Understanding Reclaimed Water Ld West Conference

ZweigWhite Land Development West 2007 | Conference and Expo | December 4-5, 20071

Brandon Squire, P.E.Mr. Squire is a professional engineer in Arizona. Hisengineering practice is focused on forward planning for waterproduction and distribution, water storage systems,wastewater collection, and treatment systems. Practice focuson water/wastewater systems.

Doug Patriquin, LEED APMr. Patriquin is a LEED accredited professional. Hisengineering practice is focused on working with clients todevelop strategies for LEED certification that maximizecredits, from forward planning through design andconstruction.

OverviewOverviewDefinitions – What is reclaimed water?Applications – How is it used?HistoryQuick StatsCurrent and Emerging TechnologyRegulations – What do governments require?Q & A

Why “reclaimed water” mattersWhy “reclaimed water” matters

Water, a finite, non-renewable resource.Potable water usage continues to climb, throughincreasing population and land development.Reclaimed water allows us to extend the life ofour most valuable resource.U.S. per capita daily water usage is highest in theworld.

Why “reclaimed water” mattersWhy “reclaimed water” mattersLuckily, we have access to advanced

reclaimed technology.

Water is too valuable to use once!

What is “Reclaimed Water”?What is “Reclaimed Water”?Reclaimed Water: Water that is treated for use.

Recycled Water: The internal use of water by the original user beforedischarge.

Reuse: The use of untreated or slightly treated water in a differentprocess or application.

What is “Reclaimed Water”?What is “Reclaimed Water”?Indirect potable reuse: The introduction of reclaimed water to a surface

water or groundwater system that ultimately is used as a potable watersupply.

Dual distribution systems: Reclaimed water is delivered through aparallel network of distribution mains separate from the potable waterdistribution system. The reclaimed water distribution system becomes athird water utility, in addition to wastewater and potable water. (One of theoldest municipal dual distribution systems in the U.S., in St. Petersburg,Florida, began operation in 1977.)

Typical Use CriteriaTypical Use CriteriaSecondary treatment - MinimumConfine application to authorized areas:

minimize runoffconfine direct and windblown spraykeep spray away from food and drinking water

Microbial eliminationPublic notification and signagePipes, valves, outlets, controllers, tank trucks shall bemarked “purple pipe”Back flow prevention devices shall be used at potableconnections

Typical Current UsesTypical Current UsesThe United States uses 9.8 billion gallons of reclaimed water per day.That volume is increasing 15% annually. Typical uses include:

Urban / RecreationWater featuresCar washSnowFire ProtectionStreet CleaningGolfSports fieldsPlay Grounds

Agriculture IrrigationConstruction

Dust ControlConcrete

Typical Current UsesTypical Current UsesIndustrial

Cooling towersPulp and PaperTextiles

Salt water intrusion barrierDual Plumbing

Toilet FlushingPower Generation

SteamHydropower

Hatcheries

Typical Current UsesTypical Current UsesAquifer RechargeDirect/Indirect Potable reuseEnvironmental

WetlandsStream AugmentationPonds

Direct/Indirect Potable usesDirect/Indirect Potable uses

NEWater – SingaporeWindhoek, Namibia – Goreangab Water ReclamationPlantWater Factory 21 – Orange CaliforniaAurora, CO – Prairie WatersLas Vegas, NV – Lake Mead

Statistics

Overview of current water reuse regulations andguidelines, as of 2004:

25 states have adopted regulations16 states have guidelines or design standards9 states have no regulations or guidelines

Reclaimed Water StatisticsReclaimed Water Statistics

In 1975, approximately 679 MGD of effluent was reused.

In 1995, effluent reuse jumped up to 1.06 billion gallonsper day.

Reclaimed Water StatisticsReclaimed Water Statistics

Reclaimed Water StatisticsReclaimed Water StatisticsIn 2004, 9.8 billion gallons per day of reclaimed water wasused for a beneficial purpose.According to the WaterReuse Associations reclaimed wateruse is growing at an estimated rate of 15% per year.

Reclaimed Water StatisticsCalifornia Usage

Arizona Water Use

Colorado River2,800,000 AFGroundwater2,900,000 AFSurface Water1,400,000 AFEffluent140,000 AF

Where does Arizona’s Water Come From?

Currently, Arizonagets water fromfour sources:• Colorado River• Streams withinthe state, includingthe Gila, Salt,Verde, and AguaFria rivers• Groundwater• Reclaimed water(this is the onlysource that hasthe potential toincrease)

Prescott Valley, ArizonaPrescott Valley, ArizonaTown development on HoldOctober 29th & 30th

Auctioned 2,724 Ac-ft of reclaimed water100 year assured water supply (ADWR)Minimum Bid of $22,500 per Ac-ftWinning bid = $24,650

History of Reclaimed WaterHistory of Reclaimed WaterReuse has been around in some form since the advent of “sewers.”

3000 BC – Minoan civilization in ancient Greece uses wastewater for agriculturalirrigation.1500 – Germany uses sewage farms for wastewater disposal.1833 – Legal use of sewers instituted in Boston1890 – Mexico City uses wastewater drainage canals to irrigate agricultural areas.1906 – Jersey City, NJ, begins chlorination of water supply.1906 – The earliest reference to water quality requirements for reuse of wastewater inOxnard, CA.1926 – Grand Canyon Nat’l Park uses reclaimed water in dual system for toilets,sprinklers, cooling water, and boiler feed water.1929 – The City of Pomona, CA begins to use reclaimed water for irrigation of lawns andgardens.1942 – Bethlehem Steel begins using reclaimed water.1955 – Industrial water is supplied from wastewater treatment plant in Japan.1956 – Direct potable reuse occurred in Chanute, Kansas. During a 5 month period,chlorinated secondary effluent was collect behind the dam on the Neosho River and usedas intake water for the city’s water treatment plant. The most serious problem was that ofpublic acceptance, due to a pale yellow color, an unpleasant taste and odor, and foamingof the water.

