Post on 21-Sep-2020
UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report
Greening the Development Monster UBC Food Systems Project Scenario 4 –
Development at UBC
Amanda Brown, Antonin van der Lely, Camilo Cortes, Eileen Leung, Fung Lam, Liz
Overton, Muneera Hussain
University of British Columbia
AGSC 450
April 6, 2005
Disclaimer: “UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions,
conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and
is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of
activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current
status of the subject matter of a project/report”.
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Greening the Development Monster
UBC Food Systems Project
Scenario 4 – Development at UBC
April 8, 2005
Group 12:
Amanda Brown
Antonin van der Lely
Camilo Cortes
Eileen Leung
Fung Lam
Liz Overton
Muneera Hussain
2
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the inspiring teaching team of AGSC 450:
Alejandro Rojas, Liska Richer, Catherine Jacobsen, Julia Wagner, and
Lorenzo Magzul. Brenda Sawada and Karly Henney gave us valuable
guidance and information.
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Our Food System Project looks at UBC’s Official and Comprehensive Community Plans.
Filtered through our worldviews and biases, we have generated recommendations to include Food
as a component of the plans, along with water, air, transportation, and waste management.
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Abstract
Our task in the UBC food systems project was to evaluate the effects of campus
development on the ability to create and maintain a sustainable food system at UBC.
Food security is a major issue around the world and universities such as UBC should be
leading the way in developing innovative measures to create food sustainable
communities. Because UBC is currently expanding we have the opportunity to model an
urban agriculture strategy that can be extrapolated into the global community. The goal
of this project is not to promote food self-sufficiency of UBC, rather it is to create
awareness and education of the campus community on issues pertaining to food security.
Through evaluations of the plans that guide development at UBC, Official Community
Plan (OCP) and the Comprehensive Community Plan (CCP), we identified major barriers
as well as opportunities that can hinder or enhance food sustainability on campus. We
then made amendments to the OCP and the CCP. As a result, we developed a proposal
for an urban agricultural strategy at UBC named The Edible Campus. This strategy
involved six strategic actions which included a demonstration garden, designated garden
areas, green space and open areas, food production on buildings, waste management
systems and management considerations. To finalize our project, we made
recommendations for next year’s AGSC 450 class to investigate further the viability of an
urban agriculture strategy at UBC.
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Table of Contents
jIntroduction ........................................................................................................................ 6
Problem Definition.......................................................................................................... 7
Identification of Value Assumptions .............................................................................. 7
Vision Statement ............................................................................................................. 8
PART I: Campus Planning Documents and the UBC Food System ................................. 8
Analysis of the Official Community Plan ....................................................................... 8
Analysis of the Comprehensive Community Plan .......................................................... 9
Section 1: Introduction and Section 2: Existing Plans, Policies and Vision ............... 9
Section 3: Principles for the Comprehensive Community Plan................................ 10
Section 4.0 and 5.0: The Local Area and Strategies for the CCP ............................. 11
Conclusion of Part I ...................................................................................................... 13
PART II: An Urban Agriculture Strategy for UBC .......................................................... 14
Our Vision for Planning at UBC ................................................................................... 14
Description ................................................................................................................ 14
Cost - Benefit Analysis of Implementing an Urban Agriculture Strategy at UBC ....... 16
Ecological Benefits ................................................................................................... 16
Economic Benefits .................................................................................................... 17
Social Benefits .......................................................................................................... 17
Costs and challenges ................................................................................................. 18
Strategic Actions ........................................................................................................... 19
Demonstration garden ............................................................................................... 19
Designated Garden Areas ......................................................................................... 19
Greenways and Open Space ...................................................................................... 20
Food Production in and on Buildings ....................................................................... 20
Waste Management ................................................................................................... 20
Agricultural and Landscaping Management Considerations .................................... 20
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 20
Works Cited ...................................................................................................................... 22
Appendix A ....................................................................................................................... 24
Appendix B ....................................................................................................................... 25
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Introduction
In a world where people are becoming more disconnected from their food system,
the issue of food security must take priority. The University of British Columbia (UBC)
has the opportunity to lead the way in becoming a model sustainable community. The
time has come for UBC to integrate the food system into the current development plans
being implemented on campus. According to the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO)
food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life. The food system at UBC should work towards providing all its
members with these basic requirements for survival.
