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8/18/2019 Unit 2 Grammar Compulsory Reference Material - Conclusion Modals
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Conclusions: Must,Have (got) to, May,
Might, Could, Can’t
A Visit to the
Doctor
11
Focus on Grammar 3Part VIII, Unit 37By Ruth Luman, Ga riele !teiner, an" B# $ellsCo%yri&ht ' ())*+ Pearson "ucation, Inc+ All ri&hts reser-e"+
8/18/2019 Unit 2 Grammar Compulsory Reference Material - Conclusion Modals
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Am I ./0
!o, hatseems to e
the %ro lem0$ell, I ha-eterri le %ain
in mystomach+
$ell, I ha-eterri le %ain
in mystomach+
$hat coul" the %ro lem
e 0
$e2ll nee" tota e some
45rays an""o some
tests to 6in"out+
here arese-eral
%ossi ilities+
8/18/2019 Unit 2 Grammar Compulsory Reference Material - Conclusion Modals
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8eanin&
We often make guesses and draw conclusions aboutpresent situations using the information we have.
We use mo"als to show howcertain or uncertain we are
about our conclusions.
We use mo"als to show howcertain or uncertain we are
about our conclusions.
mustmust
ha-e 9&ot toha-e 9&ot to
maymay
mi&ht, coul"mi&ht, coul"
can2t, coul"n2t
must not
may not
mi&ht not
1)); Certain
); Certain
Positi-e <e&ati-e
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A66irmati-e Conclusions
When we are almost 100% certain, we use must , haveto , or have got to to state a66irmati-e conclusions .
I looked at all the testresults, and I talked to the
patient. I believe that…
Mr. ones must ha-e an ulcer.
!e has to e in pain.
!e 2s &ot to e ver"uncomfortable.
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Possi ilities
When we are less certain about our conclusion, we use may ,might , or could to e#press that something is %ossi le .
I see somethingunusual.
Mr. ones coul"ha-e an ulcer.
!e may ha-e aninfection.
!e mi&ht e ver"sick.
8/18/2019 Unit 2 Grammar Compulsory Reference Material - Conclusion Modals
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Practice 1Look at each part of the photograph oneat a time. Try to guess what it is.Increase the certainty of your guesses byusing the appropriate modals.
must
ha-e 9&ot tomay
mi&ht, coul"
1)); Certain
); Certain
An 45ray o6 the heartan" lun&s+
$his mi&ht e …
$his mi&ht e …
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<e&ati-e Conclusions 1
se can’t and couldn’t when "ou are almost 100% certainthat something is im%ossi le . se must not when "ou areslightl" less certain.
$he &'ra"slook good.
It can2t e aninfection.
$he patient coul"n2t
ha-e heartburn.
It must not e serious.
8/18/2019 Unit 2 Grammar Compulsory Reference Material - Conclusion Modals
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se may not and might not when "ou areeven less certain.
<e&ati-e Conclusions (
(our illness mi&htnot e serious.
(ou may not nee" tosta" in the hospital.
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=uestions
se can and could in >uestions+
$he test resultsare not clear.
What can theproblem e )
Coul" the patientnee" surger")
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It may e a
feather.What coul"
it e0
?+It can2t e
skin.
Practice (Look at the objects under amicroscope. Ask and answerquestions about possibility. Use
positive and negative modals.
stomach o6 a s%i"er eye o6 an insect a 6eather
cotton 6i ers ton&ue o6 a snail s in
Example
It must e cotton fibers.
1+ (+
3+ @+
9 am%le 9 1
9 ( 9 3
9 @
9 ?
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!hort Ans ers
!e may notmay not + $he surgeon
might
operate first.
In short ans ers, use a modal alone.
*oes thepatienthave abrokenbone)
*oes heneed acast)!e has tohas to .
!e was in aserious
accident.
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Be Care6ul
se !e in short answers to +uestions thatinclude be.
h wait. Ithas to e "
I see the
brain stem.
Coul" thate an image
of m" brain)
I-m not sure.It mi&ht e "
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Practice 3 Ask and answer questionsabout the !rays. Useshort answers.
Possi le =uestions
Coul" 45ray e a 0
Can 45ray e a 0
Possi le Ans ers
It has to e+EIt2s &ot to e+
It mayEmi&htEcoul" e+
nee rain
1+ (+
Example
shoul"er
It mi&ht e .Coul" that &'ra"
e a knee)
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