin)
The subspecies V. b. bosniensis and V. b. sachalinensis have been regarded as full species in some recent
publications.[3]
See also
List of viperine species and subspeciesViperinae by common nameViperinae by taxonomic synonymsList of reptiles of Italy
References
Isailovic, Jelka Crnobrnja, et al. (2009). Vipera berus (http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/157248/1). In: IUCN 2012.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
1.
McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Tour T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference,Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN1-893777-01-4 (volume).
2.
Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar,Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
3.
Stidworthy J. (1974). Snakes of the World. New York: Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.4. "Everyday Adders the Adder in Folklore" (http://www.crislis.co.uk/adder/folklore.htm). The HerpetologicalConservation Trust. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
5.
Warrell DA (2005). "Treatment of bites by adders and exotic venomous snakes" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1289323). British Medical Journal 331 (7527): 12441247. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1244(https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7527.1244). PMC 1289323 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1289323). PMID 16308385 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308385).
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Gotch AF. (1986). Reptiles: Their Latin Names Explained. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp. ISBN0-7137-1704-1.
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"Vipera berus" (http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634988).Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 August 2006.
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"adder" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/adder). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. Retrieved7 February 2010.
9.
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U.S. Navy. (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. United States Government. New York: Dover Publications Inc.232 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
10.
Vipera berus (http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Vipera&species=berus) at the Reptarium.czReptile Database (http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/). Accessed 21 November 2007.
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Mehrtens JM. (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN0-8069-6460-X.
12.
Steward JW. (1971). The Snakes of Europe. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Press (Fairleigh DickinsonUniversity Press). 238 pp. LCCCN 77-163307. ISBN 0-8386-1023-4.
13.
Brown JH. (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
14.
Olsson, M.; Madsen, T.; Shine, R. (1997). "Is sperm really so cheap? Costs of reproduction in male adders,Viperaberus" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688262). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: BiologicalSciences 264 (1380): 455459. doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0065 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1997.0065).JSTOR 50437 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/50437). PMC 1688262 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688262). (includes chart showing range of male mass in one population)
15.
Strugariu, Alexandru; Zamfirescu, tefan R.; Gherghel, Iulian (2009). "First record of the adder (Vipera berus berus)in Arge County (Southern Romania)" (http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=476009). Biharean Biologist 3(2): 164. (gives example masses of females).
16.
Krecsk L, Wahlgren R. (2008). "A survey of the Linnaean type material of Coluber berus, Coluber chersea andColuber prester (Serpentes, Viperidae)". Journal of Natural History 42 (3536): 2343.doi:10.1080/00222930802126888 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00222930802126888).
17.
"Adder (Vipera berus)" (http://www.arkive.org/adder/vipera-berus/facts-and-status.html). Arkive (Images of life onEarth). www.wildscreen.org.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2010.. This ref cites Beebee T, & Griffiths R. (2000)Amphibians and Reptiles: a Natural History of the British Herpetofauna. (http://books.google.com/books?id=JMF1QgAACAAJ) London: Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. as the source.
18.
Monney JC, Meyer A. (2005). Rote Liste der gefhrdeten Reptilien der Schweiz. Hrsg. Bundesamt fr Umwelt, Waldund Landschaft BUWAL, Bern und Koordinationsstelle fr Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz der Schweiz, Bern.BUWAL-Reihe.
19.
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix III (http://web.archive.org/web/20110302135536/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/reports/html/185.htm) at Council of Europe(http://archive.is/20120708175230/http://conventions.coe.int/). Accessed 7 February 2010.
20.
"IV: The Categories" (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria). 2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
21.
Street D. (1979). The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 272 pp. ISBN0-7134-1374-3.
22.
(http://www.archive.org/details/snakesofeurope00boul)Boulenger GA. (1913). Snakes of Europe. London: Methuen& Co. xi + 269 pp. (Vipera berus, pp. 230-239, Figure 35).
23.
Leighton, Gerald R. (1901). The Life-History of British Serpents and Their Local Distribution in the British Isles(http://books.google.com/?id=7i_8ZmymfMoC). Edinburgh & London: Blackwood & Sons. p. 84.ISBN 1-4446-3091-1. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
24.
Appleby LG. (1971). British Snakes. London: J. Baker. 150 pp. ISBN 0-212-98393-8.25. Vipera berus antivenoms (http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/indication/VIPERA_BERUS.html) at MunichAntivenom Index (http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/). Accessed 15 September 2006.
26.
Tod durch Kreuzotterbiss? (http://www.ggiz-erfurt.de/aktuelles/akt_press_04_juli_kreuzotter_ostsee.htm) atGemeinsames Giftinformationszentrum (http://www.ggiz-erfurt.de/). A 44 year old man was left seriously injured ayehe was bitten by an Adder at the Go-Ape adventure park in Dalby, Burgh Yorkshire UK. Accessed 25 May 2007.
27.
Macrae, Fiona (21 July 2010) Adder bite leaves father blinded, choking and just minutes from death on walk withfamily (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1296520/Adder-bite-leaves-father-blinded-choking-just-minutes-death-walk-family.html). The Daily Mail, retrieved on 21 July 2010.