We are part of an ongoing project envisioned by the teaching team of Agricultural
Sciences 450 (AGSC 450), UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies
(SEEDS), UBC Campus Sustainability Office, UBC Food Services, Alma Mater Society
(AMS) Food and Beverage Department, UBC Farm, UBC Waste Management, as well as
the accumulated knowledge of previous AGSC 450 projects, to assess the feasibility of
transitioning to a sustainable food system at UBC.
Our project is divided into two main sections. In the first section, we will present
our analysis of the Official Community Plan (OCP) and the Comprehensive Community
Plan (CCP) which guide the development process at UBC. Based on this analysis we
have proposed amendments to these plans to include food security as a priority. These
amendments to the OCP and CCP are discussed in Appendix A and B respectively. The
second section includes our recommendations for an Urban Agricultural Strategy to be
implemented in the campus planning development process.
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Problem Definition
Our main task in the UBC Food System Project 2005 is to investigate whether the
current form of urban development being implemented by the university is enhancing or
hindering the transition to a sustainable food system. For UBC campus to develop a
sustainable food system, food security needs to be an integral part of community planning
by way of the OCP and CCP. By failing to address the food needs of campus residents,
the community plans are hindering the ability of UBC to make this transition. UBC is in
effect distorting the image of a complete community by neglecting the impacts of a non-
local food system. There is enormous potential for UBC to bridge the gap between food
production and consumption and create a truly integrated and sustainable community on
campus. This system would establish strong social relationships between community
members and the environment and create a model food system for the broader
community. UBC has the potential to create awareness in 40,000 people every year,
starting a ripple effect of knowledge and empowerment. Our group believes that the
development on campus can co-exist with sustainable initiatives towards UBC’s food
security.
Identification of Value Assumptions
We acknowledge that our group is biased towards a predominantly
anthropocentric ( ) paradigm due to the
nature of our education system and social conditioning. Since food production, is by
nature, driven by human needs we are looking at the problem statement through this lens.
We also recognize that we are attempting to become more biocentric through thoughts
and actions that promote the conservation of our natural resources (
.
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Vision Statement
Our group’s reflection on the seven guiding principles presented in the Vision
Statement and developed by the project partners is of general agreement (Richer 16-17).
However, we feel that more emphasis could be placed on educational tools to foster
awareness and understanding of the food system throughout the campus community. We
also think it is important to include the significance of developing research schemes at
UBC in relation to the food system.
PART I: Campus Planning Documents and the UBC Food System
Analysis of the Official Community Plan
The OCP’s guidelines, which are open to interpretation, present both barriers and
opportunities for the creation of a sustainable food system. The OCP covers conventional
community planning thoroughly; it addresses types of buildings, their location and size,
along with services, such as sewer, water, electricity, fire and police protection and
transportation. It outlines the future direction of the University Community through
goals and visions: protecting the green zone, building complete communities, achieving a
compact metropolitan area, and increasing transportation choice (OCP 2).
The main problem of the OCP is that it neglects to address food security, a key
component of a sustainable community. It needs steps to define and include food as an
essential service for the present and future generations at UBC (See Appendix A). Food
services such as the AMS will thus have guidance is creating and following their
sustainability mandates (Physical Principles for Planning, ).
Another major barrier of the OCP is its failure to adequately define ecological
sustainability. It does not address the importance of ecological functions. The planning
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process could be enhanced by clear definitions of “food security”, “greenways”,
“complete communities”, and a sustainable food system (OCP) (See Appendix A).
The OCP does, however, provide opportunities, such as promoting an auto-
restrained community and having greenways that encourage cycling and walking to
potential local food sources. The OCP’s vision to provide more public open space,
preserve green areas, and heritage landscapes can all aid in building stronger ecological
and social sustainability (OCP 4, 11). Perhaps the strongest of these opportunities is the
mention that long-term infrastructure and servicing on campus must have a minimal
impact on the environment both on and off campus (OCP 21). LEED (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design) certified buildings will lower the energy needs of the
community and reduce its ecological footprint. Water collection and conservation
strategies, may in turn be directed towards water recycling for food production, further
closing the ecological cycle at UBC.
Analysis of the Comprehensive Community Plan
Section 1: Introduction and Section 2: Existing Plans, Policies and Vision
The CCP is responsible for establishing the principles for detailed neighbourhood
planning in the eight local areas designated for development on the UBC campus by the
OCP. The documents guiding the CCP process are the OCP, Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU), TREK 2000, Principles for Physical Planning at UBC, Strategic
Transportation Plan (STP), and the 1992 Main Campus Plan.
