•••••••Tsunami andUrban Development

Topics

1. General Information on Tsunami

2. Tsunami Mitigation Measures

3. Example of Tsunami Disaster and Rehabilitation

Mechanism of EarthquakeEarth is covered with more than 10 plates.

Earthquakes occurs at the boundary of the plates.

Mechanism of Tsunami

Generation of Tsunami

Crustal Movement ofthe Sea Floor

Fault

Plates and Troughin Japan

Earthquakes in Japan with a scale ofM8 or more(1885 – 1995)

23031.7Hokkaido Nansei-oki199310413Nihonkai Chubu1983264.9Niigata1964

1428.1Chile19601,4326.5Nankai19461,2239Tonankai19443,06428.7Sanriku1933

22,00038.2Meiji Sanriku1896Many-Nankai684

Dead and MissingMax Wave Height(m)

Name of EarthquakeYear

Historical•Major•Tsunami in Japan

••Tsumani Mitigation Measures

(1) Construction of facilities

(2) Tsunami Forecast and Communication

(3) Public Relations

•••Mitigation of Tsunami Disasters• • • Construction of Coastal•Embankment •••••

Tokyo

Sanriku

Taro Town

Population 5,000Area 100km2Taro Town

Before Tsunami Attack After Tsumani Attack ( March,1933)

Tsunami Disaster in Taro Town

• • Sanriku Tsunami in 1933 911 dead

• • • Land Readjustment implemented

• • Meiji Sanriku Tsumani in 1896 1,859 dead

Rehabilitation measures :• • Community Relocation is not accepted.• • • Coastal Embankment, started in 1934

• • • Construction of Coastal•Embankment •

Taro Town Embankment L: 2,433m H: 10m

embankment

• Construction of Tide Gate

Numazu city

Tokyo

Numazu City H : 6.8m above sea levelW: 15m2004 completed

Tokyo

Sanriku

Taro Town

Kamaishi

Ohunato

Sea Wall

Kamaishi CityPopulation 44,670

Area 441km2

Ohunato CityPopulation 45,160

Area 323km2

Sea Wall

(Ohunato)L=740mConstruction 1963started 1967completed

• • • •• • • •• • • • • •

• •

Tsunami Protection Sea Wall

Sea Wall kamaishi under construction

Construction 1978 to 2006L=2000m Depth=63m (Max)

• •Provision of Refuge andEvacuation Routes

Sign of Evacuation Routes

•Provision of Tsunami•proofTransportation infrastructures or Heliports

• Land Reclamation

• Land Readjustment Project, etc.

• Relocation of houses from tsunami • prone areas

• Prohibit the construction of houses in tsunami prone areas

Urban Planning and Urban development

• Designationof TsunamiEvacuationBuilding

Disaster MitigationCenter (RemoteControl of Watergate)

••Disaster Mitigation Center

Tsunami Watching Camera

(2) Provisions for Tsunami Forecast and Information Transmission

••Improvement of Tsunami Forecast System ••••••(Observation,Analysis, Communication, Facilities)

••Improvement of Tsunami Information •••••••••TransmissionSystem including Communication •••Facilities

•3•Public Relations

• Call Attention tothedanger of Tsunami •among Citizens andDiffuse EvacuationMethod

••Designation of Refuge and Evacuation Routes• ••••Provision of Guide Board

3. Example of TsunamiDisaster andRehabilitation

Hokkaido Nankai-oki Tsunami DisasterJu•• 12, 1993

Earthquake occurred atat 10:17 pm,

Tsunami Computer Simulation of Hokkaido Nanto-oki

Earthquake occurred very close to the island.Tsunami hit the Island only 2 or 3 minutes after the earthquake.The tsunami was higher than 10 m. There was no time for the residents to escape.The number of death and missing was 219 persons.

Aonae District

Fire occurred after Tsunami attackTsunami destroyed whole village

Community Improvement (landfill 3m) Road ImprovementTide Protection WallRelocation of Residents

Tide Protection Wall

Community Improvement (landfill 3m) Road ImprovementTide Protection WallRelocation of Residents

Rehabilitated community

Community Improvement (landfill 3m) Road ImprovementTide Protection WallRelocation of Residents

Rehabilitated community

Community Improvement (landfill 3m) Road ImprovementTide Protection WallRelocation of Residents

Relocation of 80 houses tonewly developed area on a hill.

Community Improvement (landfill 3m) Road ImprovementTide Protection WallRelocation of Residents

Construction of Memorial ParkArea 4.5 ha.80 houses are relocated.This area also received a damage from tsunami 10 years ago.

Memorial Park

Memorial Object

Memorial Museum

Evacuation RoadTide Gate

Land fill Piloti

Artificial Ground at Aoine Fishing Port as Tsunami Evacuation spotHeight is 6.6m

July 12, 1993 Tsunami Disaster happened.

Oct. 19, 1993 Okushiri Town proposed two reconstruction plans to the residents.

The residents selected the reconstruction plan.

Dec. 20, 1993 Okushiri Town Assembly approved the plan

Recovery from the Tsunami Disaster

Mar. 17, 1998 Completion of Tsunami Recovery Work

0 50km

Ohunato

Tsunami Disaster in Sanriku ••Meiji Sanriku Tsunami in 1896 3,064 Dead and Missing ••Chile Tsunami in 1960 142 Dead and Missing

Sanriku

Tsunami Flooded Area

Escape spot

Shimo Hunato

Akasaki

Tsunami Flooded Area

Escape spot

Tsunami•DisasterRehabilitationLand Readjustment Project••A=86.7 ha

• Relocate houses to heigher land• Landfill low lying areas

Akasaki

ShimoHunato

Memorials

Thank you very much

hinoyuji@asianet.co.th