History of Reclaimed WaterHistory of Reclaimed Water1960 – California encourages wastewater reclamation and reuse in State Water Code.1968 – Direct potable reuse begun at water reclamation plant in Namibia. It’s still in usetoday.1971 – AWWA issues reclaimed water statement. The American Water Works Associationencourages responsible use of reclaimed water instead of potable water for irrigation,industrial, and other non-potable uses within a public drinking water supplier’s servicearea when such use can reduce the demands placed on limited supplies of potable water.1972 - U.S. Congress passes Clean Water Act1974 - U.S. Congress passes Save Drinking Water Act1975 – Orange County Water District begins recharging groundwater by directly injectingreclaimed water into underground aquifers.1982 – Tucson mandates use of reclaimed water for golf courses, cemeteries, parks, andschool grounds.1984 – Tucson Water reclaimed water system begins operation. First customers are U ofA farm and golf course.1986 – Ocotillo Golf Course in Chandler, AZ begins operation using reclaimed water.1992 – U.S. EPA and U.S. AID first publish Guidelines for Water Reuse2004 – U.S. EPA and U.S. AID revise Guidelines for Water Reuse2006 – City of Scottsdale achieves “Safe Yield” by recharging the same about of effluentas they pull out in groundwater.2007 – Great presentation: Understanding Reclaimed Water at LD West Conference!

Treatment Technologies

Understanding Treatment TechnologiesUnderstanding Treatment Technologies

Many Ways to

Reach the End!

Source: Water Reuse. Metcalf & Eddy, 2007

Understanding Treatment TechnologiesUnderstanding Treatment Technologies

Source: Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits. EPASource: Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits. EPA

Primary TreatmentPrimary TreatmentScreen and clarifiers

Secondary TreatmentSecondary TreatmentBiological treatment (Aerobic/Anaerobic/anoxic treatment)

Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR)Trickling filtersOxidation ditchPlug flowDeep ShaftTM

Specialized Activated sludge processesCaptor and LinporKaldnes

Tertiary TreatmentTertiary TreatmentReverse Osmosis

Membrane Bioreactor

Advanced Oxidation

Tertiary TreatmentTertiary TreatmentFiltration

ClothDiscDiamond

MembranesMicro – 0.1-10µmUltra – 0.01-0.03µmNano – 0.001-0.005µmReverse Osmosis – 0.0001-0.0005µmElectrodialysis

Tertiary Treatment - FinishingTertiary Treatment - Finishing

DisinfectionUVChlorineOzone

Granular Activated Carbon

Regulations

Federal RegulationsFederal Regulations

No federal regulations cover water reuseClean Water Act - 1972Safe Drinking Water Act – 1974

Regulations / GuidelinesRegulations / Guidelines2004 U.S.EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse

UrbanIndustrialAgriculturalRecreationRechargeCase Studies

Many states have guidelines or regulations for the design andoperation of wastewater reuse facilities, but wide discretion ininterpreting EPA’s guidelines has resulted in standards that differsignificantly across the states.

California - Title 22California - Title 22The California Department of Health

Serviceswater and treatment reliability criteria forwater recycling under Title 22, Chapter 4, ofthe California Code of Regulations.

California Water Code Section 13550-13556

states that using potable domestic water fornonpotable uses, including cemeteries, golfcourses, parks, industrial and residentialirrigation, and toilet flushing, is anunreasonable use of potable water if recycledwater is available.

Regulations / GuidelinesRegulations / Guidelines

NevadaNevada Administrative CodeNevada Division of Environmental Quality

Water Technical Sheets

Clark CountyMandates reclaimed water on golfcoursesEliminate decorative fountains

Commercial Properties

Regulations / GuidelinesRegulations / Guidelines

ColoradoDepartment of Public Healthand Environment

Regulation No. 84– Category 1– Category 2– Category 3

Arizona GuidelinesArizona GuidelinesArizona Administrative Code

Title 18, Chapter 9 ARTICLE 7:Direct Reuse of Reclaimed Water

Title 18, Chapter 11 Article 3:Reclaimed Water Quality Standards

Basic Guidelines

Regulations – Tucson, AZRegulations – Tucson, AZMandates

Any new Golf Course after January 1,2007 shall utilize irrigation water, unlessotherwise exempted by the board ofsupervisors.

Irrigation water: directly servedeffluent, reclaimed water or CentralArizona Project (CAP) water,

pursuant to Title 45, Chapter 3.1, ArizonaRevised Statutes.

Tucson Water Design StandardsReclaimed Water System Design

Standards

GreenGreen

Potential LEED Points AvailableWater Efficiency Credits

Credit 1.1: Water Efficient Landscaping: Reduce by 50%Credit 1.2: Water Efficient Landscaping: No Potable Water Use orNo IrrigationCredit 2: Innovative Wastewater TechnologiesCredit 3.1: Water Use Reduction: 20% ReductionCredit 3.2: Water Use Reduction: 30% Reduction

Where is the future of ReclaimedWater?

Public perception“Toilet to Tap”

Population GrowthIncreasing Demand

Future Mandates

Questions and Answers

Thank you for attending.

For more detailed questions, please call Brandon Squire orDoug Patriquin at 602-944-5500.

Understanding Reclaimed Water Ld West Conference

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