28.
Further reading
Ananjeva NB, Borkin LJ, Darevsky IS, Orlov NL. 1998. [Amphibians and Reptiles. Encyclopedia of Nature ofRussia]. Moscow: ABF. (in Russian).
Vipera berus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipera_berus
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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Vipera
berus.
Wikispecies has
information related to:Vipera berus
Wikisource has the text of
the 1921 Collier's
Encyclopedia article
Adder.
Arnold EN, Burton JA. 1978. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. London: Collins.272 pp. ISBN 0-00-219318-3. (Vipera berus, pp. 217218 + Plate 39 + Map 122).Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containingthe...Viperid. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Vipera berus, pp. 476481).Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR. 1978. Introduction to Herpetology: Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi +378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Vipera berus, pp. 122, 188, 334).Jan G, Sordelli F. 1874. Iconographie gnrale des Ophidiens: Quarante-cinquime Livraison. Paris: Baillire. Index+ Plates I.- VI. (Vipera berus, Plate II, Figure 1; var. prester, Plate II, Figures 2-4; var. concolor, Plate II, Figure 5;var. lymnaea, Plate II, Figure 6).Joger U, Lenk P, Baran I, Bhme W, Ziegler T, Heidrich P, Wink M. 1997. The phylogenetic position of Viperabarani and of Vipera nikolskii within the Vipera berus complex. Herpetologica Bonnensis 185-194.Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema natur per regna tria natur, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cumcharacteribus, diferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp.(Coluber berus, p. 217).Minton SA Jr. 1974. Venom Diseases. Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas Publ. 256 pp. ISBN 978-0-398-03051-3.Morris PA. 1948. Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them. A volume of the HumanizingScience Series, edited by Jacques Cattell. New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (The common viper, Vipera berus,pp. 154155, 182).Wster W, Allum CSE, Bjargardottir IB, Bailey KL, Dawson KJ, Guenioui J, Lewis J, McGurk J, Moore AG,Niskanen M, Pollard CP. 2004. Do aposematism and Batesian mimicry require bright colours? A test, using Europeanviper markings. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271: 24952499. PDF (http://www.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Publications/2004_Viper_Aposematism_online.pdf) at Wolfgang Wster, School of Biological Sciences,University of Wales, Bangor (http://www.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/). Accessed on 15 August 2006.
External links
[1] (http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk/cgi-bin/sarg2reptilespeciesdata.asp?species=adder#Predators)Vipera berus (http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk/cgi-bin/SARG2ReptileSpeciesData.asp?Species=Adder) at SurreyAmphibian and Reptile Group (SARG) (http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk)Vipera berus European Field Herping Community(http://www.euroherp.com/species.php?sp=181)Vipera berus (http://www.herp.it/SpeciesPages/ViperBerus.htm) atAmphibians and Reptiles of Europe (http://www.herp.it/).Accessed on 16 August 2006.Vipera berus (http://www.arkive.org/adder/vipera-berus/) media atARKiveAdder or Viper Vipera berus (http://www.herpetofauna.co.uk/adder.htm) at Reptiles and Amphibians ofthe UK (http://www.herpetofauna.co.uk/). Accessed 9 October 2006.Vipera berus (http://www.club100.net/species/V_berus/V_berus.html) at Club100(http://www.club100.net/). Accessed 9 October 2006.Viper berus Adder (http://www.first-nature.com/reptiles/vipera_berus.htm) at First Nature(http://www.first-nature.com/). Accessed 9 October 2006.Adder (Vipera berus) (http://www.wartsoc.co.uk/gallery/warksR.php) at Warwickshire Amphibian andReptile Team (http://www.wartsoc.co.uk/herpetofauna.htm). Accessed 11 February 2010 .Adder, Vipera berus (http://www.herpfrance.com/reptile/adder_vipera_berus.php) at Reptiles &Amphibians of France (http://www.herpfrance.com/). Accessed 6 June 2008.
Vipera berus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipera_berus
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Vipera berus images (http://en.hribi.net/zivali.asp?id=4) at Hribi.net (http://en.hribi.net/). Accessed 7February 2010.Snakes (http://web.archive.org/web/20080413000721/http://www.froglife.org/speciesIDsReptiles.htm) atFroglife, UK (now part of Amphibian & reptile conservation Trust) (http://www.arc-trust.org/). Dead sitearchived by www.archive.org. Accessed 11 February 2010.Add an Adder (http://www.adder.org.uk/) (UK Herpetological Conservation Trust). Accessed 31December 2007.James Stroud Research and Contact Details (http://www2.hull.ac.uk/scarborough/campus-departments/environmental-and-marine-scien/staff/cems-postgraduate/james-stroud.aspx) (University of Hull, UK)
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Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species Viperinae Reptiles of Europe Reptiles of Asia
Reptiles of Russia Fauna of Siberia Arctic land animals Aposematic species Animals described in 1758
Endangered species of the British Isles
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