Using JavaScript for Client-Side Behavior - Internet ... · Using JavaScript for Client-Side...

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Using JavaScript for Client-SideBehavior

Internet Applications, ID1354

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Contents

The Document Object Model, DOM

The Browser Object Model, BOM

The jQuery JavaScript Library

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The Knockout JavaScript Framework

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I The W3C Document Object Model, DOM, isan API that allows programs to access andupdate document content.

I Defines objects representing HTMLelements, methods to access HTMLelements, and events generated by HTMLelements.

I The best that can be said about browsersupport is that it varies.

I Try the features you want to use in all relevantbrowsers, check caniuse.com, etc

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The DOM Tree

I The DOM objects are organizedin a tree.

I The picture to the left is a part ofthe DOM tree for the course’schat program.

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The DOM Tree

I The DOM objects are organizedin a tree.

I The picture to the left is a part ofthe DOM tree for the course’schat program.

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The DOM JavaScript APII All HTML elements are represented by

objects.I The HTML objects have properties you can

get or set, to read or update the objects.

I The HTML objects have methods, forexample for adding and deleting elements.

I An example is the JavaScript statementdocument.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =

"Hello World!";

that uses the method getElementByIdto find the HTML object for the element withid demo, and sets the HTML of that objectto "Hello World!", using theinnerHTML property.

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get or set, to read or update the objects.I The HTML objects have methods, for

example for adding and deleting elements.

I An example is the JavaScript statementdocument.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =

"Hello World!";

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example for adding and deleting elements.I An example is the JavaScript statement

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML ="Hello World!";

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example for adding and deleting elements.I An example is the JavaScript statement

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML ="Hello World!";

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The document Object

I The object document can be accessed byany JavaScript code. It represents theentire web page and is the entry point tothe DOM API.

I Sample methods in document areFind HTML elements getElementById,

getElementsByTagName,getElementsByClassName

Properties of HTML elements innerHTML, attributeAdd or delete elements createElement,

removeChild, appendChildCollections of HTML elements cookie, URL, elements,

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The document Object

Properties of HTML elements innerHTML, attribute

Add or delete elements createElement,removeChild, appendChild

Collections of HTML elements cookie, URL, elements,forms

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The document Object

removeChild, appendChild

Collections of HTML elements cookie, URL, elements,forms

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The document Object

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The document Object

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Change CSS Rules

I To change CSS rules use the following typeof statement:document.getElementById(id).style.<property>

= <some style>

I For example, the statementdocument.getElementById("p2").style.color =

"blue";

changes the font color of element with idp2 to blue.

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Change CSS Rules

I To change CSS rules use the following typeof statement:document.getElementById(id).style.<property>

= <some style>

I For example, the statementdocument.getElementById("p2").style.color =

"blue";

changes the font color of element with idp2 to blue.

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EventsI The DOM defines many events, for

example onClick, which is fired by anelement when the user clicks on it.

I To react to an event, add JavaScript code tothe event handler attribute of the elementthat generates the event.

I For example, to change text in theparagraph when the user clicks it:<p onclick="clicked(this)">Click Me!</p>

function clicked(source) {source.innerHTML = "You clicked";

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Examples of Events

Mouse events onclick, ondblclick,onmousedown, onmouseover

Keyboard events onkeydown, onkeypress,onkeyup, fired in that order.

Object events onload, onunloadForm events onchange, onselect

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Examples of Events

Object events onload, onunload

Form events onchange, onselect

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Examples of Events

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Examples of Events

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Event ListenersI The JavaScript function addEventListener()

attaches an event listener to the specified element.<button id="myBtn">Try it</button><p id="demo"></p>

document.getElementById("myBtn").addEventListener("click", displayDate);

function displayDate() {document.getElementById("demo").

innerHTML = Date();}

I Multiple event listeners, even of the same type, canbe attached to the same element.

I Event listeners is preferred over onEventattributes since it separates JavaScript from HTML,thereby increasing cohesion.

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I Event listeners is preferred over onEventattributes since it separates JavaScript from HTML,thereby increasing cohesion. 11 / 93

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I Event listeners is preferred over onEventattributes since it separates JavaScript from HTML,thereby increasing cohesion. 11 / 93

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Passing Parameters to EventListeners

I The following code illustrates how to passparameters to event listeners.

document.getElementById("myBtn").addEventListener("click", function() {

showLabel(this);});

function showLabel(source) {document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML

= source.innerHTML;}

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Question 1

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Event Bubbling

I When an element fires an event, also theevent handlers of its parents are invoked.

I An event first triggers the deepest possibleelement, then its parents in nesting order.

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Event Bubbling

I When an element fires an event, also theevent handlers of its parents are invoked.

I An event first triggers the deepest possibleelement, then its parents in nesting order.

