Post on 03-Apr-2018
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
1/44
Table of ContentsHuman Body Systems
1. Vocabulary Page 916 ( Section 35-1)
2. DDLC Figure 35-3 on Page 894
3. Copy and Answer Questions Page 917 #1-2 and 11-12
4. How the Systems Work Together in the Human Body
5. How the Systems Work Together in the Human Body Page 2
Muscular System
6. Vocabulary Page 938 ( Section 36-2)
7. Summary of the function of Muscular System
8. The Major Structures of the Muscular System
9. Muscular Dystrophy
10. DDLC Figure 36-6 Page 92611. DDLC Figure 36-7 Page 927
12. Answer and Questions 7-9 and 16-20 Page 939
Skeletal System
13. Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-1)
14. Summary of the function of Skeletal System
15. Major Structures of the Skeletal Systems
16. Arthritis
17. DDLC Figure 36-2 Page 922
18. DDLC Figure 36-3 Page 923
19. DDLC Figure 36-4 Page 924
20. DDLC Figure 36-5 Page 92521. Questions and Answers 1-6 and 11-15 Page 939
22. Thinking Visually Page 938
Integumentary System
23. Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-3)
24. Summary of the function of Integumentary System
25. Major structures of the Integumentary System
26. Skin Cancer
27. DDLC Figure 36-13 Page 934
28. Question and Answers Page 939 10, 21-25
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
2/44
Human Body Systems (General Information)
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
3/44
Tuan Vu # 24
Biology, Period 4
Vocabulary Page 916 (Section 35-1)
1) Specialized cell- cell that is uniquely suited to performing a
particular function
2) Epithelial tissue- tissue that covers the surface of the body and
lines internal organs
3) Connective tissue- tissue that holds organs in place and binds
different parts of the body together
4) Nervous tissue-tissue that receives messages from the bodys
external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs
the response
5) Muscle tissue-tissue that controls the internal movement of
materials in the body, as well as external movement
6) Homeostasis- process by which organisms maintain a relatively
stable internal environment.
7) Feedback inhibition- process in which the product or result stops
or limits the process1
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
4/44
DDLC Figure 35-3 on page 894
Figure 35-3
The four types of tissues in the human body are
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue,
and muscle tissue.
1. Epithelial Tissue (magnification: 6000x)
2. Connective Tissue(magnification: 50x)
3. Nervous Tissue(magnification: 1100x)
4. Muscle Tissue(magnification: 150x)
2
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
5/44
Page 917 Questions 1-2, 11-12
1) The type of tissue that covers the body, lines internal surfaces, and forms glandsare
a) Muscle tissue b) Connective tissue c) Epithelial tissue d) Nervous tissue
2) The process of maintaining a relatively constant internal environment despitechanges in the external environment is called
a) regulation b) homeostasis c) synapse d) stimulation
11) Sequence from simple to most complex: organ system, tissue, organ, organism,
cell.
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
12)Why is it important for an organism to maintain homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the state of being stable and balanced. If an organism
does not maintain homeostasis, it could die.
3
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
6/44
How the Systems Work Together
4
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
7/44
5
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
8/44
Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-2)
1) Myosin- protein that makes up the thick filaments in
striations in skeletal muscle cells.
2) Actin-protein that mainly makes up the thin filaments instriations in skeletal muscle cells
3) Neuromuscular junction- point of contract between a
motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
4) Acetylcholine- neurotransmitter that diffuses across a
synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of
a muscle cell
5) Tendon- tough connective tissue that joins skeletal
muscles to bone
6
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
9/44
The Function of the Muscular System
The Muscular System helps with movement. More than 40
percent of the mass of the average human body is muscle. The tree main
types of muscles are Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Muscles and Cardiac
Muscles. The Muscular System aids in movement, digestion, and strength.
Each type of muscle has different jobs. For example, the cardiac muscles
pump blood, the smooth muscles aid in digestion and ensure blood flow,
and the skeletal muscles protect organs and aid in movement.
7
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
10/44
The Major Structures of the Muscular System
Skeletal Muscles- These muscles usually attach to bone and are controlled
by the central nervous system. The main job of these muscles is that they
aid in movement. Skeletal muscles are also called striated muscles.
