Post on 30-Mar-2018
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure1
Vacuum Insulation Panelsfor Building Applications
- Theoretical and Experimental Investigations
Bjørn Petter Jelle ab
a Department of Materials and Structures,SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
b Department of Civil and Transport Engineering,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
and a lot of ZEB coworkers (SINTEF, NTNU and within Building Sector)
Norsk bygningsfysikkdag (Norwegian Building Physics Day),UBC Ullevaal Business Class, Oslo, Norway, 21st of November, 2012.
See various articles and reports from the ZEB team for further information and details.
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure2
Why is Thermal Insulation Important ?- What Measures Amounts the Most ?
McKinsey, ”Pathways to a Low CarbonEconomy. Version 2 of the GlobalGreenhouse Gas Abatement CostCurve”, McKinsey & Company, 2009.
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Thermal Background- Thermal Conductivity Contributions
tot = solid + gas + rad + conv + coupling + leak
tot = total overall thermal conductivity solid = solid state thermal conductivity gas = gas thermal conductivity rad = radiation thermal conductivity conv = convection thermal conductivity coupling = thermal conductivity term accounting for second order
effects between the various thermal conductivities leak = leakage thermal conductivity
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Traditional Thermal Insulation of Today
Mineral Wool- Glass wool (fibre glass)- Rock wool- 30-40 mW/(mK)
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)- 30-40 mW/(mK)
Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)- 30-40 mW/(mK)
Cellulose- 40-50 mW/(mK)
Cork- 40-50 mW/(mK)
Polyurethane (PUR)- Toxic gases (e.g. HCN) released during fire- 20-30 mW/(mK)
- What is Out There?
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State-of-the-Art Thermal Insulation of Today
Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP)”An evacuated foil-encapsulated open porous material as a high performance thermal insulating material”- Core (silica, open porous, vacuum)- Foil (envelope) - 4 - 8 - 20 mW/(mK)
Gas-Filled Panels (GFP) - 40 mW/(mK)
Aerogels - 13 mW/(mK)
Phase Change Materials (PCM)- Solid State Liquid- Heat Storage and Release
Beyond State-of-the-Art High Performance Thermal Insulation Materials ?
- What is Out There?
VIP vs. XPS
GFP
Aerogel
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VIP Build-Up Porous core – Usually pressed fumed silica (SiO2) Air and water vapour tight foil maintaining vacuum in the VIP
Simmler et al. 2005
Wegger et al. 2011
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VIPs and their Disadvantages
Thermal bridges at panel edges
Expensive at the moment, but calculations show that VIPs may be cost-effective even today
Ageing effects - Air and moisture penetration
–4 mW/(mK) fresh–8 mW/(mK) 25 years–20 mW/(mK) perforated
Vulnerable towards penetration, e.g nails
–20 mW/(mK)
Can not be cut or adapted at building site
Possible improvements?
- Vacuum Core
- Air and Moisture Tight Envelope
VIP
MoistureAir
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Major Weaknesses of VIPs
The Four Cardinal Weaknesses of VIPs
Fragility
Perforation vulnerability
Increasing thermal conductivity during time
Lack of building site adaption cutting
Other VIP Weaknesses
Heat bridge effect due to the metallized envelope foil (decreases with increasing VIP size)
Relatively high costs (may be cost-effective)
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Air and Moisture Diffusion into VIPs
Air Pressure Increase in VIPs
Water Content Increase in VIPs
Depending on:
VIP Laminate Type
VIP DimensionsE. Wegger, B. P. Jelle, E. Sveipe, S. Grynning, A. Gustavsen, R.Baetens and J. V. Thue, ”Aging Effects on Thermal Properties andService Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels”, Journal of Building Physics,35, 128-167, 2011.
0 ,
0( ) ( )m gas totT p Q
tT V
app app initp t p p p e
, ,
,
( )
( ) (1 )wv tot wv sat
VIP dry
Q p Tt
m k
w outX t k e
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Air and Moisture Diffusion into VIPs
Conductivity vs. VIP Laminate Type
Conductivity vs. VIP Dimensions
Depending on:
Air Diffusion
Moisture Diffusion
E. Wegger, B. P.Jelle, E. Sveipe, S.Grynning, A.Gustavsen, R.Baetens and J. V.Thue, ”Aging Effectson ThermalProperties andService Life ofVacuum InsulationPanels”, Journal ofBuilding Physics,35, 128-167, 2011.