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Event Bubbling ExampleI HTML:

<div onclick="show(1)">1<div onclick="show(2)">2

</div></div>

</div>

JavaScript:function show(sourceNo) {

var curr = document.getElementById("event-log").innerHTML;

document.getElementById("event-log").innerHTML = curr + " " + sourceNo;

I When clicking the innermost div (number3), the output is 3 2 1 15 / 93

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Event Bubbling ExampleI HTML:

<div onclick="show(1)">1<div onclick="show(2)">2

</div></div>

</div>

JavaScript:function show(sourceNo) {

var curr = document.getElementById("event-log").innerHTML;

document.getElementById("event-log").innerHTML = curr + " " + sourceNo;

I When clicking the innermost div (number3), the output is 3 2 1 15 / 93

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Stopping the BubblingI Bubbling is prevented by callingstopPropagation() on the event object.

I <div onclick="show(1)">1<div onclick="show(2)">2

</div></div>

</div>

function show(sourceNo, event) {var curr = document.

getElementById("log").innerHTML;document.getElementById("log").

innerHTML = curr + " " + sourceNo;event.stopPropagation();

I When clicking the innermost div, output is now 3

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</div></div>

</div>

I When clicking the innermost div, output is now 3 16 / 93

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</div></div>

</div>

I When clicking the innermost div, output is now 3 16 / 93

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Event Capturing

I Before bubbling, the event goes the otherway, from outermost to innermost element.This is called capturing.

I The capturing phase is ignored by allonEvent attributes and event listeners,except listeners with the useCaptureargument set to true:document.getElementById("myId").

addEventListener("click", handler, true);

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Event Capturing

I Before bubbling, the event goes the otherway, from outermost to innermost element.This is called capturing.

I The capturing phase is ignored by allonEvent attributes and event listeners,except listeners with the useCaptureargument set to true:document.getElementById("myId").

addEventListener("click", handler, true);

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Navigating the DOM Tree

Image fromhttp://www.w3schools.com/js/js_htmldom_navigation.asp

I The image to the leftillustrates parent, child andsibling relationships betweennodes in the DOM tree.

I The DOM tree can benavigated with the nodeproperties parentNode,childNodes,firstChild,lastChild,nextSibling, andpreviousSibling

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Navigating the DOM Tree

Image fromhttp://www.w3schools.com/js/js_htmldom_navigation.asp

I The image to the leftillustrates parent, child andsibling relationships betweennodes in the DOM tree.

I The DOM tree can benavigated with the nodeproperties parentNode,childNodes,firstChild,lastChild,nextSibling, andpreviousSibling

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Navigating the DOM Tree (Cont’d)I Note that, in the code below, the <p> node

contains a child text node with the valuethe text<p>the text</p>

I Text content can be accessed with theinnerHTML and nodeValue properties.<p id="demo">text content</p>

Using innerHTML:var text = document.getElementById("demo").

innerHTML;

Using nodeValue:var text = document.getElementById("demo").childNodes[0].nodeValue;

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Navigating the DOM Tree (Cont’d)I Note that, in the code below, the <p> node

contains a child text node with the valuethe text<p>the text</p>

I Text content can be accessed with theinnerHTML and nodeValue properties.<p id="demo">text content</p>

Using innerHTML:var text = document.getElementById("demo").

innerHTML;

Using nodeValue:var text = document.getElementById("demo").childNodes[0].nodeValue;

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Adding Elements

I To add a new element, first create it, theninsert it in the DOM tree.<div id="target"></div>

var elem = document.createElement("p");var text =

document.createTextNode("added element");elem.appendChild(text);document.getElementById("target").

appendChild(elem);

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Removing Elements

I To remove an element, use theremoveChild method.<div id="parent"><p>To be removed</p>

</div>

var parent =document.getElementById("parent");

var child =parent.getElementsByTagName("p")[0];

parent.removeChild(child);

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Question 2

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I While the DOM provides an API foraccessing the current document, theBrowser Object Model, BOM, provides anAPI that gives access to the browser.

I The BOM is not standardized, but more orless the same methods are implemented inall modern browsers.

I The following slides contain a shortoverview of major objects and methods, togive an idea of what can be done with theBOM.

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BOM Objects

I The window object has:I Properties for height and width of the browser

window.I Methods to open, close, move and resize the

browser window.I Methods to execute some code at specified

time-intervals.I The location object has:

I Properties that gives information about thecurrent URL.

I The assign method that loads a newdocument.

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BOM Objects

I The window object has:I Properties for height and width of the browser

window.I Methods to open, close, move and resize the

browser window.I Methods to execute some code at specified

time-intervals.I The location object has:

I Properties that gives information about thecurrent URL.

I The assign method that loads a newdocument.

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BOM Objects (Cont’d)

I The navigator object can giveinformation about browser type andbrowser features.

I The screen object has properties forheight, width and pixel depth of the user’sscreen.

I The document object has the cookieproperty, which is used to get and setcookies.

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The jQuery Library

I jQuery provides an API that simplifies manycommon JavaScript tasks, like DOMmanipulation, CSS manipulation, eventhandling, effects and animation.

I There are many jQuery plugins that providemore features.

I jQuery hides cross-browser issues, alljQuery code will work the same way in allbrowsers supporting jQuery.

I jQuery is very commonly used.

