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Unit 2-5 Africa and the Americas 500 B.C.E.- 1200 C.E.

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The Kingdom of Meroe 800 B.C.E. 350 C.E. Nubia is located in the Nile Valley between tropical Africa and the Mediterranean world. Natural Resources: gold, precious stones, and copper

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For a time the Nubians ruled Egypt as the 25 th dynasty (712- 660 B.C.E.). In the 4 th century B.C.E. the kingdom moved its capital to Meroe. Why? Egyptian culture faded during the Meroe period Matrilineal family system, queens often were influential Dominated trade routes Technology: reservoirs and iron smelting

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Aksum By 50 C.E. a substantial state emerged based on Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade. Animal products Taxes were a major source of revenue Christianity Linked to Christians in Egypt (Coptic Church) Decline: deforestation, soil exhaustion and rise of Islam.

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Bantu Africa Self-conscious migration not a conquest Farmers replaced foragers in Classical Era Advantages of farmers 1.Numbers 2.Disease 3.Iron Changes: languages, trade networks Agriculture: yams, bananas, coconut, sugarcane (Indonesian sailors) Domestication: sheep and cattle

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Est. political authority Religion: less emphasis on distant God figure, more on ancestor, rituals, charms, witchcraft, and sacrifice

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Classical Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica 200-900

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The Maya 250-900, in modern day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and south Mexico. However: Agricultural productivity Elevated fields, terrace fields Forest resources Irrigation systems

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Large city states Impressive monuments Simple technology Religion Three layers: rulers/elites served as priests Military Captives, not territory. Why? Women Elite Non-Elite

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Technology The most important developments were the calendar, math, and _______. Collapse 800-900 Reasons: disruption of trade, overpopulation, and disease

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Teotihuacan Large Mesoamerican city from 450 C.E.-600 C.E.. It population was 125,000 to 200,000. Dominated by religious structures, including pyramids and human sacrifice.

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Agricultural innovation Farming families Irrigation Chinampas Lodging Apartment-like buildings Commoners: Residential compounds Elites:

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Government Family v. Kings Goals of military: Collapse in 650:

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Early South American Civilization: Chavin 900 B.C.E.-250 B.C.E. Chavin were the first major urban civilization in South America Combination of military and appeal of religious system explains its influence over its territory Possessed all the essential characteristics of later Andean civilizations, including a clan based system of labor. Evidence suggest that increased warfare led to the fall of Chavin around 200 B.C.E.

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Moche Peru 200 C.E., had mita labor system to produce a range of crops. Maize, beans, quinoa Stratified and theocratic Power in the elite priests and military leaders Artisans were skilled in textiles, portrait vases, and metallurgy. Gold, silver, copper alloy Fall: