Post on 07-Jan-2016
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Variations in Consciousness
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Levels of Awareness
Controlled Automatic Daydreaming Altered states (meditation, hypnosis, drug
use) Sleep Freud’s Unconscious Unconscious
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Biological Clocks
Circadian Rhythm- biological clock that is programmed for 24-25 hours (1 Day)
Light- Receptors in retina- Hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN)- Pineal Gland- secretion of melatonin
High levels of melatonin = drowsiness Body temperature also plays a role
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Morning or Night Person?
Depends on body temperature Morning person- temp. rises more quickly
and peaks earlier in the evening
Ignoring Circadian Rhythms
Jet Lag, working the Grave Yard shift, sleep deprivation
Decreased productivity Accident- prone Quality of social relationships
suffer Decrease immune system functioning- lower T-cell count
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Measuring the Stages of Sleep
Sleep Labs EEG (brain waves) EMG (muscle tension) EOG (eye movement)
EEG patterns in sleep
Stages of Sleep
Awake- Beta waves Drowsy- Alpha waves Stage 1- Theta waves
1-7 minutes Very light stage; easily awoken Hypnic jerks
Stages of Sleep
Stage 2- theta waves & mixed EEG Sleep spindles Respiration, heart rate, muscle tension, and
body temperature continue to decline 10-25 minutes
Stages of Sleep
Stages 3 & 4- Delta (Slow-wave) sleep 30-45 minutes Deepest stage of sleep Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) can occur Secretion of growth hormones which controls
levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development
Repeat stages backwards
Stages of Sleep Stage 5-REM
Paradoxical sleep- beta waves 20% of sleep time All voluntary muscles paralyzed Occurs about 4 times a night about 15-45 min
each Remembering dreams REM “Rebound Effect”
Brain areas involved in sleep
No single “sleep center” or “sleep chemical”
RAS, Pons, Medulla, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Serotonin & Gaba
Evolutionary Bases of Sleep
Conservation Theory- sleep helps to conserve organisms’ energy
Immobilization Theory- sleep reduces exposure to predators
Restorative Theory- sleep helps to restore energy and other resources depleted during the day
Cultural Variations in Sleep
Co-sleeping Siesta Cultures
Sleep Disorders Insomnia
35% Causes: anxiety, depression, use of
stimulants Treatments: benzodiazepine medications
(sedatives) effect GABA synapses Narcolepsy
.05% Cause seems to be entirely genetic Treatment: stimulant drugs
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea 2-4% usually between ages 30-60
Nightmares Cause: stress Frequent nightmares might reflect emotional
disturbances Night/Sleep terrors
Occur in NREM sleep usually stage 4 Feel panic; may wake up crying or screaming