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XII MOLLUSC, BRACHIOPODA
XIII. ARTHROPODA, ECHINODERMATA
II. FOSSILS AND FOSSILLIZATION/TAPHONOMY
V, SYSTEMATICS, CLASSIFICATION, TAXONOMY
XV. SANGIRAN EXCURSION
IX. PLANT KINGDOM
XIV. VERTEBRATE, HUMAN FOSSILS
X. PROTOZOA, PORIFERA
IV. USES OF FOSSILS STUDY
VII. EVOLUTION
III. AGE OF GEOLOGY AND INDEX FOSSILS
PALEONTOLOGY
XI. COELENTERATA, BRYOZOA
VI. ICHNOFOSSILS, BIOMETRICAL METHOD
I. INTRODUCTION
VIII. MID TEST
XVI. FINAL TEST
Umiya!", MT
E#iya"$, MT
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XIV. VERTEBRATE HUMAN FOSSILS
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Kelompok vertebrata atau bertulang belakangMemiliki tulang punggung yang menyatu dan tengkorak
(rongga otak).
Kelompok: Hidup di air dan daratan (udara).
Yang hidup di daratan memiliki 2 pasang paha (untuk
berjalan) dikelompokkan sebagai tetrapoda.
Kelompok Chordata bersiat simetri bilateral! memiliki
noto"hord dengan syara tulang belakang! "elah (lobang)
hidung.
Kerangka terdiri materi organik translusen yang dapat
meluruh! tersusun #$% mineral garam! keras dan resisten.
&igi! tersusun garam kalsium.
'ertebra atau tulang belakang sebagai pendukung
sepanjang punggung.
FILUM CHORDATA -VERTEBRATA
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Hidup di daratan! air dan udara! bernaas dengan paruparu!tungkai dengan % jari. ermasuk: *mibi! reptil! burung danmamalia.
+. ,kan (-is"es): hidup di air! bersirip! insang! suhu dingin.
2. *mibi (*mphibian)etrapoda paling sederhana dan klas tertua! berdarah dingin!
kulit yang lembab. Hidup di darat sesekali lalu kembali ke airuntuk kain dan bertelur.
#. /eptil (/eptile)etrapoda berdarah dingin! tubuh dilindungi oleh kulit kering!ber0at tanduk dan sering bersisik.Contoh: 1lar! uaya! 3inosaurus (Kelompok).
4. urung (*ves)etrapoda mampu terbang: 2 kelompok: -terosaurus danburung.
%. Mamalia
Memiliki bulu atau rambut! menyusui anaknya! suhu tubuhhangat.
VERTEBRATA -TETRAPODA
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IKANerdapat 4 klas:
+. *gnatha: tanpa gigi taring
2. -la"odermi: bertaring (telah punah).#. Chondri"hthyes: hiu
4. 5stei"hthyes: bertulang
Memiliki insang dan organ penyeimbang tubuhnya
dan sepasang sirip.
*gnatha
anpa taring dan sirip! namun beberapa lobang
bukaan.
,kan air taar dan payau. 1mur: 6ilur *khir 7 3evon
*khir!melimpah dalam sedimen 5ld /ed 6andstone
aah.
Contoh:
%. Cephalaspis (6ilur *tas 7 3evon engah).
8. 2. -teraspis (3evon aah) dan9. helodus (6ilur *tas 7 3evon aah).Premonowati (Vertebrate & Human
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Ia" #&"*a" a%i"* #a" !"*ai-erkembangan ikan dengan sepasang paha dan paru
paru karena aktor lingkungan air! shg mun"ul
tetrapoda.
-la"oderm: memiliki taring primiti dan tungkai.Contoh:
+. itani"hthys: panjang meter! di air taar dan laut.
1mur: 3evonKarbon! tersebar meluas2. Co""osteus (5/6 engah*tas)
Hiu: dapat melun"ur dan kerangka berupa tulang raan!"elah hidung! gigi sangat tajam! kulit bersisik.
