UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• STRUCTURE FITS FUNCTION IN THE ANIMAL BODY– ANATOMY• DEF THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF AN

ORGANISM– PHYSIOLOGY• DEF THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS AN ORGANISM

PERFORMS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• ANIMAL STRUCTURE HAS A HIERARCHY– CELLULAR LEVEL TISSUE LEVEL ORGAN LEVEL ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL ORGANISM LEVEL• EX. MUSCLE CELL MUSCLE TISSUE HEART

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM MULTIPLE ORGAN SYSTEMS FUNCTIONING TOGETHER

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• TISSUES ARE GROUPS OF CELLS WITH A COMMON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION– TISSUE• A COOPERATIVE UNIT OF MANY, VERY SIMILAR, CELLS

THAT PERFORM A SPECIFIC FUNCTION– 4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TISSUES• EPITHELIAL• CONNECTIVE• MUSCLE• NERVOUS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS– EPITHELIAL TISSUE• A.K.A. EPITHELIUM• SHEETS OF TIGHTLY PACKED CELLS THAT COVER BODY

SURFACES AND LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND CAVITIES– BASEMENT MEMBRANE• A DENSE MAT OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CONSISTING

OF FIBROUS PROTEINS AND STICKY POLYSACCHARIDES

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS AND LINES THE BODY AND ITS PARTS– EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO

THE NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS THEY HAVE AND ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS

– MUCOUS MEMBRANE• SECRETE A SLIMY SOLUTION CALLED MUCUS THAT

LUBRICATES THE SURFACE AND KEEPS IT MOIST

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS AND SUPPORTS OTHER TISSUE– CONSISTS OF A

SPARSE POPULATION OF CELLS SCATTEREDTHROUGHOUT ANEXTRACELLULARMATRIX

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS AND SUPPORTS OTHER TISSUE– SIX MAJOR TYPES

• LOOSE CONNECTIVETISSUE

• ADIPOSE TISSUE• BLOOD• FIBROUS CONNECTIVE

TISSUE• CARTILAGE• BONE

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE– HOLDS ORGANS IN PLACE

• ADIPOSE TISSUE– STORES FAT; PADDING AND INSULATION

• BLOOD– FLUID RATHER THAN A SOLID MATRIX; INVOLVED IN TRANSPORT AND

IMMUNITY• FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

– FORMS TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS• CARTILAGE

– STRONG, BUT FLEXING SKELETAL MATERIAL• BONE

– RIGID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• MUSCLE TISSUE FUNCTIONS IN MOVEMENT– CONSISTS OF BUNDLES

OF LONG CELLS CALLEDMUSCLE FIBERS

– 3 TYPES• SKELETAL/STRIATED• CARDIAC• SMOOTH

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• NERVOUS TISSUE FORMS A COMMUNICATION NETWORK– FORMS A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM;

TRANSMITTING INFORMATION AS NERVE SIGNALS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• NERVOUS TISSUE FORMS A COMMUNICATION NETWORK– NEURON• NERVE CELL; UNIQUELY SPECIALIZED TO CONDUCT

NERVE SIGNALS

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• SEVERAL TISSUES ARE ORGANIZED TO FORM AN ORGAN– ORGAN• CONSISTS OF SEVERAL TISSUES ADAPTED TO PERFORM

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS AS A GROUP• THE FUNCTION OF AN ORGAN RESULTS FROM THE

COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS OF ITS TISSUES

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• THE BODY IS A COOPERATIVE OF ORGAN SYSTEMS– ORGAN SYSTEM• A GROUP OF SEVERAL

ORGANS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A VITAL BODY FUNCTION• INCLUDE THE

FOLLOWING:

– DIGESTIVE– RESPIRATORY– CIRCULATORY– LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE– EXCRETORY– ENDOCRINE– REPRODUCTIVE– NERVOUS– MUSCULAR– SKELETAL/

INTEGUMENTARY

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• NEW IMAGING TECHNOLOGY REVEALS THE INNER BODY– X-RAYS– CT SCANS (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY)• LOW WAVE X-RAYS (3-D)

– MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING)– PET (POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY)• RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES INJECTED; SHOWS

METABOLICALLY ACTIVE AREAS MORE CLEARLY

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS ENHANCE EXCHANGE BETWEEN ANIMALS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT– INTERSTITIAL FLUID• BODY CELLS ARE BATHED IN THIS SOLUTION

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• ANIMALS REGULATE THEIR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT– HOMEOSTASIS• STEADY STATE; DYNAMIC

EQUILIBRIUM

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• HOMEOSTASIS DEPENDS ON NEGATIVE FEEDBACK– NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • A CHANGE IN A VARIABLE

TRIGGERS MECHANISMS THAT REVERSE THAT CHANGE

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• SO HOW EXACTLY DO THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK?– WITH SO MANY TO LOOK AT, WE HAVE TO START

SOMEWHERE…LET’S START WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, SHALL WE??

UNIFYING CONCEPTS IN ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION