Use Case Diagram in Detail

CT1414February 2012

By: Fatimah AlakeelReviwed by: Asma Alzaid

use case

• Use cases are technique for capturing functional requirements of a

system.

• It describe the typical interaction between the users of the system

and the system itself.

• A scenario is a sequence of steps describing an interaction

between a actors and a System .

• An actor is something with behavior, such as a person (identified by

role), computer system, or organization; for example, a cashier.

Scenario Example (web based online store)

The customer browses the catalog and adds desired items to the Shopping basket. When the customer wishes to pay, the customer describes the shipping and credit card information and confirms the sale . The System Checks the authorization and the credit card and confirms the sale both immediately and with a follow-up e-mail .

Use Case

• Start the use case by writing the main success scenario as a sequence number of step.

• Then take the other (alternative) scenario and write the as Extensions.

Main Success Scenario ExampleBuy a ProductGoal Level : Sea LevelMain Success Scenario :

1 . Customer browses catalog and selects items to buy2 . Customer goes to check out3. Customer fills in shipping information (address ; next-day or 3-day delivery)4. System presents full pricing information, including shipping5 . Customer fills in credit card information6 . System authorizes purchase7 . System confirms sale immediatelyB . System sends confirming e-mail to customer

Extensions :3a : Customer is regular customer.1 : System displays current shipping, pricing, and billing information.2 : Customer may accept or override these defaults, returns to MSS at step 66a : System fails to authorize credit purchase.1 : Customer may reenter credit card information or may cancel

Use Case Types and Formats

• Black-box use cases are the most common and recommended kind.

• They do not describe the internal workings of the system, its components, or design.

• The system is described as having responsibilities.• Specify what the system must do (the functional

requirements) without deciding how it will do it (the design).

Black Box Style Example

Not Black-box style

The system writes the sale to a database....or (even worse):The system generates a SQL INSERTstatement for the sale...

The system records the sale.

Use Case Format

• Fully dressed - the most elaborate. All steps and variations are written in detail, and there are supporting sections, such as preconditions and success guarantees.

• Brief - terse one-paragraph summary, usually of the main success scenario.

• Casual - informal paragraph format. Multiple paragraphs that cover various scenarios.

Use Case Steps

1. Choose the system boundary. Is it just a software application, the hardware and application as a unit, that plus a person using it, or an entire organization?

2. Identify the primary actors. Those that have user goals fulfilled through using services of the system.

3. For each, identify their user goals. Raise them to the highest user goal level that satisfies the EBP guideline.

4. Define use cases that satisfy user goals; name them according to their goal. Usually, user goal-level use cases will be one-to-one with user goals, but there is at least one exception, as will be examined.

Actors

• An actor is anything with behavior, including the system under discussion.

• 3 kind of Actor:o Primary actor-> has user goals fulfilled through

using services of the system under discussion.o Supporting actor-> provides a service to the

system under discussion.o Offstage actor -> has an interest in the behavior of

the use case, but is not primary or supporting

Name

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Using Use Case Diagrams• Use case diagrams are used to visualize, specify,

construct, and document the (intended) behavior of the system, during requirements capture and analysis.

• Provide a way for developers, domain experts and end-users to Communicate.

• Use case diagrams contain use cases, actors, and their relationships.

Elements of Use Case Diagram:

1-Use Case 2-Actor 3-Relationships

Between use cases

Generalization Include Extend

Between Actors Between use cases and actors

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Use Case

• System function (process – automated or manual). Named by verb.

Do something

Each Actor must be linked to a use case, while some use cases may not be linked to actors.

=Use Case

Relationship

• Relationship can be:– Between usecases– Between Actors– Between usecases and actors.

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3.1 Relationships between Use Cases

1. Generalization - use cases that are specialized versions of other use cases.

2. Include - use cases that are included as parts of other use cases. Contain the functionality of another use case as part of their normal processing.

3. Extend - use cases that extend the behavior of other core use cases. Enable to factor variants.

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1 .Generalization

• The child use case inherits the behavior and meaning of theparent use case.

• The child may add to or override the behavior of its parent.

parent

child

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registration

graduateregistration

non-graduateregistration

More about Generalization

Generalization Example

• The actor Order Registry Clerk can instantiate the general use case Place Order. Place Order can also be specialized by the use cases Phone Order or Internet Order.

Generalization Example

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2 .Include

• The base use case explicitly incorporates the behavior of another use case at a location specified in the base.

• The included use case never stands alone. It only occurs as a part of some larger base that includes it.

base included<<include>>

21ניתוח מערכות מידע

More about Include

• Enables to avoid describing the same flow of events several times by putting the common behavior in a use case of its own.

updatinggrades

outputgenerating

verifyingstudent id

<<include>>

<<include>>

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Include relationship• Include relationship – a standard case linked to a

mandatory use case.

• Standard use case can NOT execute without the include case tight coupling .

• Example: to Authorize Car Loan (standard use case), a clerk must run Check Client’s Credit History (include use case). • The standard UC includes the mandatory UC (use the verb to figure direction arrow).

• Note: Visio calls this “uses” relationship.

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Reading use case diagramwith Include relationship

Include Example

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3 .Extend

• The base use case implicitly incorporates the behavior of another use case at certain points called extension points.

• The base use case may stand alone, but under certain conditions its behavior may be extended by the behavior of another use case.

base extending<<extend>>

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More about Extend

• Enables to model optional behavior or branching under conditions.

Exam copy request

Exam-grade appeal

<<extend>>

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• Extend relationship – linking an optional use case to a standard use case.

