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Unit 8—Chapters 20 – 21Populism and Progressivism (1870 – 1917)
CSS 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
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James A. Garfield1881Election of 1880• Stalwarts led by Conkling (NY) liked the
spoils system• Half-Breeds led by Blaine (ME) wanted
civil service reform• Garfield elected as compromise• assassinated by Charles Guiteau, a
stalwart, then Arthur was president
Pendleton Act, 1883• merit based system began to replace
the spoils system• set up a commission to oversee all
classified positions (14,000 jobs or 10% of govt. jobs)
Social Gospel, 1882• Christian society should apply its
teaching to heal social problems• began with Washington Gladden, a
Congregationalist preacher from Columbus, OH
Christian Science, 1879• founded by Mary Baker Eddy• taught that relief from stress and
problems of complex urban environment could be relieved through prayer and reliance on faith
Salvation Army, 1880• “with heart to God, and hand to
man”• group formed to bring Christian
teaching to urban society• banned drinking, smoking, gambling• 2nd largest provider of social welfare
in the world
R James A. Garfield 4,453,295 214
D Winfield S. Hancock 4,414,082 155
GL James B. Weaver 308,578 --
“I am a Stalwart. Arthur is now President of the United States.”--Charles Guiteau
1880
396
Stalwarts v. Half-Breeds
3
Grover Cleveland1885-1889
Election of Scandals (1884)• Blaine implicated himself in a railroad
scandal (Burn this letter)• Cleveland had an illegitimate son in OH
whom he took care of
Mugwumps• moderate republicans, led by Charles
Schurz, voted for Cleveland
Greenback Labor Party• at its height in 1878 this party backed by
farmers and workers who supported cheaper money
• polled over a million votes and elected 14 members of Congress
Grover Cleveland• first democratic president elected since
Buchanan• fired 2/3 of civil workers because of
pressure from party ( 1st Dem. in office since Buchanan)
• Cleveland sets sights on lowering tariff
National Prohibition Party, 1869• counties and states began to go “dry”
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 1873
• WCTU vocally opposed alcoholism, prostitution, and drug use
• Carrie Nation went into bars hatchet in hand to stop drinkers
Anti-Saloon League, 1893• major support in South and rural North• heavily influenced by anti-foreign
prejudice• major political lobby of its day
D Grover Cleveland 4,879,507 219
R James G. Blaine 4,850,293 182
GL Benjamin F. Butler 175,370 --
P John P. St. John 150,369 --
1884
401
“Ma, ma, where’s my Pa?”
Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion
4
The Farmers Unite
Patrons of Husbandry (Grange), 1867• started by Oliver H. Kelly • 1.5 million farmers joined• provided social interaction and
education (training and newspapers)
• tried to organize the farmers to fight the power of the railroads
Munn v. Illinois, 1877• granger laws regulated railroads
within the states• grain elevator rates, consistent,
posted prices
Wabash decision, 1886• railroads are interstate commerce
thus outside state authority• farmers believed courts influenced
by big business• ICC created in 1887 to give federal
government authority denied by the courts
Farmers’ Alliance, 1890• group of farmers and laborers had
about a million supporters in both North and South
• tried to break the hold of railroads and manufacturers
• led to Populists
Populist Party, 1890• “People’s Party” got its numbers
from disgruntled farmers and laborers
• unlike earlier movements, they went national and were a powerful political player
Mary E. Lease• "calamity howler" from KS who made
160 speeches in 1890 in support of the Populists
• cried out against the government that was "of Wall Street, for Wall Street, and by Wall Street”
“Raise less corn and more hell.”--Mary E. Lease
5
Benjamin Harrison1889-1893
• Republican-dominated House was the first to spend $1 billion in one year
• Speaker Thomas B. Reed (ME) refused to let Democrats speak
Pension Act, 1890• included veterans who served for 90
days and were now unable to work• # of pensioners rose 676,000 to
970,000 and costs rose from $81 to $135 million