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The jQuery Library

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The jQuery Library

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The jQuery Library

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Installing jQuery

I jQuery is a JavaScript file, to use it you justhave to provide a link to that file.

I The jQuery library file comes in twoversions:

I A development version, which isuncompressed and therefore readable.

I A live website version, which has beenminified and compressed and therefore is notreadable. Instead it is shorter and therebyfaster to download.

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Installing jQuery

I jQuery is a JavaScript file, to use it you justhave to provide a link to that file.

I The jQuery library file comes in twoversions:

I A development version, which isuncompressed and therefore readable.

I A live website version, which has beenminified and compressed and therefore is notreadable. Instead it is shorter and therebyfaster to download.

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Installing jQuery (Cont’d)

I Either you download it from jquery.comand place it on your server, or you providea link to a Content Delivery Network, CDN,as follows:<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>

I Using a CDN is normally faster, since:

I The file is delivered from the CDNs serverclosest to the user.

I Many users already have downloaded jQueryfrom the CDN when visiting another site. As aresult, it is loaded from browser cache.

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I Using a CDN is normally faster, since:I The file is delivered from the CDNs server

closest to the user.

I Many users already have downloaded jQueryfrom the CDN when visiting another site. As aresult, it is loaded from browser cache.

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closest to the user.I Many users already have downloaded jQuery

from the CDN when visiting another site. As aresult, it is loaded from browser cache.

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closest to the user.I Many users already have downloaded jQuery

from the CDN when visiting another site. As aresult, it is loaded from browser cache.

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The jQuery FunctionI Very central to jQuery is the jQuery function, which

has two names, jQuery and the commonly used $.

I Remember that $ is a perfectly legal JavaScriptidentifier, there is nothing magic about that name.

I The jQuery function normally takes one parameter,which is either a CSS selector or a reference to anobject in the document, and returns a jQuery objectwrapping all HTML element(s) corresponding to thesearch criteria.$(document) //The document object.$(this) //The current element.$("#someId") //All elements with id "someId"$(div) //All div elements.

I Any CSS selector can be used as search criteria.

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The jQuery Object

I The jQuery object also has two names, jQueryand the commonly used $.

I The jQuery object contains many methods thatoperate on the wrapped HTML element. Forexample the html method that gets or sets theHTML content of the wrapped element:

/* Store the HTML of the element withid "someId" in the variable "content"". */var content = $("#someId").html();

/* Set the HTML of the element withid "someId" to "content<br/>". */$("#someId").html(content + "<br/>");

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The jQuery Object

I The jQuery object also has two names, jQueryand the commonly used $.

I The jQuery object contains many methods thatoperate on the wrapped HTML element. Forexample the html method that gets or sets theHTML content of the wrapped element:

/* Store the HTML of the element withid "someId" in the variable "content"". */var content = $("#someId").html();

/* Set the HTML of the element withid "someId" to "content<br/>". */$("#someId").html(content + "<br/>");

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The jQuery Object (Cont’d)

I The jQuery object supports arraysubscripting via brackets:$("h1")[0]; //The first h1 element.

I The jQuery object also has utility methodsthat are not related to a HTML element:// Returns the string "extra whitespace"$.trim( " extra whitespace " );

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The jQuery Object (Cont’d)

I The jQuery object supports arraysubscripting via brackets:$("h1")[0]; //The first h1 element.

I The jQuery object also has utility methodsthat are not related to a HTML element:// Returns the string "extra whitespace"$.trim( " extra whitespace " );

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Event Handlers

I In jQuery, an event handling function ispassed as argument to a method with theevent name in the jQuery object wrappingthe desired event source.

I The following code adds an event handlerto all <p> elements. The event handler willchange the paragraph’s text toYou clicked! when the user clicks it.$("p").click(function(){$(this).html("You clicked");

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Event Handlers

I In jQuery, an event handling function ispassed as argument to a method with theevent name in the jQuery object wrappingthe desired event source.

I The following code adds an event handlerto all <p> elements. The event handler willchange the paragraph’s text toYou clicked! when the user clicks it.$("p").click(function(){$(this).html("You clicked");

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The Document Ready EventI jQuery defines the document ready event, which is

fired when the DOM has been constructed.

I It is usually best to wait for this event before runningJavaScript code, to avoid operating on elements thathave not been defined.

I It is normally not necessary to wait for the JavaScriptload event, which fires when everything, includingimages, is loaded and rendered.

I Therefore, JavaScript code is normally written likethis:

$(document).ready(function(){// JavaScript code here...

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CSS Rules

I When passed a CSS property name, thecss method returns the value of thatproperty.$("body").css("background-color"));

I When passed one or more property:valuepairs, those rules are set for the specifiedelement(s).$("body").css("background-color","yellow");

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CSS Rules

I When passed a CSS property name, thecss method returns the value of thatproperty.$("body").css("background-color"));

I When passed one or more property:valuepairs, those rules are set for the specifiedelement(s).$("body").css("background-color","yellow");

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Effects

I There are lots of effects provided by jQuery,here are some examples.

I The hide and show methods can hide/showelements. It is also possible to specify thespeed of the (dis)appearance.