Although analysis of all the guiding documents is beyond the scope of this report,
it is worthy to note that the eight Principles for Physical Planning, which are the
standards against which to measure development on campus, do not make sufficient
mention of either sustainability or food security on campus.
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Section 3: Principles for the Comprehensive Community Plan
The ‘Principles for Circulation’ are well developed and thorough. The plans to
provide primarily underground parking will leave much aboveground area for greening.
They “provide for the possibility of neighbourhood convenience commercial in each
residential area, in order to reduce travel” (CCP 8), however this was not addressed or
evident in the local area plans or the implementation strategies. It is also imperative that
the type of commercial food outlet be well defined in the appropriate section to ensure
locally owned, environmentally and socially responsible food outlets (See Appendix B).
The ‘Principles for Public Open Space’ incorporate planning for greenways and
landscaping along all routes, public spaces and parks, and innovative storm water
management and drainage systems, all of which indirectly contribute to a sustainable
food system (CCP 12) The section is, however, lacking a direct definition of the
ecological functions of green space (See Appendix B). These functions include
protecting the physical and biological integrity of the ecosystem, maintaining the natural
drainage and hydrology, providing food and habitat, conserving biodiversity, providing
buffers to natural habitats and connecting fragmented ecosystems (Rhode Island Division
of Planning 3-5).
The ‘Principles for Urban Form’ make ample discussion of community needs and
services, ranging from crime management to sustainable technologies for minimizing
energy use. However, there is no indication of food-related community needs such as
easily accessible food outlets or the potential for urban agriculture to reduce our
ecological footprint.
The last two principles (Principle of Timing of Development and Principle for
Housing Tenure) were not directly applicable to the task on hand.
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Section 4.0 and 5.0: The Local Area and Strategies for the CCP
Section 4.0 addresses the development plans of eight local areas consisting of
North of Marine, Theological Neighbourhood, Gage South, University Boulevard,
Thunderbird, East Campus, Mid-Campus and South Campus. Under each of the local
areas, the CCP states different planning objectives, local area principles and density plans
to meet the special needs of each individual location. Section 5.0 addresses the strategies
employed in the design of UBC communities. These two sections have been integrated
into one analysis and set of recommendations because the same principles are addressed
in both the local neighbourhood plans and the strategies for community design.
The ‘Strategy for Tree Management’ (section 5.1) recognizes that the removal of
trees is inevitable for the development of South Campus. However, the need for
development must be balanced with the desire to ensure the “legacy of a healthy forest”
(CCP 54) and create a “green urban landscape” (CCP 54). While the goal to retain the
total number of trees is laudable, it is clear that development plans in South Campus take
priority over ecological issues for example ground-based housing (CCP 54). If housing is
more dense and multi-storied, fewer trees will have to be removed to accommodate
development. The ecological value of the existing forest on those lands is significant,
and housing plans need to accommodate the tremendous contribution of those trees to the
local ecosystem.
The plan also mentioned the planting of trees within the newly-built communities
in order to balance the number of trees removed with new trees. It is important to include
the conditions for tree retention, such as ecological values such as age diversity (CCP,
54).
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The ‘Strategy for Servicing’ (section 5.2) anticipates the future challenges of
increased water demands and outflow, once development is in place. The proposed
biofiltration channel will slow down the flow of water and remove toxic substances, and
help to combat the erosion in this area. While several initiatives for reducing UBC’s
dependence on the GVRD for water supply were mentioned, this plan addresses the
quantity but not the quality of water outflow. The water flowing out of the University
Endowment Lands is not only contaminated with the hydrocarbons associated with heavy
car traffic, but also the many chemical pesticides used on property landscaping, that
contaminate the water outflow. A plan for reducing chemical landscaping should be
considered.
The ‘Strategy for Community Services’ (section 5.3) outlines important services
for UBC neighbourhoods. The focus is put on recreational, academic and cultural
facilities, but facilities for buying, preparing and enjoying food are not mentioned (CCP,
62). The majority of the neighbourhood plans do not include food outlets or grocery
stores (CCP 17-47)
Accessibility of food in campus is crucial and it is suggested that basic shops and
services should be within walking distance. This failure to address a community’s food
needs contradicts one of the main visions outlined in the OCP and CCP that the campus
development will reduce single occupancy vehicle (SOV) traffic to and from the UBC
campus (CCP 4). Although more housing is being provided to reduce commuters, a lack
of grocery outlets on campus will force people to drive off campus to acquire food.