Smooth Muscles- Smooth muscles are not under voluntary control. The
smooth muscles cell has one nucleus and is not striated. This muscle is
found in the walls of hollow structures like the stomach or the intestines.
Their job is to move food through the digestive system and control the
blood flow in the circulatory system.
Cardiac Muscles-The only cardiac muscle is the heart. The prefix cardio
comes from the Greek word meaning heart. Cardiac cells are striated and
are not under voluntary control. They share characteristics of both Smooth
and Skeletal muscles.
8
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
11/44
Muscular Dystrophy
9
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
12/44
DDLC Figure 36-6 Page 926
Skeletal Muscle (150x) Smooth Muscle (400x)
Cardiac Muscle (500x)
Figure 36-3
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles
have cells have striations, or stripes, and many nuclei. Smooth muscle cells are
spindled-shaped and have one nucleus and me striations. Cardiac muscle cells have
striations and usually only one nucleus.
10
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
13/44
DDLC Figure 36-7 Page 927
Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure
Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers, which in turn are composed
of myofibrils. Each myofibril contains thin filaments made of actins and thick filaments
made of myosin. Muscle fibers are divided into functional units called sarcomeres.
11
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
14/44
Questions and Answers Page 939 7-9 and 16-20
7) Which figure shows smooth muscle tissue?
A. C.
B. D.
8) Two proteins that are involved in the contraction of muscles are
A. sarcomeres and myofibril B. actin and myosin
C. periosteum and cartilage D. ATP and acetylcholine
9) The point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is called a:
A. Cross- bridge site C. Tendon
B. Periosteum D. Neuromuscular junction
16) Describe the primary function of the three types of muscle.
Skeletal-Voluntary movement Cardiac- the heart pumps blood
Smooth-move food through the digestive tract and control the blood flow in the circulatory system
17) Use the sliding filament model to describe how skeletal muscles work.
1. During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a
binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge 2.Powered by ATP, the myosin cross-
bridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the
sarcomere 3. The cross-bridge of broken, the myosin binds to another site on theactin filament, and the cycle begins again.
18) Describe how the release of acetylcholine from a motor neuron affects a muscle cell.Acetylcholine molecules diffuse across the synapse, producing an impulse in the cell membrane of themuscle fiber. The impulse causes the release of calcium ions within the fiber. The calcium ions affectregulatory proteins that allow actin and myosin filaments to interact. From the time a nerve impulsereaches a muscle cell, it is only a few milliseconds before these events occur and the muscle cellcontracts.
19) Compare a ligament with a tendon.
A ligament is a strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint.
A tendon is a tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bones.
20)Explain the statement: Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs.
One muscle contracts and another muscle relaxes.
12
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
15/44
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
16/44
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
17/44
Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-1)
1) Periosteum- tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone
2) Haversian Canal- one of a network of tubes running through compact
bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
3) Bone Marrow- soft tissue inside the cavities within bones; two types
are yellow marrow and red marrow
4) Cartilage- strong connective tissue that supports the body and is
softer and more flexible than bone
5) Ossification- process of bone formation, during which cartilage is
replaced by bone
6) Joint-place where one bone connects to another
7) Ligament- strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones togetherat a joint
13
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
18/44
Summary of the Skeletal System
The Skeletal System supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for
movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation.
The bones support and shape the body. Bones can protect important organs like
the brain. Bones also provide a system of levers on which muscles act to produce
movement. Blood cells are produced in the soft marrow tissue that fills the
internal cavities in some bones. There are 206 bones in an adult skeleton.
14
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
19/44
Major Structures of Skeletal System
Bones
Ligament
Cartilage
Periosteum
Bone Marrow
15
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
20/44
Arthritis
16
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
21/44
DDLC Figure 36-2 Page 922
Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 36-2 the skeleton supports the body. The human skeleton is divided into two parts: the axialskeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
17
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
22/44
DDLC Figure 36-3 Page 923
Figure 36-3 Structure of a Bone
Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are supported by deposits of
calcium salts. A typical long bone such as the femur contains spongy bone and compact bone.
Within the compact bone are Haversian Canals, which contain blood vessels.