I Various fade methods causes an element tofade in/out.

I Various slide methods causes an elementto slide up/down.

I The animate method is used to createcustom animations.

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Effects

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Effects

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Effects

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Effects

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Effects (Cont’d)

I Effects can have callback functions that areexecuted when the effect is done.$("button").click(function(){$("p").hide("slow",function(){

alert("The paragraph is now hidden");});

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jQuery Method Chaining

I Many of the element manipulation methodsof the jQuery object return the jQueryobject itself.

I This means it is possible to create chains ofsuch methods.$("button").click(function(){$("#p1").css("color","blue")

.slideUp(3000)

.slideDown(2000);});

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jQuery Method Chaining

I Many of the element manipulation methodsof the jQuery object return the jQueryobject itself.

I This means it is possible to create chains ofsuch methods.$("button").click(function(){$("#p1").css("color","blue")

.slideUp(3000)

.slideDown(2000);});

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Element Content and ElementAttributes

I The text method is used to access text content ofan HTML element, the html method is used for textcontent with HTML tags, the val method is used forform field values, and attr is used for an element’sattributes.

I If called without arguments, these methods returnthe current value. If called with arguments they set anew value.$("#btn").click(function(){var current = $("#test").html());

$("#btn").click(function(){$("#textField").val("New value");

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Element Content and ElementAttributes

I The text method is used to access text content ofan HTML element, the html method is used for textcontent with HTML tags, the val method is used forform field values, and attr is used for an element’sattributes.

I If called without arguments, these methods returnthe current value. If called with arguments they set anew value.$("#btn").click(function(){var current = $("#test").html());

$("#btn").click(function(){$("#textField").val("New value");

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Element Content and ElementAttributes (Cont’d)

I The text, html, val, and attrmethods can have callback functions.

I The callback function takes two parameters,the index of the current element in the list ofelements selected and the original value.

I The return value of the callback functionbecomes the new text of the element.$("#btn").click(function(){

$("p").text(function(i,oldText){return "Old text: " + oldText +

", index: " + i;});

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I The return value of the callback functionbecomes the new text of the element.$("#btn").click(function(){$("p").text(function(i,oldText){

return "Old text: " + oldText +", index: " + i;

});});

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I The return value of the callback functionbecomes the new text of the element.$("#btn").click(function(){$("p").text(function(i,oldText){

return "Old text: " + oldText +", index: " + i;

});});

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To Add or Remove Elements

I The append, prepend, before, andafter methods are used to add elements.// Append a list item to the ordered list// with id "someList".$("#someList").

append("<li>Appended item</li>");

I The remove and empty methods areused to remove elements.// Remove the element with id "#menu".$("#menu").remove();

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To Add or Remove Elements

I The append, prepend, before, andafter methods are used to add elements.// Append a list item to the ordered list// with id "someList".$("#someList").

append("<li>Appended item</li>");

I The remove and empty methods areused to remove elements.// Remove the element with id "#menu".$("#menu").remove();

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DimensionsThe following image, taken fromhttp://www.w3schools.com/jquery/jquery_dimensions.asp, illustrates themethods used to set or get element dimensions.

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Traversing the DOM TreeHere are samples of jQuery methods used totraverse the DOM tree.

parent Returns the parent on the nearest higherlevel.

parents Returns all parents all the way up to the htmlelement.

children Returns all children on the nearest lowerlevel.

find Returns all descendants on all lower levels.

siblings Returns all siblings.

filtering The first, last, eq, and filtermethods can be used to filter the searchresults of the methods above.

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Question 3

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Loading an Entire Page

I Traditionally, an entire page is loaded whenthe user clicks a link or a button.

I Here, to load an entire page means that allHTML in the page is read from the server.

I Dynamic data is included on the server,before the HTML is sent to the client, forexample using a PHP program.

I This behavior is appropriate if the entirepage content really must change, but that isoften not the case.

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Consider for example the sample chat application. All that

happens when the user clicks Send is that the new entry

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Repetition: The MVVM PatternI The philosophy behind

Model-View-ViewModel,MVVM, is to send onlystate changes fromserver to client.

I State changes, whichmeans new data, arestored in the viewmodel.

I Therefore, the viewmodel will alwayscontain the current state of the application.

I The browser view must reflect theviewmodel state, preferably using theobserver pattern.

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AJAX: To Load Only Data

I The dominating method to request datafrom the server, without reloading the webpage, is Asynchronous JavaScript AndXML, AJAX.

I AJAX is basically a way to use existingtechnologies, such as JavaScript, HTTPand XML.

I No new language or markup.

I The only thing specific for AJAX is aJavaScript object, calledXMLHttpRequest, which isstandardized by W3C.

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How Does It Work?

I Web page is loaded only on first request.

I Subsequent requests come from JavaScriptcode, using XMLHttpRequest.

I The server returns only data, no markup.I Returned data is available to JavaScript

code, and is used to update the web page,by updating the DOM.

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How Does It Work?

I Web page is loaded only on first request.I Subsequent requests come from JavaScript

code, using XMLHttpRequest.