Another area of concern is the emphasis placed on the relocation of existing
agricultural and animal care facilities in South Campus (CCP 63). These operations
should be recognized for their potential to be an integral part of the South Campus
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community and their potential to provide social and ecological benefits to community
members.
The ‘Strategies for Sustainability’ (section 5.4) bases its sustainability principles
on intensive use of land, efficient development patterns, reduction of commuting and
alternative travel modes on campus. This translates into more sustainable building
standards and materials, recycling and treatment of gray and black water, and community
planning for reduced SOV use (CCP 66). These building and planning strategies are
innovative and have the potential to reduce energy use and waste dramatically. The
strategies would be more inclusive of all aspects of sustainability if it were expanded to
include the food system and affordability of housing. The density plan for each local area
is comprehensive but affordability of housing is not considered. In a sustainable campus,
the needs of low-income families and students should be taken into account.
Summary of Part I
The OCP and the CCP are lacking elements that ensure food security on campus,
and in doing so, has ( not addressed the needs of a complete community. The urban
food system is connected to many other parts of the local and global community in areas
such as health, economy, ecology and the agricultural sector making it an important
consideration for planners (Howe). One vehicle by which the food system can be
incorporated in community planning is through urban agriculture.
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PART II: An Urban Agriculture Strategy for UBC
Our Vision for Planning at UBC
Our group has chosen to explore the concept of edible landscaping as a vehicle by
which development at UBC can be adjusted in order to meet the goal of sustainability.
By creating an urban agriculture strategy at UBC which emphasizes edible landscaping, it
will entice community members to become involved in their immediate environment and
how it connects to the food system. Students and faculty, in particular, can take this
stronger connection into their own education and research.
Our urban agriculture strategy at UBC will outline potential benefits and
challenges, evaluate sustainability, and propose strategic actions.
Description
Edible landscaping is the use of vegetation whose products are edible in public
spaces for all to enjoy. This can be fruiting varieties of apple, cherry, and plum trees and
berry shrubs (SEFC Urban Agriculture Strategy 74). Edible landscaping adds another
dimension to the aesthetic and ecological function of green space (SEFC Urban
Agriculture Strategy 74). Being able to physically touch and consume nature as part of
everyday routines promotes a stronger connection between people and the land in the
urban environment.
Community gardens take food production out of the private realm and give all
members of the community access to a small piece of land. Growing food not only
allows people to work with the soil themselves, but also cultivates a culture around the
celebration of food.
Although integration of the food system at into the community planning process
presents a challenging task, we have identified five key steps that need to be taken in
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order for it to be successful. The first step is to identify all stakeholders and institutions
involved, determine how to reflect everyone’s interests and needs in the plan, and come
to a formal agreement between all contributing parties. The stakeholders who could be
involved are elementary and secondary schools, community representatives, UBC, UBC
Properties Trust, UBC Campus and Community Planning, UBC Utilities, UBC
Architecture and Landscape Architecture, UBC Farm, food service providers, grocery
stores, UBC Plant Operations and UBC students (Henney, pers. comm.). The second step
will be to incorporate environmental concerns, food security and natural resource use into
the planning framework, which may involve education and discussion with planners and
stakeholder groups (Drescher). In terms of food security, it may be necessary to delineate
what types of businesses are allowed into the area. The third step involves providing
education and opportunities for urban agriculture. This can include identifying and
protecting zones for agriculture, encouraging infrastructure development needed for
small-scale agriculture, creating partnerships between individuals, community groups,
companies and schools, and developing school and community gardens (Drescher). The
fourth step in the process is encouraging multifunctional land use. Agriculture, forestry,
education, waste disposal, water treatment, recreation and use of open space can all be
achieved through numerous combinations (Deelstra et al.). Finally, the last step of the
process involves conflict resolution. To accomplish the goal of enhancing urban
sustainability, the community must minimize or eliminate conflict between citizens,
agriculture and other resource-based activities (Drescher).
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Cost - Benefit Analysis of Implementing an Urban Agriculture Strategy at
UBC
Implementing an urban agriculture strategy is a complex process. While the
benefits are numerous, there are also several obstacles that need to be overcome. Here
we will look at the main advantages and disadvantages in creating an urban agriculture
strategy at UBC.