18
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
23/44
DDLC Figure 36-4 Page 924
Figure 36-4 Freely movable joints are classified by the type of movement the permit. The joints
illustrated are in the shoulder, knee, elbow, and hand
19
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Hinge Joint
Saddle Joint
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
24/44
DDLC Figure 36-5 Page 925
Figure 36-5 The knee joint is protected by cartilage and bursae. The ligaments hold the bones composing
the knee joint femur, patella, tibia, and fibula together.
20
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
25/44
Questions and Answers Page 939 1-6 and 11-15
1) The tough layer of connective tissue surrounding each bone is called
A. Tendon
B. Ligament
C. Periosteum
D. Cartilage2) The network of tubes that runs through compact bone is called the
A. Periosteum
B. Joint
C. Haversian Canals
D. Marrow3) Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process known as
A. Ossification
B. Calcification
C. Photosynthesis
D. Marrow Replacement
4) Strips of tough connective tissue that holds bones together are known as
A. Tendons
B. Smooth MusclesC. Striated Muscles
D. Ligaments
5) Small sacs of synovial fluids that help reduce friction between the bones of a joint are called
A. Bursae
B. Ligaments
C. Tendons
D. Striations6) Joints that allow for circular movements are
A. Gliding joints
B. Ball-and-socket- joints
C. Hinge joints
D. Pivot joints
11) What types of tissue make up the skeletal system? Periosteum, bone marrows,cartilage, ligament12) What are bones?Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits ofcalcium salts.
13) Draw a diagram of a long bone and label the structures. Identify which structures carry
oxygen and nutrients, and identify which carry blood vessels and nerves.
14) What is the advantage of spongy bone tissue in the ends of long bones? The structure adds strength to
the bone, but no mass.
15) Which cells are produced in red bone marrow? Red Blood Cells
21
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
26/44
Think Visually on Page 938
22
Includes tissues
Functions Function Function Function
Bone
Skeletal
System
Cartilage Tendon
Connects
bones
SupportProtects
organsMovement
Connects
muscle to
bone
Cushion
between
joints
Ligament
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
27/44
Integumentary
System
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
28/44
Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-3)
1) Epidermis- outer layer of the skin
2) Keratin- tough fibrous protein found in skin
3) Melanin- dark- brown pigment found in skin
4) Dermis- inner layer of the skin
5) Hair Follicle- tube like pocket of epidermal vessels that extends into
the dermis; cells at the base of hair follicles produce hair
23
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
29/44
Summary of the Functions of the Integumentary System
The Integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury,
helps regulates body temperature, removes waste products from the body,
and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The skin
is the largest component of the Integumentary System. It contains several
types of sensory receptors, it serves as the gateway through which
sensations such as pressure, heat, cold, and pain are transmitted to the
nervous system.
24
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
30/44
The Major Structures of the Integumentary System
Skin- Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
Hair Follicle
Sweat Pores
Sweat Gland
Sebaceous Gland
Hair
Nails
25
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
31/44
Skin Cancer
26
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
32/44
DDLC Figure 36-13 Page 934
Figure 36-13
The skin has an outer layer called the epidermis and an inner layer called
the dermis.
27
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
33/44
Questions and Answers Page 939 10, 21-25
10) The outer layer of the skin is called the
A. dermis
B. keratin
C. epidermis
D. melanin
21) What is the most important function of the Integumentary system? Describe
three ways it performs that function.
Regulate Body Temperature- Sweat, Shiver, Hair follicle muscles moves up and
down
22) Compare the Epidermis and the Dermis.
Dermis-Inner Layer- Interacts with the other body systems to maintain
homeostasis-beneath the Epidermis
Epidermis- Outer Layer- Comes in contact with the environment-No blood
vessels- Rapid cell division
23) How does the melanin affect the color of skin?
The amount of melanocytes affects the skin color
24) How does the skin maintain homeostasis?
By sweating and shivering
25) How do fingernails and toenails grow?
Nails grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells known as the nail root. The nailroot is located near the tips of the fingers and toes. During cell division, the cells
of the nail root fill with keratin and provide a tough, plate like mail that covers and
protects the tips of the fingers and toes.
