UNIT FIVEUNIT FIVE

EvolutionEvolution

EvolutionEvolution A. A. Basically states that modern species Basically states that modern species

evolved from earlier, different species evolved from earlier, different species and share aand share a common ancestor common ancestor. .

Click here to see the evolution of man

B. Charles Darwin B. Charles Darwin proposed that proposed that natural selection natural selection is the mechanism is the mechanism that causes species to change. The that causes species to change. The basic steps in natural selection are:basic steps in natural selection are:

1. Overproduction of offspring.1. Overproduction of offspring. 2. Competition for limited resources.2. Competition for limited resources. 3. Survival and reproduction OR 3. Survival and reproduction OR

death.death.

travel to Ecuador to see how the process of natural selection operates in populations of rainforest hummingbirds in How Does Evolution Really Work?

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C. C. Organisms that are Organisms that are better adapted better adapted to their environment and able to to their environment and able to reproduce successfully are reproduce successfully are considered “fit”. considered “fit”. Unfit organisms die, Unfit organisms die, and their traits are eventuallyand their traits are eventually removed removed from the gene pool.from the gene pool.

NOTENOTE: Evolutionary fitness has nothing : Evolutionary fitness has nothing to do with physical fitness. Stronger is to do with physical fitness. Stronger is not always better.not always better.

Click here to see “one version” of how the Dodo bird went extinct.

D. Evolution is usually driven by D. Evolution is usually driven by a change in the environmenta change in the environment..

Erupting volcanoes cause sudden, drastic change in an area, forcing organisms to evolve rapidly to adapt to the new environment.

E. E. To evolve, variations must exist in To evolve, variations must exist in a species BEFORE the environment a species BEFORE the environment changes. They do not get a trait just changes. They do not get a trait just because it is needed.because it is needed.

Click on the peppered moth to see how environmental change drives evolution

F. Variations exist primarily as F. Variations exist primarily as the result of sexual reproduction the result of sexual reproduction and mutationand mutation..

A mutation might be advantageous in some environments, yet it might be harmful in others. To see how this can occur, view the Evolution video segment "A Mutation Story," about sickle cell genes and malaria.

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G. Species with more variation G. Species with more variation are better able to survive are better able to survive environmental changesenvironmental changes..

Click on giraffes to see The “funny” evolution of giraffes explained. 

H. H. Evolutionary change can occur Evolutionary change can occur slowly slowly oror happens in quick spurts. happens in quick spurts.

I. I. Creation of new species can occur if Creation of new species can occur if species are separated by geography such species are separated by geography such as water or land features.as water or land features.

Harris's antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus harrisi) inhabits the canyon's south rim (left). Just a few miles away on the north rim (right) lives the closely related white–tailed antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus).

Geographic isolation of squirrels on opposite rims of the Grand Canyon.

J. J. Evidence in support of evolution Evidence in support of evolution comes from the fossil record, genetics, comes from the fossil record, genetics, biochemistry, anatomy and biochemistry, anatomy and embryology.embryology.

Click on the fossil diagram to see how different lines of evidence contribute to our picture of evolution in the video How Do We Know Evolution Happens? Learn about the fossil evidence for whales' land-dwelling ancestors.