McKinley Tariff, 1890• raised tariffs on agriculture and
manufactures• highest peacetime rate yet (48.4%)• outraged voters replaced
Republican majority with Democrats (235 to 88 Republicans)
• McKinley and Harrison not re-elected in 1892
Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890• silver miners wanted silver-backed
currency• banknotes could be redeemed in either
gold or silver do it depleted the nation’s $100 million gold reserve
• Cleveland repealed it in 1893
Depression of 1893• worst depression of the century• hit cities hardest• caused by over speculation, overbuilding,
labor disorders, and the Silver Purchase Act
• JP Morgan loaned the US $65 million in gold to end the depression
1888
401
R Benjamin Harrison 5,447,129 233
D Grover Cleveland 5,537,857 168
Pr Clinton B. Fisk 249,506 --
UL Anson J. Streeter 146,935 --
6
Grover Cleveland1893-1897• Cleveland called special session of
Congress to deal with the depression of 1893
Coxey’s Army, 1894• “General” Jacob S. Coxey led 500,000
unemployed to D.C.• demanded govt. issue $500 million in
greenbacks
Wilson-Gorman Bill, 1894• bill called for 2% tax of incomes over
$4,000 and a lower tariff• 630 amendments made to bill and it
only lowered the tariff to 41.3%• Cleveland signed it rather than start
over• Supreme Court ruled that income tax
was unconstitutional• working class accused the courts of
working for big business• Republicans gained in the House 244 to
105
Homestead Strike, 1892• major strike at a Carnegie Steel plant• 300 Pinkerton detectives used rifles
and dynamite to end the strike• 10 killed, 60 wounded
Pullman Strike, 1894• workers struck in Chicago after their
wages were cut by a third• overturned train cars and stopped
railway traffic from Chicago to the Pacific including the US mail
• Cleveland used the army to break the strike and workers saw an alliance between big business and government
1892
444
D Grover Cleveland 5,555,426 277
R Benjamin Harrison 5,182,690 145
P James B. Weaver 1,029,846 22
Pr John Bidwell 264,133 --
“The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for humanity.”—Eugene V. Debs
7
The Populists
Populist Party, 1890• formed after the Farmer’s Alliance and
the Patrons of Husbandry• attempted to bind together western
farmers and eastern workers
Omaha Platform, 1892• $50/ per person in currency• graduated income tax• nationalization of railroads, utilities, and
communications• secret “Australian” ballot• one-term limit for president• restriction of immigration• 8-hour workday• tariff reduction
William Jennings Bryan• Populist orator from NE• supported coinage of silver at 16 to 1• swept through 27 states and made
over about 600 speeches• “Cross of Gold” speech
• left Populist Party for the Democrats in 1896
Populists and the Wizard of Oz
“We will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: ‘You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.’”
—William Jennings Bryan
• Dorothy• Scarecrow—no brains• Tin Man—no heart• Cowardly Lion—no
courage• Munchkins• Good Witch of N/S• Wicked Witch of E/W• Flying Monkeys• Wizard• Ruby slippers
• Populist Party• farmers—no education• workers—no commitment• Bryan—switched parties• Populist party members• Populists supporters• Industrialists on coasts• Pinkerton detectives• President of U.S.• silver slippers
8
William McKinley1897-1901Election of 1896• outspent Bryan $16 million to $250,000
in the campaign• Mark Hanna scared the rich into
supporting McKinley• Rematch of McKinley and Bryan in 1900
ends the same way
Dingley Tariff, 1897• Republicans under Reed pushed through
a 46.5% tariff• 850 amendments made it higher in
some categories than the McKinley Tariff
Gold Standard Act, 1900• paper currency was to be redeemed by
gold• increased gold reserve to $150 million• inflation finally came when more gold
was discovered in Alaska, South Africa, and Australia
1896
447
R William McKinley 7,102,246 271
D William J. Bryan 6,492,559 176
Leon Czolgosz• anarchist assassin who killed
McKinley at the Pan-American exposition in 1901
Industrial Workers of the World, 1905• IWW organized all workers
including unskilled, immigrants, and minorities
• used heavy worker class rhetoric
9
The Muckrakers
Muckrakers• middle-class reformers who called