Ecological Benefits
Availability of local products: Production of food on campus would be a move towards
re-localizing the UBC food system.
Resource use: Edible landscaping would maximize the use of natural material resources
on campus. It would initiate more efficient use of energy, better waste
management and establish a more closed nutrient cycle in the area. Composting
organic waste and using it as fertilizer in the gardens is the simplest possible way
of achieving this (Smit et al.).
Energy and fuel: It would decrease both the need for community members to go off
campus to purchase food, as well as the fuel used in transporting food onto
campus. Local production would also decrease the wasteful protective packaging
on food (Smit et al.).
Biodiversity: Urban gardens can serve as refuge for wildlife such as soil organisms, wild
plants, insects, birds and amphibians and thereby increase the biodiversity within
the city environment (Smit et al.).
Air quality: Green plants improve air quality through the absorption of green house
gases (Stewart).
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Soil and water quality: Provides permeable land to maintain natural hydrology patterns
and retain topsoil.
Economic Benefits
Employment and opportunity: Increases opportunities for student employment on
campus and allows for the establishment of small local food-based businesses.
Circulates currency within the local area (Smit et al.).
Social Benefits
Community awareness and participation: Enhances awareness of food issues among
community members, and creates a stronger and healthier community by
increasing opportunities for participation and interaction. A sense of community
between people can facilitate further collective action on issues of local
importance (Smit et al.).
Nutrition: Locally produced and harvested food would reduce nutrient loss and
decreased freshness that results from the time lag of harvesting, packaging and
transportation of produce (Smit et al.)
Sense of stewardship: Food production restores the city dwellers’ connection to nature
by instilling a sense of stewardship in farming (Garnett, 1996). This sense of
ownership and care for the land gives the farmers a better appreciation of the
land's natural processes.
Aesthetics: There is potential to improve the aesthetics on campus by greening the area
and creating visually appealing gardens for food production.
Food and Income Security: Increases proximity to fresh produce, reduces the amount
of food that needs to be purchased from outside, and provides opportunities for
the sale of produce within the community (Smit et al.).
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Costs and challenges
Financial Cost: Creating usable land in an urban setting is an expensive task, as the land
available is often not suitable for food production. Start-up costs include labour,
the purchase of tools, equipment, seeds and the development of necessary
infrastructure such as storage facilities. There are also the costs associated with
the long-term maintenance of gardens, which would require financial stability of
those responsible for the project. It is also important to recognize the opportunity
costs of business profits that would have been gained from real estate
development in the areas set aside for urban agriculture.
Labour: Agriculture is highly knowledge-intensive. Staff would have to be employed to
provide continuity and stability. Student volunteers would pose a challenge given
the seasonal nature of the school year.
Climate and Location: Implicit in the urban context of the agriculture strategy is the
threat of vandalism to plants, gardens or infrastructure.
Aesthetics: By-products of urban agriculture such as weeds, dust and odours may not
appeal to some community members at UBC.
Safety: Liability issues surrounding the improper handling and storage of food are a
major barrier that needs to be overcome prior to implementing urban agriculture
at UBC. There is also the risk of falling fruit and slippery, rotten fruit on
walkways (SEFC Urban Agriculture Strategy).
Contamination: Crops and soils may be contaminated by agrochemicals and heavy
metals from non-point sources. This would have to be examined for food safety
reasons.
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Competition from larger farms: The competition from large-scale rural farming may
reduce the survival chance of a small-scaled urban agriculture project.
Stability and security: Urban agriculture practices need strong land protection acts, in
order to ensure land ownership and long term agricultural schemes for the
farmers. Otherwise urban agriculture becomes a short term and insecure activity
(Smit et al.).
Strategic Actions
These strategic actions, in conjunction with UBC Farm, propose to create an
‘edible campus’: demonstration garden, designated garden areas, greenways and open
space, food production on buildings, waste management and agriculture and landscaping
management considerations.
Demonstration garden
Establish an urban agriculture demonstration garden that will provide educational
opportunities to community groups interested in food production.
Provide demonstrations for various urban agricultural techniques, such as rooftop
production, crop rotation systems, greenhouse production, worm composting,
grey water treatment, aquaponics systems and hydroponic production.
Demonstrate landscaping with native and other edible plants.
Demonstrate and encourage artistic incorporation of food into the urban landscape
to increase acceptance of urban agricultural endeavours.