I The server returns only data, no markup.I Returned data is available to JavaScript

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How Does It Work?

code, using XMLHttpRequest.I The server returns only data, no markup.

I Returned data is available to JavaScriptcode, and is used to update the web page,by updating the DOM.

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How Does It Work?

code, using XMLHttpRequest.I The server returns only data, no markup.I Returned data is available to JavaScript

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How Does It Work?

code, using XMLHttpRequest.I The server returns only data, no markup.I Returned data is available to JavaScript

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How Does It Work? (Cont’d)

I Note that AJAX requests are ordinaryHTTP GET or HTTP POST requests.

I The server directs the request to theresource specified in the URL, just as whenloading a HTML document.

I An AJAX request is normally handled by aprogram, for example PHP, which generatesa response containing the new data.

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Data FormatI Client and server need to agree on the

format of the data included in the HTTPresponse.

I XML is an obvious option, but it has somedrawbacks:

I Interpreting an XML document requires extracode.

I Using a XSLT stylesheet to generate a view isa bit tricky.

I XML documents are quite long and wordy.I Therefore, JavaScript Object Notation,

JSON, is normally used instead of XML.I Compact and easy to translate to JavaScript

objects.

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objects.

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objects.

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I XML documents are quite long and wordy.

I Therefore, JavaScript Object Notation,JSON, is normally used instead of XML.

I Compact and easy to translate to JavaScriptobjects.

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objects.

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objects.

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JSONI The JSON syntax is very simple:

I Data is name/value pairs:"firstName":"Olle"

I Data is separated by commas.I Objects are denoted with { and }:

{"firstName":"Olle", "lastName":"Olsson"}

I Arrays are denoted with [ and ]:"employees":[{"firstName":"Olle", "lastName":"Olsson"},{"firstName":"Stina", "lastName":"Nilsson"}

I Data types are JavaScript types, for examplestring, “abcd”; integer, 123; boolean,false

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I Data is separated by commas.

I Objects are denoted with { and }:{"firstName":"Olle", "lastName":"Olsson"}

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I Arrays are denoted with [ and ]:"employees":[

{"firstName":"Olle", "lastName":"Olsson"},{"firstName":"Stina", "lastName":"Nilsson"}

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JSON is not an Alternative to XML

I Note that JSON is not a general alternativeto XML. There is nothing like namespace,DTD, Schema, XSLT or anything else of allthe XML standards.

I JSON is just a format suitable fortransferring JavaScript values.

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JSON is not an Alternative to XML

I Note that JSON is not a general alternativeto XML. There is nothing like namespace,DTD, Schema, XSLT or anything else of allthe XML standards.

I JSON is just a format suitable fortransferring JavaScript values.

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The Client: jQuery AJAX MethodsI Instead of covering the XMLHttpRequest object,

we will look at some convenient jQuery functions.

I getJSON sends a HTTP GET request. Data canbe included as a query string and the response isparsed as JSON data.

I $.getJSON(url, "reqData=" + someVariable,function(returnedData) {//Handle returnedData, which is//the received JSON data, parsed//to a JavaScript variable.

An HTTP GET request is sent to the URL specifiedin url. The request has the query stringreqData=<value of someVariable> andthe anonymous callback function is executed whenthe server’s response arrives.

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I $.getJSON(url, "reqData=" + someVariable,function(returnedData) {

//Handle returnedData, which is//the received JSON data, parsed//to a JavaScript variable.

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I $.getJSON(url, "reqData=" + someVariable,function(returnedData) {

//Handle returnedData, which is//the received JSON data, parsed//to a JavaScript variable.

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jQuery AJAX Methods (Cont’d)

I post sends data with a HTTP POSTrequest.

I $.post(url, "data=" + someVariable);

An HTTP POST request is sent to the URLspecified in url. The request has the bodydata=<value of someVariable>.

I jQuery has many more AJAX methods.

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The Server: JSON handling inPHP

I Remember that an AJAX request is anormal HTTP request.

I Therefore, to handle an AJAX request is nodifferent from other request handling.

I What is specific for AJAX interaction, is thatwe have to generate a JSON response.

I json_encode($aPhpObject)

The json_encode PHP method encodesthe PHP object in aPhpObject to JSONrepresentation.

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JSON handling in PHP (Cont’d)class SomeClass implements \JsonSerializable {

private $some_var;...public function jsonSerialize() {

$json_obj = new \stdClass;$json_obj->someVar = $this->some_var;...return $json_obj;

I The object that shall be JSON encoded must be of aclass that implements JsonSerializable.

I That class must have a method calledjsonSerialize, which returns an objectcontaining all relevant fields.

I That returned object must be possible to encodewith json_encode.

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Question 4

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Long PollingI Long Polling, also called Comet, is a

programming technique that enables webservers to push data to a client even if theclient has not explicitly requested that data.