for regulation of industry and political reform
• feared destruction of democracy by rich as well as revolution/socialism from the poor
• foundation of Progressive movement
• focused on exposing injustice in publications: McClure’s, Nation, Cosmopolitan
Ida Tarbell• “The History of Standard Oil” (1904)• account of unethical practices of
Standard Oil to control the industry
Lincoln Steffens• “The Shame of the Cities” (1904)• corruption in urban government
Jacob Riis• “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)• focused on the filth, disease, and
misery of tenements and the greed of the slum lords in NYC
• deeply affected Roosevelt
David G. Phillips• “The Treason of the Senate” (1906)• contended that 75 of the 90 senators
were controlled by the trusts
Upton Sinclair• The Jungle, 1906• unsafe labor conditions in Chicago
meatpacking industry• revealed the foul conditions of the food
industry
Thorstein Veblen• “Theory of the Leisure Class” (1899)• criticized “conspicuous consumption”
and the rich
10
Progressive Reform
• Progressives tried to make government more responsible to the people
• Fightin’ Bob La Follette (WI) tried to fuse educated experts and government regulation
• Hiram Johnson brought more direct democracy to California
Democratic Reform1. Australian (secret) ballot – late
1880s2. Initiative: bills introduced by
citizens3. Referendum: citizens may overturn
bills passed by the state legislature4. Recall: citizens may recall officials
from office5. open primary: replaced caucus
elections6. 17th Amendment: direct election of
senators 7. 19th Amendment: women’s suffrage
Efficiency in Government• centralized decision-making• reduced graft/corruption• merit over patronage
Business Regulation• trust busting • end of laissez faire• conservation
Social Justice• settlement houses• child labor laws• improved working conditions• progressive income tax (16th
Amendment)• Prohibition (18th Amendment)• women’s rights (Muller v. Oregon,
1908)
11
Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909Theodore ‘Teddy’ Roosevelt• trust-buster (44 lawsuits)• progressive Republican from NY who
took reform to a whole new level• created cabinet-level labor advisor
Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902• 140,000 coal miners struck for a 9-hour
day and 20% raise• mine owners tried to use the cold to get
the public on their side• TR threatened to seize the mines with
federal troops • workers got 9-hour day and 10% raise
Roosevelt Panic, 1907• short, intense depression at Wall Street• business blamed TR’s reforms• shortage of cashflow a major problem• the Adlritch-Vreeland Act allowed banks
to print emergency currency
1904
476
Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1906• SF school district tried to put
Japanese in separate schools• T.R. convinced school board to
drop policy• Japanese unofficially limited
immigration to U.S.
R Theodore Roosevelt 7,628,461 336
D Alton B. Parker 5,084,223 140
S Eugene V. Debs 402,283 --
Pr Silas C. Swallow 258,536 --
12
Roosevelt’s 3 Cs
Control the TrustNorthern Securities decision• Roosevelt broke up J.P. Morgan’s
attempt to corner the railroad market in the northwest
• Supreme Court backed Roosevelt• powerful men became his enemies
Elkins Act, 1903• punished both issuers and receivers
of railroad rebates• Standard Oil fined $29 million for
1,426 violations but the courts overturned them
Hepburn Act, 1906• expanded ICC jurisdiction to all train
cars not just freight cars• restricted free tickets from the
railroads to politicians and newspapermen
Consumer ProtectionMeat Inspection Act, 1906• required all meat that crossed state
lines to be federally inspected
Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906• required all foods and
pharmaceuticals to be labeled correctly
ConservationForest Reserve Act, 1891• gave the president the authority to
set aside public forests as national forests or reserves
Newlands Act, 1902• sold public lands to fund irrigation
projects for poor farmers in the Midwest
• Roosevelt Dam in AZ
“When I say I believe in a square deal I do not mean . . . to give every man the best hand. If the cards do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing.”