Designated Garden Areas
Encourage community organizations, such as UBC food services, AMS food
services and campus residences, to establish agricultural gardens.
Work with school administrators to encourage the development of school gardens
to be integrated into the education system.
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Greenways and Open Space
Designate greenways and open space to perform natural ecological functions by
planting native species.
Promote ‘edible landscaping’ by selecting permanent food crops.
Designate sections of the greenways for community garden use.
Food Production in and on Buildings
Develop food production systems inside buildings and on rooftops, balconies and
window boxes of residences, commons blocks, parkades and apartment buildings
by means of gardens, hydroponics or aquaculture.
Waste Management
Develop a larger-scale grey water recovery system and guidelines for recovered
grey water use in landscaping on campus.
Encourage complete nutrient cycling by providing compost services to all food
outlets and buildings in UBC communities.
Agricultural and Landscaping Management Considerations
Establish a regulating body for the UBC food system. This body will be known as
the UBC Food System Authority will have the power to enforce regulations
pertaining to urban agriculture health, safety and aesthetic quality.
Delegate maintenance of permanent crops and non-edible landscaping on
greenways and open spaces to Plant Operations.
Ensure that community groups with urban gardens maintain them to standards
developed by the UBC Food System Authorities.
Encourage commercial and campus food facilities to purchase food from
community food production operations and develop marketing strategies for local
producers.
Conclusion
Bringing urban agriculture to UBC will be sure to attract much interest and will
set an example of what a sustainable campus community can be. Food security is an
issue that has been long neglected by planners even though it is integral, if not primary, to
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sustainable development. By incorporating tenets for food production and food
processing into the development plan at UBC, we are not only making for a more
ecologically friendly system but one that has many academic and community benefits as
well.
The Food Systems Indicator Model should be modified to include some key
indicators so that it can be used to assess the progress of development at UBC. These
indicators are: the distance that people must travel to acquire food; the total production of
school and community gardens; the number of gardens; the number of students directly
involved in food production; and quality of water outflow. There are many more facets
other than edible landscaping to be explored, such as enforcing environmental building
standards, improving accessibility of community members to food outlets, and regulating
the types of food outlets on campus. However, it is beyond the scope of this paper to
cover all the topics involved in the integration of the food system into the development
process at UBC. Therefore we recommend that future AGSC 450 groups take on these
other aspects of the planning process.
As students in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, we highly value the role of
food system in our lives. Our goal is to bring this message of importance to the greater
UBC community, and to bridge the gap between people and food through urban
agriculture as a part of community planning. It is our hope that next year’s AGSC 450
class has the opportunity to work more closely with UBC Properties Trust and Campus
and Community Planning so that a realistic and mutually beneficial plan may be created.
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Works Cited
Drescher, Axel W. Urban and Periurban Agriculture and Urban Planning. 2000. 2 April
2005. <http://www.fao.org/urbanag/Paper3-e.htm>
Garnett, T. Farming the City: the Potential for Urban Agriculture. The Ecologist 26(6):
299-307. 1996.
Haldane H. Edible Urban Landscape. 2004. 2 April 2005.
<http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/37/05/bhatt/>
Henney, K. 2005. Personal Communication. Planner, UBC Campus and Community
Planning.
Howe J. Planning for Sustainable Communities: The Case For Urban Food. November
2004. Department of Planning and Landscape, University of Manchester. 2 April
2005. <http://www.regard.ac.uk/research_findings/R000222844/summary.pdf>
Official Community Plan for Part of Electoral Area ‘A’ and GVRD-UBC Memorandum
of Understanding. Greater Vancouver Regional District Policy and Planning
Department. January 2003.
<http://www.ocp.ubc.ca/ocp/pdf/OCP_UBC_Jan03.pdf >
Principles for Physical Planning at UBC. 2005. UBC Planning Principles and the Official
Community Plan. 3 April 2005. <http://www.ocp.ubc.ca/planning/index.html>
Rhode Island Division of Planning. Element 155: A Greener Path. Greenspace and
Greenways for Rhode Island’s Future. June 1995. 3 April 2005.
<http://www.planning.ri.gov/sgp/pdf/155.pdf>
Smit, J., Ratta, A. & Nasr, J. 1996. Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities.
United Nations Development Programme. New York, USA.
