Post on 19-Mar-2018
Using High Tunnels and Organic Using High Tunnels and Organic Practices to Grow Grafted Practices to Grow Grafted Heirloom TomatoesHeirloom Tomatoes
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Cary Rivard, Suzanne O’Connell, Frank Louws, Mary Peet, & Chris Harlow
December 13th, 200722nd Annual SE Vegetable & Fruit Expo
Myrtle Beach, SC
• Season extension
• Reduced foliar disease– Leaf wetness
• Increased fruit quality– Water management
• All shapes and sizes
• Intensively managed
• Crop rotation
High Tunnels
Fusarium wilt
Sclerotinia Lettuce Drop - Lettuce
Early Tomato Production
Grafting Worldwide
81% of Korean and 54% of Japanese vegetable production uses grafted plants
(Lee, 2003)
• Investigate grafting as a major IPM component of tunnel tomato production.– Soilborne disease– Nutrient uptake– Crop productivity
• Compare system dynamics of tunnel and field production.
• Evaluate rootstock with and without disease pressure.
• On-farm trials• CEFS Research Trial
Project Objectives
Tube Grafting
Tube Grafting
Tube Grafting
Grafting at NC State
– Bacterial Wilt (R. solanacearum)
– Fusarium Wilt (F. oxysporumf.sp. lycopersici)
– Root-knot Nematodes(Meloidogyne spp.)
– Verticillium Wilt (V. dahliae)
– Southern Stem Blight(Sclerotium rolfsii)
= On-farm trials
= NCDA Research Stations
= 2005
= 2006
= 2007
Holtwood, PA
Field Research
HRSHRHRHRHRHRBig Power *****
SSHRHRSHRHRRobusta ******
HRHRHRHRHRHRHRRST-04-105 ****
HRMRHRSHRHRHRAsahi ***
HRMRHRHRHRSHRSurvivor **
HRMRHRHRHRSHRAnchor-T **
MRSHRHRHRHRHRBeaufort *
MRSHRHRHRHRHRMaxifort *
NematodesWiltWiltRace 2Race 1RootTMVRootstock
Bacterial Verticillium Fusarium WiltCorky
HR =Highly Resistant, MR=Moderately Resistant, S =Susceptible
* = De ‘Ruiter Seed Co. ** = Takii Seed Co. *** = Dai Honmei
**** = D Palmer Seed Co. ***** =Rijk Zwaan ****** = Bruinsma Seed Co.
Commercial Rootstock Selection
Sampson County - 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20-A
pr27
-Apr
4-May
11-M
ay18
-May
25-M
ay1-J
un8-J
un15
-Jun
22-Ju
n29
-Jun
6-Jul
13-Ju
l20
-Jul
27-Ju
l3-A
ug
Bac
teria
l Wilt
Inci
denc
e (%
) NonSelfDP 105Asahi
Bacterial Wilt
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lant
)
Non Self DP 105 Asahi
Sampson County - 2007
Bacterial Wilt
AA
AB
B
Based on LSD at P=0.05
Alamance County - 2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1-M
ay
8-M
ay
15-M
ay
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-Au
g
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
Sout
hern
Ste
m B
light
Inci
denc
e (%
)
NonSelfMaxifortBeaufort
Southern Stem Blight
Alamance County - 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Non Self Beaufort Maxifort
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot) AA
B B
Least Significant Difference at P=0.05
Southern Stem Blight
Nutrient Analysis
0
1
2
3
4
N P K Ca Mg S Nutrient
Perc
ent %
BigPower/GJBeaufort/GJself-graftnon-graft
Macro-Nutrient Uptake of Grafted Tomatoes Orange County - 2007
A AB B
A AB B
A A
B B
B BA A
A B B B
BC C B A
Based on LSD at P=0.05
2006 SR-SARE R&E Grant
• Compare production dynamics of tunnel vs field production– Environment– Disease– Productivity– Economics
• Optimize cultural practices for high tunnels– Nutrient inputs– Planting date
• Investigate the role of grafting for field and tunnel production– Beaufort– Maxifort– Rootstock / scion combinations
CEFS Research
Crop ProductivityMain System Effects: CEFS 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
30-M
ay
6-Jun
13-Ju
n
20-Ju
n
27-Ju
n
4-Jul
11-Ju
l
18-Ju
l
25-Ju
l
1-Aug
8-Aug
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot)
TunnelField
25 days
Crop ProductivityMain Effects: CEFS 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Tunne
l
Field
Low
Medium High Non
Beaufo
rtMax
ifort
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot)
System Nutrient Grafting
P=0.01 P=0.001 P<0.001
Tomato Spotted Wilt VirusCEFS - 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10-19 20-29 30-39 >40
TSWV Incidence (%)
Plot
Fre
quen
cy (%
)
TunnelField
A
B
A
A
A AA A
Based on LSD at P=0.05
Main Plant Growth Effects: CEFS - 2007
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
20-M
ar
3-Apr
19-A
pr
Non
Self
Beaufort
Maxifo
rt
Shoo
t Bio
mas
s (g
)
P = 0.0026P = 0.0085
Plant Vigor
CEFS - 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
30-M
ay
6-Jun
13-Ju
n
20-Ju
n
27-Ju
n
4-Jul
11-Ju
l
18-Ju
l
25-Ju
l
1-Aug
8-Aug
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot
03/20 - Tunnel04/03 - Tunnel04/19 - Tunnel
Crop Productivity
21 days
Main Grafting Effects in 3/19 Tunnel PlantingCEFS - 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
30-M
ay
6-Jun
13-Ju
n
20-Ju
n
27-Ju
n
4-Jul
11-Ju
l
18-Ju
l
25-Ju
l
1-Aug
8-Aug
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot)
NonBeauMax
P<0.05
Crop Productivity
• Grafting provides a site-specific management tool for soilborne disease.– Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)– Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici)– Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)– Verticillium Wilt (Vertcillium dahliae (race 2))– Southern Stem Blight (Sclerotium rolfsii)
• Grafting may affect nutrient uptake efficiency.
• ~25 days early season extension with high tunnels.• Total productivity was higher in the tunnel system.• Beaufort and Maxifort show higher yields under no soilborne
disease pressure.• Optimal planting date is March 20th for Eastern NC.
Conclusions
AcknowledgmentsWe would sincerely like to thank…
Steve Moore (CEFS)Ken Fager (NCSU)CEFS NCDA StaffJosh MooreNCDA&CSNCSU Phytotron
IDM LabJim DriverRob WelkerAmy KeeterAmanda Guichard
Growers:Alex & Betsy HittKen Dawson Stefan HartmannSteve Groff
Funding:SR-SARE
Questions?Questions?