—Theodore Roosevelt, 1905
13
William H. Taft1909-1913William H. Taft• Taft was TR’s hand-picked successor• commissioner of the Philippines• Supreme Court justice after his
presidency• “busted” over 80 trusts in 4 years
Payne-Aldritch Tariff, 1909• House set tariff at 32%• Senate added 847 amendments which
set it at 40.8%• TR criticized him for signing it into law
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, 1909• Sec. of Interior Ballinger (Taft guy)
leased forest reserves to large companies
• Pinchot (TR) criticized him and was fired
• rift grew between Taft and TR
1908
483
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911• 146 women killed in NY fire
• trapped inside locked room• led to more legislation on working
conditions and hours in NY
John Dewey• encouraged “creative intelligence”• schools are vehicles for “social
progress and reform”
R William H. Taft 7,675,320 321
D William J. Bryan 6,412,294 162
S Eugene V. Debs 420,793 --
Pr Eugene W. Chafin 253,840 --
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Election of 1912
Election of 1912• Republicans narrowly blocked
Roosevelt’s nomination at the national convention
• TR formed a Progressive third party• called the Bull Moose after TR was
shot but gave a speech anyway• election became battle between TR
and Wilson
• only election when a third-party candidate got second and a major party got third
• deeply divided the Republican Party• it became much more conservative
as a result and the Democrats will become the party of reform
1912
531
New Nationalism (TR)• based on the Wisconsin Idea
(LaFollette)• more progressive reforms but with
limited regulation of business
New Freedom (Wilson)• banking and currency reform• tariff revision• stronger antitrust regulation• emphasis on small businesses
D Woodrow Wilson 6,296,547 435
P Theodore Roosevelt 4,118,571 88
R William H. Taft 3,486,720 8
S Eugene V. Debs 900,672 --
Pr Eugene W. Chafin 206,275 --
15
Black Rights
grandfather clause • exempted poor whites from Jim
Crow laws• only 5% of blacks voted
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896• segregated trains in LA led to
“separate but equal” public facilities• led to separate schools until 1957
Ida B. Wells• launched public criticism of lynching
that became an international movement
• organized a black women’s club to lead social reforms in the South
W.E.B. DuBois• first black PhD in America• supported immediate equality of the
top 10% of the black community• ‘double consciousness’
Niagara Movement, 1905• protested exclusion of blacks from
unions, voting, and public places• had to meet in Canada to avoid
discrimination
NAACP, 1909• focused on legal and economics
barriers to equality
16
Woodrow Wilson1913-1921
Woodrow Wilson• first southern president elected since
Taylor (1848)• former president of Princeton
University• appointed first Jewish member of the
Supreme Court, Louis Brandeis• views on race questioned today• championed national progressive
reform but stood up for states’ rights
Seaman’s Act, 1915• protected basic wages and working
conditions for sailors• Jones Act, 1916• granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1916• granted assistance to civil service
workers during times of disability
1916
531
National Consumers’ League, 1898• Manufacturers who met safety
standards could display a white label on food and clothing
National Board of Censorship, 1909• board reviewed movies to make
sure they upheld middle-class values
D Woodrow Wilson 9,127,695 277
R Charles E. Hughes 8,533,507 254
S A.L. Benson 585,113 --
Pr J.F. Hanly 220,506 --
“He kept us out of war!”
17
Triple Wall of Privilege
TrustsClayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914• closed loopholes in Sherman Anti-
Trust Act• unions and farm coops exempted• Gompers called it the Magna Carta of
labor
Federal Trade Commission, 1914• regulated companies that did
interstate business
Keating-Owen Act, 1916• banned goods produced from child
labor from crossing state borders
Adamson Act, 1916• est. 8-hour workday and overtime pay
for railroad workers
TariffUnderwood Tariff, 1913• lowered rate from 40.8% to 27%• 1st real drop since Civil War• 16th Amendment introduced
graduated “progressive” income tax
BanksPujo Committee, 1911• congressional committee
investigated banks• found trusts controlled by Morgan
and Rockefeller were on 341 boards of directors and controlled over $22 billion
Federal Reserve Act, 1913• federal reserve board created to
determine amount of currency in circulation
• required banks to keep some of their deposits in a federal reserve
“This is not a day of triumph; it is a day of dedication. Here muster not the forces of party, but the forces of humanity . . . I summon all honest men, all patriotic, all forward-looking men, to my side. God helping me, I will not fail them, if they will but counsel and sustain me!”