-redator! perenang handal sepasang sirip sebagai
kemudi.
erenang dengan tubuh dipipihkan! makanan utama
moluska.
5stei"hthyes (ikan bertulang).Premonowati (Vertebrate & Human
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Fi0) $ Am1)i2ia"0
• Eusthenopteron looked and behaved a lot likemodern sh! but hidden within its ns were the"re#ursors o$ the arm and le% bones o$ $ourlimbed land animals'
• he later Tiktaalik took a $urther ste" toward
terrestrial li$e with earl wrist and n%er bonesthat allowed the animal to "ro" itsel$ u" and"oke its head $rom the water o$ the shallowswam"s it $avored' Tiktaalik *s skeleton indi#ates
that it "robabl breathed both throu%h %ills! likeEusthenopteron! and throu%h a lun%likestru#ture! like the later Ichthyostega andmodern am"hibians'
• Ichthyostega*s even stron%er limbs "robablPremonowati (Vertebrate & Human
Fossils)+
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Fi0) $ Am1)i2ia"0
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Reptil (Reptile) etra"oda berdarah din%in! tubuh dilindun%ioleh kulit kerin%! ber-at tanduk dan bersisik'.ontoh/ 0lar! buaa! (elom"ok) inosaurus'
Burung (Aves) etra"oda mam"u terban%' erdiri 2kelom"ok Pterosaurus dan urun%'
Mammaliaemiliki bulu atau rambut! menusui
anakna! suhu tubuh han%at'Premonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils)
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R&1i3&0 $ Mamma30
• es"ite its distin#tl li-ardlike a""earan#e! Dimetrodon
"ossessed a suite o$ traits more #ommon to latermammals than to its #lose relatives! the true re"tiles'
• ost notabl! the sail "rotrudin% $rom Dimetrodon*sba#k allowed the animal to "artiall re%ulate its bod
tem"erature! markin% what #ould have been a maor"oint in the transition to warmbloodedness'
• he later Thrinaxodon didn*t have a sail but was"robabl #overed in $ur and mi%ht have been warmblooded like the earl mammal Morganucodon'
• 7nother do#umented shi$t toward mammals took "la#ein the mouth/ Dimetrodon had di8erentiated teeth anda stron% bite! althou%h it %ul"ed its "re whole like truere"tiles do even toda'
• Thrinaxodon develo"ed a stron%er lower aw and #ouldPremonowati (Vertebrate & Human
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R&1i3&0 $ Mamma30
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Dim&%$#$"
imetrodon was a sailba#ked! meateatin%animal that lived durin% the Permian Period!rou%hl 2,9 million ear a%o! lon% be$ore thedinosaurs evolved' :t was a so#alled mammallike re"tile! an an#estor o$ the mammals'
imetrodon was about 11'5 $eet (3'5 m) lon%and wei%hed rou%hl 559 "ounds (259 k%)' :thad a lar%e saillike ;a" o$ skin alon% its ba#k!dense with blood vessels' he sail was
su""orted b lon%! bon s"ines! ea#h o$ whi#h%rew out o$ a se"arate s"inal vertebra (a bonein the ba#k)'
he sail ma have been a thermore%ulatorstru#ture! used to absorb and release heat' he
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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinotemplates/Permianprintouts.shtmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinotemplates/Permianprintouts.shtml
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H$m$3$*i
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R&1i3&0 $ Bi%#0• =>"erts don*t know what Archaeopteryx *s #losest
dinosaur an#estor looked like?$ossils haven*t et been
$ound?but the think it mi%ht have looked somewhatlike Velociraptor (hen#e our showin% it here! des"ite itsmu#h later a%e)'
• Archaeopteryx ! the rst known bird! did share a
#ommon an#estor with Velociraptor as well as traits thisan#estor would have had/ shar" #laws $or %ras"in% "reand lon% hind le%s and a stabili-in% tail $or runnin%! $ore>am"le' @et Archaeopteryx also had $eathers