1. The browser makes an Ajax request to the server,no matter whether there is data to fetch or not.

2. The request is left unanswered by the server, untilthere is data to send to the browser.

3. When receiving the server response, the browserimmediately makes a new request in order to obtainthe next data set.

4. Start over from point one again.

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Long Polling JavaScript Client$(document).ready(function () {

function fetchFromServer() {$.getJSON("get-msg.php",

function (response) {$("#fromServer").prepend("<p>" + response +

"</p>");fetchFromServer();

fetchFromServer();});

Long polling is achieved by the call tofetchFromServer in red. This way a newcall is made as soon a response has beenhandled.

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Long Polling PHP Server

1 define("ONE_SEC", 1);2 define("FILE_PATH", "msg-to-client.txt");34 while (TRUE) {5 $msg = \file_get_contents(FILE_PATH);6 if ($msg !== ’’) {7 \file_put_contents(FILE_PATH, ’’);8 echo \json_encode($msg);9 return;

10 }11 \sleep(ONE_SEC);12 }

I Line eleven pauses execution one second.

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A Word of WarningI The server will not handle multiple

simultaneous requests in the same session.If one request is being handled, otherrequests in the same session are blocked.

I Therefore, if the server has started asession, it is best to stop the session beforecalling sleep.

I \session_write_close();\sleep(self::ONE_SEC);\session_start();

session_write_close saves sessiondata and closes the session. This is whathappens every time a response has beensent, if a session was started.

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One More Word of Warning

I The php engine does not allow a script toexecute more than a specified time, whichby default is 30s. To make a long pollingrequest wait indefinitely, turn this off bycalling \set_time_limit(0);

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WebSocketI WebSocket is a W3C specification.

I Specifies a full-duplex, persistent, TCP connectionbetween browser and server.

I Endpoints are identified by URIs.

I ws://host:port/path (plain websocketconnection)

I wss://host:port/path (encrypted websocketconnection)

I Web sockets are message based, endpointsexchange messages (text or binary).

I A generic transport service, like TCP. Just like manyconnection-oriented protocols are built on top ofTCP (HTTP, FTP, POP3, IMAP, etc), there are manymessage-oriented protocols on top of web sockets.

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I Endpoints are identified by URIs.I ws://host:port/path (plain websocket

connection)I wss://host:port/path (encrypted websocket

connection)

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connection)

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connection)

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connection)

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A New Kind of Web?I The W3C specification defines a JavaScript

endpoint, and is implemented by all majorbrowsers.

I There are endpoints for all majorserver-side technologies, e.g., PHP, Java,.NET, Python, Ruby.

I In conclusion, any browser or server canhave a full-duplex connection with any otherbrowser or server.

I The browser is no longer a just a userinterface. It becomes a node in a network,that can be programmed (in JavaScript) todo anything, and that can communicate(over websockets) with any other node.

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I The browser is no longer a just a userinterface. It becomes a node in a network,that can be programmed (in JavaScript) todo anything, and that can communicate(over websockets) with any other node.

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I The browser is no longer a just a userinterface. It becomes a node in a network,that can be programmed (in JavaScript) todo anything, and that can communicate(over websockets) with any other node. 69 / 93

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Reminder: The MVVM PatternI The MVVM pattern

intoduces a client-sidemodel which reflects theserver-side model and isresponsible for notifyingthe view of updates.

I The server-side view isrelieved from creating theHTML. There will not bePHP in the HTML files!

I Also, network communication is reduced,since only model updates are fetched fromthe server. There is no need to reload theentire web page at each user action.

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I Also, network communication is reduced,since only model updates are fetched fromthe server. There is no need to reload theentire web page at each user action. 71 / 93

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I Also, network communication is reduced,since only model updates are fetched fromthe server. There is no need to reload theentire web page at each user action. 71 / 93

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MVVM JavaScript FrameworksI The code for implementing the Observer pattern to

have the view reflect changes in the viewmodel (andviewmodel reflect changes in the view), will be thesame for more or less all applications.

I Also the code for viewmodel-to-servercommunication will be quite similar in allapplications.

I This calls for a client-side framework, since we donot want to rewrite the same code for each newapplication. This is exactly the purpose of Knockout.

I There are also many alternative frameworks,perhaps the most commonly used is Backbone.Backbone is more used and more powerful thanKnockout, but too complicated for this course.

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The Knockout JavaScriptFramework

I Like jQuery, Knockout is a JavaScript file the can belinked from a CDN, for example:<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/knockout/3.1.0/knockout-min.js">

</script>

I Knockout should be used together with jQuery,which handles low-level DOM interaction.

I Knockout implements the MVVM pattern, bymanaging View-to-Viewmodel bindings.

I The following slides contain a brief intro-duction to Knockout. For a more extensive guide, seehttp://knockoutjs.com/documentation/introduction.html

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</script>

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</script>

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</script>

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The Chat ApplicationI To illustrate this Knockout

tutorial, we will use the chatapplication.

I We will create a viewmodel thatholds the current conversation.

I The view shall be updated assoon as the viewmodel changesstate.

I The viewmodel can changestate either because the userwrote an entry or becauseanother user wrote an entry,which was loaded from theserver to this user’s viewmodel.