—Woodrow Wilson, Inaugural Address, 1913
18
Women’s Movement
Jane Addams• est. Hull House in Chicago in 1889• settlement house to help
immigrants adjust to America• offered counseling and
education• these houses became centers
for women's activism• won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
Florence Kelly• worked with Addams• investigated sweatshops and
factories• pushed legislation in IL that banned
child labor and reduced working hours for women
Muller v. Oregon, 1908• Upheld Oregon law limiting women
working ten hours a day
Carrie Chapman Catt• argued that women needed to vote
to discharge their duty as moral instructors
• est. League of Women Voters in 1920
Francis E. Willard• led WCTU from 1878-1897• encouraged women to participate in
every kind of reform
Charlotte Perkins Gilman• leading feminist intellectual in
1890s• economic equality for women would
lead to political and social equality• state-run day-cares
Margaret Sanger• advocated birth control clinics
19
Women’s Rights Timeline
1848 Seneca Falls Convention
1869 National Women’s Suffrage Association (amendment)National Women’s Suffrage Association (state by state)
1869 Wyoming Territory grants female suffrage
1872 Susan B. Anthony arrested for voting for president
1890 National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) combined two major groups
1900 Headquarters moved to NYC with Carrie Chapman Catt president
1913 Illinois granted state suffrage
1913 amendment submitted in DC
1913 over 100 women injured in march in DC
1916 National Women’s Party formed. Alice Paul and others began silent picketing outside the White House then hunger strikes when put into prison.
1918 Amendment passed in House after failing several times.
1919 Amendment passed in Senate after failing several times and passing in 1913.
1920 19th Amendment ratified
1923 Equal Rights Amendment proposed
1979 ERA fails, needs one more state to ratify
20
19th Century Imperialism
Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan• Influence of Sea Power upon History,
1660-1783• naval dominance key to world power• naval armsrace in Germany, Japan,
Britain and the U.S.
Needs of a Modern Empire• coaling stations, navy, markets for
products
Seward’s Folly, 1867• US bought Alaska for $7 million
“Big Sister” Policy, 1880s• Sec. of State Blaine• attitude that U.S. is example for Latin
American nations• reciprocal tariff reductions to open
markets to US trade
Open Door Policy, 1899• U.S. feared division of China by
Europe and Japan• announced new era of equal
opportunity in trade• territorial integrity of China• public sentiment forced the
European powers to agree
Boxer Rebellion, 1900• “Boxers” killed 200+ Christian
missionaries to rid China of foreign influence
• 18,000 international troops defeated China and forced it to pay $333 million in damages
Take up the White Man’s burden—Send forth the best ye breed—Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ needTo wait in heavy harnessOn fluttered folk and wild—Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
--Rudyard Kipling, 1903
21
Spanish-American War, 1898
Cuba Revolution, 1895• Spain’s Gen. Weyler sent to stop Cuban
inserrectos led by Jose Marti• many Americans sympathized with the
Cubans
Yellow Journalism• lurid, exaggerated news stories intended
to increase circulation• jingoists wanted war with Spain to
“protect” American honor
Dupuy de Lome• Hearst published the Spanish minister’s
stolen letter in 1898• said McKinley “"lacked faith”
U.S.S. Maine, 1898• sent to protect Americans in Cuba• 260 Americans died in explosion• spontaneous combustion
Teller Amendment, 1898• US promised it would not annex Cuba
Manila Bay• Adm. Dewey took the Philippines at
Manila Bay
Rough Riders• TR stepped down from Dept. of Navy
to lead a regiment of cowboys, polo players, Indians, and ex-convicts
• they stormed San Juan Hill without their horses
Treaty of Paris, 1898• the war lasted 16 weeks• 250 killed in combat, 2500 by disease• U.S. paid $20 million for Philippines
($3 a head)• Spain lost Guam, the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, and Cuba
Platt Amendment, 1901• est. naval base at Guantanamo• Cuba could only sign treaties with US
You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war.”--William Randolph Hearst
22
America in the Pacific
Hawaii, 1898• US allowed trade and a naval base
at Pearl Harbor in 1887• American sugar planters pushed for
annexation after the McKinley Tariff• revolution and annexation in 1898• Queen Liliukalani died in captivity
Great White Fleet, 1907• T.R. commissioned 16 new steel
battleships• sent them from Virginia on a world
tour so the world could see U.S. naval might
• fleet was greeted enthusiastically even in Japan
Philippines, 1898-1947• Taft appointed governor• Americans developed sugar
industry, roads, and sanitation
Emilio Aguinaldo• guerilla backed by U.S. to overthrow
the Spanish• 600,000 killed in “benevolent
assimilation”• fighting continued until 1935• by 1902, 4300 Americans died, 1 in
5 Filipinos died
Insular Cases• Federal courts had to decide
whether the Constitution extended to territories like the Philippines
Anti-Imperialist League• opposed the war because it
betrayed spirit of democracy• some because of racism• some because of self-determination• Gompers, Carnegie, DuBois, and
Twain