U-shaped plan of commercial- residential building in Bhuj

Open ground story collapse of short wing of same building

Shear cracking in infill masonry in weak cement mortar and sandstone blocks

Collapse of a partially open ground story building in Bhuj,coupled with vertical split of the building at midline

Collapse of the upper stories of this Gandhidham apartment building was due to plan irregularity

Collapse of corner owingto failure of diaphragm at the reentrant

damage to perimetercolumns of building with varying lateral

Damage to small servicewater tank on top of RC frame building

Open ground story buildings with masonry infills only in the upper storiesare subject to severe deformation demands on ground story columns.

Shear cracking of non-ductilecolumns of an open ground story buildingin Bhuj

RC elevator cores savedmany buildings with open ground stories

RC columns sustainedsevere damage. Shutters were down atthe time of the earthquake

Many open groundstory buildings did not collapse, butsustained severe damage to thecolumns in the ground story

Shear failures incolumns due to inadequateconfinement reinforcement

Intermediate storycollapse in the 6 story building inBhuj