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The Knockout ViewmodelI The viewmodel is an ordinary JavaScript

object, but to make use of Knockout’sviewmodel-to-view binding (observerpattern), the properties must be declaredas observables.function Person(name, age) {var self = this;self.name = ko.observable(name);self.age = ko.observable(age);

I To read or write a property value, call theproperty as a function.var olle = new Person("Olle", 35);olle.name(); // Returns "Olle"olle.age(36); // Sets the age to 36.

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The Knockout ViewmodelI The viewmodel is an ordinary JavaScript

object, but to make use of Knockout’sviewmodel-to-view binding (observerpattern), the properties must be declaredas observables.function Person(name, age) {var self = this;self.name = ko.observable(name);self.age = ko.observable(age);

I To read or write a property value, call theproperty as a function.var olle = new Person("Olle", 35);olle.name(); // Returns "Olle"olle.age(36); // Sets the age to 36.

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The Chat Application’s Viewmodel

I The Chat’s viewmodel has two objects.I EntryToAdd represents a newly written

entry that shall be sent to the server.

I Conversation represents the entireconversation.

I The EntryToAdd object has twoproperties, nickName and msgfunction EntryToAdd() {

var self = this;self.nickName = ko.observable();self.msg = ko.observable("");...

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entry that shall be sent to the server.I Conversation represents the entire

conversation.

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conversation.

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The Chat Application’s Viewmodel(Cont’d)var entryToAdd = new EntryToAdd();ko.applyBindings(entryToAdd,

document.getElementById(’new-entry’));

I The viewmodel must be registered with Knockout toenable notifying the observers in the view.

I After a JavaScript object has been registered withknockout using the function applyBindings, itwill always have the same state as the elements inthe DOM.

I When the object changes state, the DOM willchange state. When the DOM changes state,the object will change state.

I The second parameter tells to which element in theDOM entryToAdd shall be bound. There canonly be at most one bound object per element.

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I The second parameter tells to which element in theDOM entryToAdd shall be bound. There canonly be at most one bound object per element.

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I The second parameter tells to which element in theDOM entryToAdd shall be bound. There canonly be at most one bound object per element. 77 / 93

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I The second parameter tells to which element in theDOM entryToAdd shall be bound. There canonly be at most one bound object per element. 77 / 93

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Data BindingsI A HTML element in the view is connected to a

viewmodel property with a binding.

I A binding is declared by adding the data-bindattribute to the HTML element.

I There are many different types of bindings, like:

text The property value is inserted to the HTMLelement.The message is:<span data-bind="text: msg"></span>

visible Decides if the element is rendered.<div data-bind=

"visible: shouldShowMessage">

css Adds or removes CSS classes. The followingbinding adds the class warning if theprofit property is negative.<div data-bind=

"css: {warning: profit() < 0 }">

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I There are many different types of bindings, like:

text The property value is inserted to the HTMLelement.The message is:<span data-bind="text: msg"></span>

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I There are many different types of bindings, like:text The property value is inserted to the HTML

element.The message is:<span data-bind="text: msg"></span>

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"css: {warning: profit() < 0 }"> 78 / 93

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Form Field BindingsThere are also bindings for form elements, such as:

click Specifies a method that is called when theelement is clicked.<button data-bind=

"click: clickHandler">Click me</button>

textInput Binds a text field or text area to a viewmodelproperty<input type="text"

data-bind="textInput: username"/>

enable The element is enabled only when the valueis trueYour cellphone number:<input type=’text’ data-bind=

"textInput: cellphoneNumber, enable: hasCellphone"/>

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Value Data-BindingsI Now let us create the data bindings

for the nick name text and msg textarea.<label id="nickNameLabel" for="entry">

<span data-bind="text: nickName"></span>says:

</label>...<textarea id= "entry" rows = 5

data-bind="textInput: msg"placeholder="Write entry here.">

</textarea>

I Now the nickname element and thenickName property in theEntryToAdd object will alwayshave the same value.

I Also, the text in the textarea will always be the sameas the value of the msg property.

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</textarea>

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</textarea>

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Click Data-Bindings

<button data-bind="click: sendEntry">Send

</button>

I Then let us create the data-binding for the Send button.

I Here we specified that thesendEntry method is calledwhen the user clicks the button.

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Click Data-Bindings

<button data-bind="click: sendEntry">Send

</button>

I Then let us create the data-binding for the Send button.

I Here we specified that thesendEntry method is calledwhen the user clicks the button.

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The sendEntry Method1 self.sendEntry = function () {2 if (self.msg() !== "") {3 $.post(writeUrl,4 "msg=" + ko.toJS(self.msg));5 self.msg("");6 }7 };

I Line 2 checks that the user has typed a message.

I Lines 3-4 sends the new entry to the server in aHTTP post request.

I The call to ko.toJS on line 4 converts themessage to JSON format.

I Line 5 clears the text area.