( )/ ( )/ ( )/; ;(1 ) (1 ) (1 )get g des w des w
c c cc g wv
g wv
t t t t t tc c cg e wv e e
g wv
p p up p u
dup e p e e
p p u d
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure11
VIPs – The Thermal Insulation of Today ?
VIPs - Despite large disadvantages - A large leap forward
Thermal conductivities 5 to 10 times lower than traditional insulation– 4 mW/(mK) fresh– 8 mW/(mK) 25 years– 20 mW/(mK) perforated
Wall and roof thicknesses up to 50 cm as with traditional insulation are not desired
– Require new construction techniques and skills– Transport of thick building elements leads to increased costs
Building restrictions during retrofitting of existing buildings– Lawful authorities– Practical Restrictions
High living area market value per m2 Reduced wall thickness Large area savings Higher value of the real estate
VIPs - The best solution today and in the near future?
Beyond VIPs?
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Potential Cost Savings by Applying VIPs
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000
Market Value Living Area (EUR/m2 living area)
VIP
Pro
fit
(EU
R/1
00 m
2 liv
ing
are
a)
VIP Profit
l x w x h = 10 m x 10 m x 2.5 m
Assumed example values– Building of 10 m x 10 m– Interior floor to ceiling height of 2.5 m– 20 cm wall thickness reduction– VIP costs 6 cm: 200 EUR/m2
– Mineral wool costs 35 cm: 20 EUR/m2
B. P. Jelle, ”Traditional, State-of-the-Art and Future Thermal BuildingInsulation Materials and Solutions - Properties, Requirements andPossibilities”, Energy and Buildings, 43, 2549-2563, 2011.
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure13
VIP Ageing Experiments Based on known relationships of ageing effects due
to gas and water vapour diffusion.
Various experiments conducted: Temperature ageing according to CUAP 12.01/30 Cyclic climate ageing according to NT Build 495 Combined moisture and temperature ageing Applied external pressure tests Durability versus alkaline environments, e.g. concrete Others
CUAP 12.01/30
Pressure tests
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NT Build 495 - Procedure
Successive climate strains UV-radiation (UVA = 33 W/m2, UVB = 2.4 W/m2) and IR-radiation giving a black panel temperature of (63 ± 5)°C
Wetting with a spray of water
Freezing at -20 ± 5°C
Thawing at laboratory climate
The time interval in each of the strain positions is 1 hour
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Results – Thermal Conductivity
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,6
4,7
4,8
4,9
5
5,1
5,2
0 50 100 150 200
Th
erm
al C
on
du
ctiv
ity
(mW
/(m
K))
Time (days)
CUAP (12.01/30)
Moisture and Temperature
NT Build 495 - Exposed
NT Build 495 - Wall17.9 mW/(mK)
6.6 mW/(mK)
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Results - Calculations - External Pressure
MF4, 100 cm x 100 cm x 2 cm
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Results – External Pressure Tests
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Many timber frame buildings from the 1970s in Norway. Many ready to be retrofitted.
Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) as a high performance
thermal insulation solution. Allows for retrofitting with a minimal additional thickness to the
existing wall.
Improving thermal performance is often recommended
done by exterior retrofitting. This can not uncritically be performed with vapour tight VIPs.
VIP Retrofitting – Condensation Risk?
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VIP Wall Module Build-Up
Field 1 and 2: VIPs on exterior side (two different thicknesses)
Field 3: Reference field
Field 4: VIPs on interior side
Note that the vapour barrier was omitted
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Limitations Provided for Avoiding Condensation
Outdoor climate. Interior moisture excess. Interior temperature. Condition of the VIPs
(pristine, aged, perforated).
Details and numericalsimulations given in:Sveipe, E., Jelle, B.P.,Wegger, E., Uvsløkk, S.,Grynning, S., Thue, J.V.,Time, B. & Gustavsen, A.,2011, ‘Improving thermalinsulation of timber framewalls by retrofitting withvacuum insulation panels –Experimental and theoreticalinvestigations’, In press inJournal of Building Physics.
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure21
Durability versus Alkaline Environments (e.g. Concrete)
B12
B13
B21
A11A12, A13,A21, A22,A23,C1
05
101520253035404550
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Th
erm
al c
on
du
ctiv
ity
(mW
/(m
K))
Time (weeks)
A11A12A13A21A22A23B11
70°C
Room temp.
