TYPICAL FIELD INSTRUMENTS FOR SOIL

CONTAMINANTS

Dr. Sakari Halmemies28 May 2009

Three main levels of evaluation of soil pollution

Screening f.ex. colorimetric method

Photoionization Detector (PID)

Field investigation f.ex. field gas chromatography (GC)

Laboratory analysis f.ex. gas chromatography and mass

spectrometry (GC/MS)

If sample is taken, a regular sampling network is needed

grey areas are polluted

http://www.rickly.com/sai/images/WHEATONB.JPG

Available field analytic technologies soil contaminants

Colorimetric/turbidimetric testing

Photo/flame ionization detector

Infra red spectroscopy

Gas chromatography

X-Ray Fluorescence http://www.brickhouse-environmental.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Nosnesky_Field_Analysis.JPG

Colorimetric/turbidimetric methods Screening Method

http://www.clu-in.org/char/technologies/color.cfm EPA has published colorimetric/turbidimetric methods for the

following contaminants: EPA SW-846

Method Number Method Name

8510Colorimetric Screening Procedure for RDX and HMX in

Soil

8515Colorimetric Screening Method for Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

in Soil

8535 Screening Procedure for Total VOH in Water

9074Turbidimetric Screening Procedure for Total

Recoverable Hydrocarbons in Soil

9077Test Methods for Total Chlorine in New and Used

Petroleum Products (Field Test Kit Methods)

9078Screening Test Method for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in

Soil

9079Screening Test Method for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in

Transformer Oil

Colorimetric/turbidimetric methods Screening Method

Range: 0-1000 ppm

Time: less than 5 min/sample

TPH soil test kit - TPH water test kit - Hydrocarbon soil test kit - Hydrocarbon water test kit

www.clu-in.org/char/technologies/images/hanby.gif

The Hanby Field Test Kit

Soil gas sampling with Photo/flame ionization detector (PID/FID)

Soil gas monitoring provides a quick means of waste site evaluation.

Using this method, underground contamination can be identified, and the source, extent, and movement of the pollutants can be traced.

Detailed data: http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/sops/wmsr2042.pdf

PID screening can be used to choose samples for GC

Range: 0-2000 ppm

Time: about 5 sec/sample

http://www.hnu.com/images/dl101field_color_lowres.jpg

Infra red spectroscopy Screening Method

Near-infrared reflectance spectrometry (NIRS) could be used to predict total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in contaminated soil.

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a727073631~db=all~order=page

Near infrared fiber-optic chemical sensor system using reflectance spectroscopic measurements has been assembled.

This system was evaluated and found attractive for remote detection of organics in soils over distances of at least 30 metershttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=363367

Field portable FTIR and NIR analyzers

http://www.samwoosc.co.kr/img/asdi.com/AgriSpec_Leafclip_11-04.jpg

http://www.choosetech.com.cn/images/A2%20Technology%20product.png

Gas Chromatography Field AnalysisField analysis

Typical features for field GC-analysis detectors (PID, FID, ECD, TCD, FPD, FUV) temperature programming

Detector Characteristics PID: Organic; inorg.; selective; range: 2 ppb to ppm FID: Organic; selective; range: 100 ppb to ppm ECD: Halogenated, nitro; selective; range: 0,1 ppb

to 100 ppb TCD: Organic, fixed gases; Universal; range: 200

ppm to % FPD: S or P; selective; ppb to ppm Far-UV: Organic, fixed gases; nearly; range: sub

ppm to %http://dsscience.com/upload_goods/311-D%20Portable%20GC_catalogue.pdf

Gas Chromatography Field Analysis

Range: from %- to ppb-levels

Time: 5-10 min/sample

http://dsscience.com/upload_goods/311-D%20Portable%20GC_catalogue.pdf

XRF for fast elemental analysisScreening Method or Field analysis Field portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF)

techniques provide viable and effective analytical approaches to meet on-site analysis needs for many types of environmental samples

Applications include the in situ analysis of metals in soils and sediments

More detailed data: Dennis J. Kalnickya and Raj Singhvi: Field portable XRF

analysis of environmental samples

XRF for fast elemental analysis

http://www.edie.net/products/images/2347.jpg

Range: from a 100% to few parts per million (ppm)

Time: from seconds to minutes

Laboratory analysis (GC/MS)

best result

http://toxics.usgs.gov/photo_gallery/photos/pesticides/AnalyticalMethods/AM_GC_MS_lg.jpg

Sources Technologies Characterization and Monitoring

http://www.clu-in.org/characterization/

Dennis J. Kalnickya and Raj Singhvi: Field portable XRF analysis of environmental sampleshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGF-42M1DXK-9&_user=4246040&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000062624&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4246040&md5=9acda258927c7ba907e2b9bde31dccda