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Read Nickname From ServerI One question remains, how did the nickname show

up correctly in the view? Note that it is not insertedin php code on the server (very good!):<label id="nickNameLabel" for="entry">

</label>

I The answer is that the nickname was read in anextra AJAX call from the EntryToAdd constructor.function EntryToAdd() {

var self = this;self.nickName = ko.observable();...$.getJSON(nickNameUrl, function (username) {

self.nickName(username);});

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Read Nickname From ServerI One question remains, how did the nickname show

up correctly in the view? Note that it is not insertedin php code on the server (very good!):<label id="nickNameLabel" for="entry">

</label>

I The answer is that the nickname was read in anextra AJAX call from the EntryToAdd constructor.function EntryToAdd() {

var self = this;self.nickName = ko.observable();...$.getJSON(nickNameUrl, function (username) {

self.nickName(username);});

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Read Nickname From Server(Cont’d)

I The ajax call on the previous slide is handled by theGetUsername request handler (code below is notcomplete).class GetUsername extends AbstractRequestHandler {

protected function doExecute() {$this->addVariable(’jsonData’,

$contr->getUsername());return ’json-view’;

I json-view.php just echos the value of$jsonData.echo \json_encode($jsonData);

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Read Nickname From Server(Cont’d)

I The ajax call on the previous slide is handled by theGetUsername request handler (code below is notcomplete).class GetUsername extends AbstractRequestHandler {

protected function doExecute() {$this->addVariable(’jsonData’,

$contr->getUsername());return ’json-view’;

I json-view.php just echos the value of$jsonData.echo \json_encode($jsonData);

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The Conversation object inthe viewmodel

I Now we have covered everything in theEntryToAdd object in the viewmodel.

I There is one more object in the viewmodel,Conversation, which contains theentire chat conversation.

I Conversation has a property,entries that holds an array of allconversation entries.

I To understand how that works, we mustlook at how knockout binds arrays toelements in the DOM.

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Observable Arrays

I To observe an array, use observableArray.

var myObservableArray = ko.observableArray();

I The entries property in Conversation is anobservableArray and holds an array of objectshaving the two properties nickName and msg

function Conversation(entryToAdd) {var self = this;...self.entries = ko.observableArray();...

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Observable Arrays

I To observe an array, use observableArray.

var myObservableArray = ko.observableArray();

I The entries property in Conversation is anobservableArray and holds an array of objectshaving the two properties nickName and msg

function Conversation(entryToAdd) {var self = this;...self.entries = ko.observableArray();...

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Flow Control Data-Bindings

I When binding entries to the DOM, we must usethe flow control data bindings if and foreach.Let’s first have a look at those.

I foreach binds each element to in an array to theDOM.

I Whenever elements are added, removed, orre-ordered in a bound observable array, the DOMwill be updated to reflect the new array contents.

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foreach Data-Binding (Cont’d)Assuming people is a JavaScript array of objects withfirstName and lastName properties, the followinggenerates a table with one object per row.

<tr><th>First name</th><th>Last name</th></tr>

</thead><tbody data-bind="foreach: people">

</tr></tbody>

</table>

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foreach Data-Binding (Cont’d)I The current array element is referred using $data

I as gives an alias to the current array element.<ul data-bind=

"foreach: { data: categories, as: ’category’ }"><li>

</li></ul>

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foreach Data-Binding (Cont’d)I The current array element is referred using $data

I as gives an alias to the current array element.<ul data-bind=

"foreach: { data: categories, as: ’category’ }"><li>

</li></ul>

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Containerless Control Flow SyntaxI If there is no containing element for the

data-binding, use the containerless syntax, basedon HTML comment tags.

</p>

I An if data-binding displays the enclosed elementsonly if the condition is true.<p>

Offer!</p>

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Containerless Control Flow SyntaxI If there is no containing element for the

data-binding, use the containerless syntax, basedon HTML comment tags.

</p>

I An if data-binding displays the enclosed elementsonly if the condition is true.<p>

Offer!</p>

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The Conversation Data-BindingI Now we can create the data binding for the

conversation part of the chat application (code is notcomplete).

I The inner loop is needed for multi-line messages.

<p>

</p>

<p><button data-bind=

’click: $parent.deleteEntry’>Delete

</button></p>

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The Conversation Data-BindingI Now we can create the data binding for the

conversation part of the chat application (code is notcomplete).

I The inner loop is needed for multi-line messages.

<p>

</p>

<p><button data-bind=

’click: $parent.deleteEntry’>Delete

</button></p>

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No PHP! (Almost)

I That was all, now we have seen anoverview of some features in Knockout, andalso created the chat application.

I As a result, there is now no PHP code leftin the html files!

I Except for including fragments and creatinglink paths.

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No PHP! (Almost)

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Without JavaScript frameworkWithout a JavaScript framework that handlesviewmodel-to-DOM bindings, where would we store thenickname and chat conversation? There are three options,each with serious drawbacks.

1. Write the JavaScript code that is now in theframework. This means quite a lot of quite trickyhandling of the DOM, knockout.js containsthousands of lines of JavaScript code.

2. Do not create a viewmodel, but store the data only inthe DOM. This is the case in the chat examplewithout knockout on the course web. Even for thissmall program it means quite a lot of searchingthrough HTML elements and parsing string.

3. Store data only on the server. This means there isno JavaScript client at all, and we are back toreloading the entire page whenever the user doessomething.

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