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Durability versusAlkaline Environments
Non-aged Aged 3 weeks
Aged 6 weeks Aged 9 weeks
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Requirements of theThermal Insulation of Tomorrow
Property Requirements
Thermal conductivity – pristine < 4 mW/(mK)
Thermal conductivity – after 100 years < 5 mW/(mK)
Thermal conductivity – after modest perforation < 4 mW/(mK)
Perforation vulnerability not to be influenced significantly
Possible to cut for adaption at building site yes
Mechanical strength (e.g. compression and tensile) may vary
Fire protection may vary, depends on other protection
Fume emission during fire any toxic gases to be identified
Climate ageing durability resistant
Freezing/thawing cycles resistant
Water resistant
Dynamic thermal insulation desirable as an ultimate goal
Costs vs. other thermal insulation materials competitive
Environmental impact (including energy and material use in production, emission of polluting agents and recycling issues)
low negative impact
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Beyond VIPs – How May It Be Achieved?
VIP
MoistureAir
MoistureAir
VIM
NIM
Open PoreStructure
Closed PoreStructure
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Nano Insulation Material (NIM)NIM - A basically
homogeneous material with a closed or open small
nano pore structure
with an overall thermal conductivity of less than 4 mW/(mK) in the pristine
condition
NIM
Open PoreStructure
Closed PoreStructure
VIP
MoistureAir
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10 mm 1 mm 100 μm 10 μm 1 μm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm
Characteristic Pore Diameter
Gas
Th
erm
al C
ondu
ctiv
ity
(mW
/(m
K))
Air
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
4 mW/(mK)
Various Pore Gases
100 000 Pa300 K
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
100101
102103
104105
10-210-1
100101
102103
104105
Gas
Th
erm
al C
on
du
cti
vity
(m
W/(
mK
))
Pore Diameter (nm)Pore
Pre
ssure (P
a)
Air
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T = 300 K
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On the path to NIMs:
Hollow silica nanospheres
Devloping NIMs– Nano Insulation Materials
Looking into the Crystal Ball and Seeing... the Building Envelopes of Tomorrow...
pdTk2
1Kn21
2B
0,gas0,gasgas
pd2
TkKn
2Bmean
NIM
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure27
Conclusions
Many VIP aspects to be consideredAdvantagesDisadvantages
Theoretical and experimental investigationshelp to evaluate VIPs:
PossibilitiesLimitationsApplications aspects
Beyond VIPsTheoretical and experimental work being performedFor example nano insulation materials (NIM)
Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) for Building Applications
28
NORSK BYGNINGSFYSIKKDAGSINTEF/NTNU
2012
FRANCO BLØCHLINGER
METALLPLAN AS
29
PRAKTISK AV BRUK AV VIP ISOLASJON LAMBDA 0,007 W/M2
30
LAGRING & HÅNDTERING
31
UNDERLAG
• RENT UNDERLAG-EVTL. FALLAVRETTET BETONG
• HØYVERDIG DAMPSPERRE ASFFALT MED ALUSTAMME FOR EKSEMPEL HELSVEISET.
• KJENNSKAP TIL GJENNOMFØRINGER
• KOMPLETT RENT FØR UTLEGGING
• SLUKENE RIKTIG PLASSERT SOM VED BESTILLING
• INGEN ANNET AKTIVITET FRA ANDERE FAG
• RESULAT: RASKT SIKKER INSTALASJON AV VIP
32
FEIL KAN RETTES MED EN GOD
DAMPSPERRE
33
UTLEGGING OG
GANGTRAFIKK
34
UTLEGGING MED TAKBELEGG
35
KOMPLISERTE BYGGFYSIKE
KONSTRUKSJONER HIMLINGER
UNDER EKSPONERT BETONG
36
SOMMERHUS ARKITEKTLUND HAGEM AS
37
SOLA FLYPLASSKONTOR I
PARKERINGSHUS
38
TILPASSNINGER MOT
VEGGOPPKANT
VACU CUTSKJÆRBAR ISOLASJON
NYE APPLIKASJONER
MED EPDM BESKYTTELSE PÅ
BEGGE SIDER SOM GIR EN
ROBUST UTLEGGING