28
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
34/44
Nervous
System
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
35/44
Vocabulary Page 916 (Section 35-2 and 35-3)
(Section 35-2)
1) Neuron-cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system.
2) Cell Body-largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much ofthe cytoplasm
3) Dendrite- extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries impulses from the
environment or from other neurons toward the cell body
4) Axon-long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
5) Myelin Sheath-insulating membrane surrounding the axon in some neurons
6) Resting Potential-electric charge across the cell membrane of a resting
neuron
7) Action Potential-reversal of charges across the cell membrane of a neuron;
also called a nerve impulse
8) Threshold-minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron
9) Synapse-location at which a neuron can transfer and impulse to another cell
10)Neurotransmitter-chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a
synapse to another cell
(Section 35-3)
11)Meninges-three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord
are wrapped
12)Cerebrospinal Fluid-fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a
shock absorber that protects the central nervous system13)Cerebrum-area of the brain responsible for all voluntary actions of the body
14)Cerebellum-region of the brain that coordinates body movements
15)Brain Stem-structures that connects the brain and spinal cord; includes the
medulla oblongata and the pons
16)Thalamus-
17)Hypothalamus- brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition
and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue anger, and body temperature
18)Reflex-quick automatic response to a stimulus
19)Reflex Arc-sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effectors
that are involved in a quick response to a stimulus
29
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
36/44
Summary of the Function Nervous System
The Nervous System controls and coordinates functions throughout the
body and responds to internal and external stimuli.
30
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
37/44
Major Structures of the Nervous System
Brain
Nerves
Neuron
Axon
Spinal cord
31
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
38/44
Alzheimers Disease
32
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
39/44
DDLC Figure 35-5 Page 897
Figure 35-5 The Nervous System controls and coordinates functions
throughout the body. The basic units of the nervous system are neuron.
33
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
40/44
DDLC Figure 35-6 Page 898
Figure 35-6 the sodium-potassium pump in the neuron cell membrane uses
the energy of ATP to pump Na+ out of the cell and, at the same time, topump K+ in. This ongoing process maintains resting potential.
34
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
41/44
DDLC Figure 35-9 Page 901
The Brain- as part of the Central Nervous system- helps to relay messages, process
information, and analyze information. The brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum
and brain stem.
35
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
42/44
Questions and Answers Page 917 3-10, 13-15
3) The basic structure and function of the nervous system areA. Neurons C. Dendrites
B. Axons D. Neurotransmitter
4) In the diagram below, letter A is pointing to theA. Myelin Sheath C.Dendrite
B. Axon D. Cell Body
5) The place where a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell is theA. Synapse C. Myelin Sheath
B. Dendrite D. Receptor
6) The central nervous system consists of theA. Sense Organs C .Brain and Spinal Cord
B. Reflexes D. Sensory and Motor Neurons
7) Voluntary or conscious activities of the body are controlled by theA. Medulla Oblongata C. Cerebellum
B. Cerebrum D. Brain Stem
8) The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system aredivisions ofthe
A. Peripheral nervous system C. Somatic nervous System
B. Central nervous system D. Automatic nervous system
9) The semicircular canals and the two tiny sacs located behind them help maintainA. Night Vision C. Respiratory rate
B. Equilibrium D. Temperature
10) Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are
A. Stimulants C. Opiates
B. Depressants D.Barbiturates
13) Describe the structure and the function of a neuron. Neurons have axons, dendrites, cell
body nodes and Myelin sheath. They are the basic units of the nervous system.
14) What changes occur in the neuron during the resting potential? During the action potential?
The supply of ATP
15) How does the all-or-none principle relate to the transmission of a nerve impulse?
If the membrane potential of a neuron goes above -30mV, then the nerve transmits an impulse. If it doesn't goabove -30mV then it doesn't transmit an impulse.
36
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
43/44
Circulatory
System
7/28/2019 Tuan Vu Systems
44/44
Vocabulary Page 966 (Section 37-1)
1) Myocardium-
2) Atrium-
3) Ventricle-4) Pulmonary Circulation-
5) Systematic Circulation-
6) Valve-
7) Pacemaker-
8) Aorta-
9) Artery-
10) Capillary-
11) Vein-
12) Atherosclerosis-