indi#ative o$ earl ;i%ht! althou%h the orientation o$ itsshoulder oint and its la#k o$ a bon breastbone im"lthe animal was more o$ a %lider than man modernbirds?it #ouldn*t li$t its win%s above its ba#k or ;a"them $or e>tended ;i%ht' Archaeopteryx *s later bird
relative! Yanornis! had a bone stru#ture more #ondu#ivePremonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils) 14
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R&1i3&0 $ Bi%#0
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Nai$"a3 M!0&!m $4 Na!%a3 Hi0$%y
Pa%i0, F%a"(&
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• Pakicetus ma have looked somewhat like a do% withhoo$s! but it was a#tuall an earl #eta#ean?a %rou"
that #om"rises the dol"hins! "or"oises! and whales' he "roo$! s#ientists sa! lies in Pakicetus*s ears! whi#hwere intermediate between those o$ terrestrial and $ullaBuati# mammals! and in its trian%ular! whalelike
teeth'• Pakicetus and its relatives were "ossibl sheatin%
s#aven%ers that ventured into the water to nd live"re' 7lthou%h the later Ambulocetus had tin hoo$s on
its hind le%s and #ould "robabl walk! its toes werewebbed like those o$ modern mammals ada"ted $orswimmin%' :ts $ossili-ed bones su%%est that
Ambulocetus undulated its s"ine verti#all in the waterlike the still later Basilosaurus (as well as modern otters
and whales) and not sidetoside like sh' 7lthou%hPremonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils) 1,
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Land Mammals to AquaticMammals
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6!a#%!1a3 P%ima&0 $ Bi1a3 P%ima&
• he earl a"e Dryopithecus was "robabl a #ommon
an#estor to humans and the other %reat a"es' 7lthou%hDryopithecus lived mainl in trees! $ossil eviden#eshows that the animal walked on all $ours whenever itdes#ended to the $orest ;oor'
• :n $a#t! humans* more re#ent an#estor! Australopithecusaarensis! retained some remnants $rom itsBuadru"edal "ast! su#h as hind toes suited $or #limbin%and a wrist oint indi#atin% it sometimes knu#kle
walked' ut Australopithecus "robabl stood u"ri%htmost o$ the time/ :ts $emur was sha"ed similarl to thato$ the later !omo erectus and #ould bear the stress o$habitual u"ri%ht movement'
• oth "rotohumans* $emurs were also an%led inward toan almost kno#kkneed "osition' his hel"ed
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6!a#%!1a3 P%ima&0 $ Bi1a3 P%ima&0
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Na!%a3 S&3&(i$"
-C)a%3&0 Da%'i"
Da%'i"80 )&$%y $4 &7$3!i$" is based on five key observationsand inferences drawn from them. These observations and
inferences have been summarized by the great biologist Ernst
Mayr as follows:
1) !ecies have great fertility. They make more offs!ring than can
grow to adulthood.") #o!ulations remain roughly the same size$ with modest
fluctuations.
%) &ood resources are limited$ but are relatively constant most of
the time.&rom these three observations it may be inferred that in such an
environment there will be a struggle for survival among individuals.
')(n seually re!roducing s!ecies$ generally no two individuals are
identical. *ariation is ram!ant.
+) Much of this variation is heritable.Premonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils) 26
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To summarise ,arwin-s Theory of Evolution
1. *ariation: There is *ariation in Every #o!ulation.
". /om!etition: 0rganisms /om!ete for limited resources.
%. 0ffs!ring: 0rganisms !roduce more 0ffs!ring than can
survive.
'. enetics: 0rganisms !ass enetic traits on to their offs!ring.
+. 2atural election: Those organisms with the Most 3eneficial
Traits
are more likely to urvive and 4e!roduce.
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:ndonesia/ Eunun% Dadahuri" (Earut)!Eunun% Padan% (abar)
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M&*a3i)i(!m
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T h a n k y o u
P ti (V t b t & H 3