Sommers, P., Smit, J. CFP Report 9 - Promoting Urban Agriculture: A Strategy
Framework for Planners in North America, Europe and Asia. 1994. The Urban
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Southeast False Creek Urban Agriculture Strategy. November 2002. Holland Barrs
Planning Group, Lees + Associates Sustainability Ventures Group. 2 April 2005.
<http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/commsvcs/southeast/UrbanAgr.pdf>
The Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS). 2005. Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO). 2 April, 2005. http://www.fao.org/spfs/
Stewart, H. 1986. Sustainable Agriculture for Urban Areas. Danish Organization for
Renewable Energy. Hurup Thy, Denmark.
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Tjeerd Deelstra, Donald Boyd and Maaike van den Biggelaar. Multifunctional Land Use:
An Opportunity For Promoting Urban Agriculture In Europe. 4 July 2001. Urban
Agriculture Magazine. 2 April 2005.
<http://www.urban.nl/publications/downloadable%20publications/UA%20Article
.pdf>
UBC Comprehensive Community Plan. Greater Vancouver Regional District Policy and
Planning Department. 26 October 2000.
<http://www.ocp.ubc.ca/ocp/pdf/ccpfinal/ccp.pdf>
Walter, Bob, Lois Arkin, and Richard Crenshaw, ed. Sustainable Cities: Concepts and
Strategies for Eco-City Development. Los Angeles: Eco-Home Media, 1992.
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Appendix A
OCP Amendments
Section 1.0-Introduction, pg1:
- Sustainability and a sustainable food system should be defined with consideration
to the fact that it requires the equal fusion of three domains of knowledge and
activity –economic, the socio-political and the ecological.
Section 2.0-Regional Context Statement: Building Complete Communities, pg4:
- The definition of a complete community should include a sustainable food
system.
- Food Security needs to be included and defined.
Section 2.0- Regional Context Statement, pg4:
- Ecological and Community sustainability need to be recognized
- Create an umbrella governing body and would be obligated to follow the
sustainable vision of UBC. Their goal would be to ensure that the food system is
secure and sustainable
Section 3.2- Vision: Goals of a Responsible Community, pg8:
- A Responsible Community needs to be outlined to include sustainability
- Food should be recognized as a service and as part of the ecological system of
UBC.
- Should include designated garden areas on rooftops, greenways and schools for
food production to aid in the creation of a sustainable food system.
Section 4.1.1-4-Land use: Green Areas, pg11:
- Food sources should be part of research (UBC Farm).
- Greenways, open spaces, green edges and green areas all need to be defined for
area and function.
- Should include designated garden areas for food production to support community
supported agriculture (CSA).
Section 4.1.17-20-Land use: Neighbourhoods-University Commercial, UBC Academic
Core and Village Centre, pg 14-17:
- Stores must be sustainable as per definition, locally owned, community oriented
and equitable.
- Should include designated garden areas for food production to support CSA
Section 4.3.1-2-Long-term Land use: Social and Community Services, pg21-22:
- Long-term land use planning should include all provisions for a sustainable
community and continue with developing and planning a secure, sustainable food
system at UBC.
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Appendix B
CCP Amendments
Section 3.2.2-Principles for Greenways and Pathways, pg 12:
- Greenways must protect and enhance ecological functions
Section 3.2.5 Sustainability Principles for Open Space, pg 13:
- Create amenities for food production in public open spaces
- Plant native edible species (and suitable non-native edible species if limitations
present) wherever appropriate
- Creation of a governing body to manage open spaces
- Nutrient cycling must be considered in planning of open spaces
Section 3.3.2 Principles for Diversity of Use, pg 14:
- A certain amount of area should be allocated for growing and processing food and
for performing ecological functions
Section 4.1-9-The Local Areas, pg 17-47:
- Planning should provide affordable housing types throughout the campus for
people of all socio-economic, cultural and household groups
- Development restrictions for tree retention and vegetation to preserve natural
habitats
Section 5.3 Strategy for Community Service, pg 62-65:
- UBC farm must be incorporated into the sustainable food system
- The governing body will outline the food outlets established in the community.
Section 5.4 Strategy for Sustainability, pg 66:
- The definition of a sustainable food system must be ecologically and socially
responsible, healthy, culturally appropriate, affordable and easily accessible.
- UBC farm must be preserved as it is an integral part of the sustainable food
system
- Must develop an urban agricultural strategy and include it in all future
development plans on campus.
- Extends the definition of ‘green space’ to rooftops.