Extend relationship

• Example: Register Course (standard use case) may have Register for Special Class (extend use case) – class for non-standard students, in unusual time, with special topics, requiring extra fees…).

• The optional UC extends the standard UC

• Standard use case can execute without the extend case loose coupling.

Extend Example

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3.2 Relationships between Actors

• Generalization.

student

non-graduatestudent

graduatestudent

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3.3 Relationships between Use Cases and Actors

• Actors may be connected to use cases by associations, indicating that the actor and the use case communicate with one another using messages.

updatinggrades

faculty

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Example

placephone call

cellularnetwork

user

receivephone call

placeconference

call

receiveadditional

call

usescheduler

<<extend>>

<<extend>>

Cellular Telephone

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Update Items

Bookshop Worker

Ship Order

Bookshop Manager

Update Staff Details

Register Details

Customer1

System Login

Update Customer Details

Add Items to ShoppingCart

Handle Order

<<include>>

<<extend>>

<<include>>

Make Order

<<include>>

A More Complicate Example

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Each use case may include all or part of the following: Title or Reference Name - meaningful name of the UC Author/Date - the author and creation date Modification/Date - last modification and its date Purpose - specifies the goal to be achieved Overview - short description of the processes Cross References - requirements references Actors - agents participating Pre Conditions - must be true to allow execution Post Conditions - will be set when completes normally Normal flow of events - regular flow of activities Alternative flow of events - other flow of activities Exceptional flow of events - unusual situations Implementation issues - foreseen implementation problems

Use Case Description

EXAMPLE

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Example- Money Withdraw• Use Case: Withdraw Money• Author: ZB• Date: 1-OCT-2004• Purpose: To withdraw some cash from user’s bank account• Overview: The use case starts when the customer inserts his credit card

into the system. The system requests the user PIN. The system validates the PIN. If the validation succeeded, the customer can choose the withdraw operation else alternative 1 – validation failure is executed. The customer enters the amount of cash to withdraw. The system checks the amount of cash in the user account, its credit limit. If the withdraw amount in the range between the current amount + credit limit the system dispense the cash and prints a withdraw receipt, else alternative 2 – amount exceeded is executed.

• Cross References: R1.1, R1.2, R7

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Example- Money Withdraw (cont.)

• Actors: Customer• Pre Condition:

– The ATM must be in a state ready to accept transactions– The ATM must have at least some cash on hand that it can dispense– The ATM must have enough paper to print a receipt for at least one

transaction• Post Condition:

– The current amount of cash in the user account is the amount before the withdraw minus the withdraw amount

– A receipt was printed on the withdraw amount– The withdraw transaction was audit in the System log file

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Example- Money Withdraw (cont.)

Typical Course of events:

Actor Actions System Actions1. Begins when a Customer arrives at ATM

2. Customer inserts a Credit card into ATM 3. System verifies the customer ID and status

5. Customer chooses “Withdraw” operation 4. System asks for an operation type

7. Customer enters the cash amount 6. System asks for the withdraw amount

8. System checks if withdraw amount is legal

9. System dispenses the cash

10. System deduces the withdraw amount from account11. System prints a receipt

13. Customer takes the cash and the receipt 12. System ejects the cash card

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Example- Money Withdraw (cont.)

• Alternative flow of events:– Step 3: Customer authorization failed. Display an error

message, cancel the transaction and eject the card.– Step 8: Customer has insufficient funds in its account.

Display an error message, and go to step 6.– Step 8: Customer exceeds its legal amount. Display an

error message, and go to step 6.• Exceptional flow of events:

– Power failure in the process of the transaction before step 9, cancel the transaction and eject the card

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Example- Money Withdraw (cont.) One method to identify use cases is actor-based:

- Identify the actors related to a system or organization.- For each actor, identify the processes they initiate or participate in.

A second method to identify use cases is event-based: - Identify the external events that a system must respond to. - Relate the events to actors and use cases. The following questions may be used to help identify the use cases for a

system:- What are tasks of each actor ?- Will any actor create, store, change, remove, or read information in the system ?- What use cases will create, store, change, remove, or read this information ?- Will any actor need to inform the system about sudden, external changes ? - Does any actor need to be informed about certain occurrences in the system ?- Can all functional requirements be performed by the use cases ?

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Moving on

• The “things” that “live” inside the system are responsible for carrying out the behavior the actors on the outside expect the system to provide.

• To implement a use case, we create a society of classes that work together to carry out the behavior of the use case.

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How to create use case diagram

1. List main system functions (use cases) in a column:– think of business events demanding system’s response

– users’ goals/needs to be accomplished via the system

– Create, Read, Update, Delete (CRUD) data tasks

2. Draw ovals around the function labels

3. Draw system boundary

4. Draw actors and connect them with use cases (if more intuitive, this can be

done as step 2)

5. Specify include and extend relationships between use cases

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Elements of use case diagramSummary

Boundary of system

<<include>>Include relationship between Use Cases (one UC must call another; e.g., Login UC includes User Authentication UC)

<<extend>>

Extend relationship between Use Cases (one UC calls Another under certain condition; think of if-then decision points)

Connection between Actor and Use Case

Elements of use case diagramSummary

name

name

Use case , starts with a verb

Actor can be human or other system

Extra reading

• http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/90-754/umlucdfaq.html

References

• http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/management/faculty/btravica/9351/class8.ppt

• http://brd4.braude.ac.il/~zbarzilay/L04_UML1_UseCase[2].ppt

• http://www.ts.mah.se/RUP/RationalUnifiedProcess/process/modguide/md_ucgen.htm