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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp.
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976
© IAEME Publication
TRIBAL SETTLEMENT IN
4th
Year B.Arch. Student, Lovely School of
Assistant Professor, Lovely School of Architecture and Design, Lovely Professional
ABSTRACT
The tribal population in India, though a numerically small minor
enormous diversity of groups. They vary among themselves in respect of language and
linguistic traits, ecological settings in which they live, physical features, size of the
population, the extent of acculturation, dominant modes of maki
of development and social stratification. They are also spread over the length and
breadth of the country though their geographical distribution is far from uniform.
Kerala holds a unique position in the tribal map of India.
communities have their origin in Wayanad. The Paniya tribe is numerically the
largest among them. They are the largest scheduled tribes of Kerala also.
are mainly settled in Wayanad. (fig.2)
(71.95%) are found in Wayanad. Taking into account the various socio
indicators, Paniya tribe can be considered to be a better representation of the tribal
population of Kerala. This study includes the importance of tr
sustainable way of life and the relationship between settlement and environ
tribal habitat. So this paper is an attempt to reveals the tribal settlement and
development of Wayanad, Kerala
Key words: Tribe, Paniya,
Cite this Article: Vaisakh B and Sarita Sood
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
1327.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp. 1316–1327, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_140
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6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
Publication Scopus Indexed
TRIBAL SETTLEMENT IN WAYANAD,
KERALA
Vaisakh B
, Lovely School of Architecture and Design, Lovely Professional
University, Punjab.
Sarita Sood
Assistant Professor, Lovely School of Architecture and Design, Lovely Professional
University, Punjab.
The tribal population in India, though a numerically small minority, represents an
enormous diversity of groups. They vary among themselves in respect of language and
linguistic traits, ecological settings in which they live, physical features, size of the
population, the extent of acculturation, dominant modes of making a livelihood, level
of development and social stratification. They are also spread over the length and
breadth of the country though their geographical distribution is far from uniform.
Kerala holds a unique position in the tribal map of India.[1] Main
communities have their origin in Wayanad. The Paniya tribe is numerically the
largest among them. They are the largest scheduled tribes of Kerala also.
n Wayanad. (fig.2) The majority of the Paniya tribal po
(71.95%) are found in Wayanad. Taking into account the various socio
indicators, Paniya tribe can be considered to be a better representation of the tribal
population of Kerala. This study includes the importance of tribals in Wayanad, t
sustainable way of life and the relationship between settlement and environ
So this paper is an attempt to reveals the tribal settlement and
, Kerala.
Paniya, Heritage, Tourism, Economy, Habitat, Wayanand, Kerala
Vaisakh B and Sarita Sood Tribal Settlement in Wayanad, Kerala
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp.
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editor@iaeme.com
asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5
WAYANAD,
Architecture and Design, Lovely Professional
Assistant Professor, Lovely School of Architecture and Design, Lovely Professional
ity, represents an
enormous diversity of groups. They vary among themselves in respect of language and
linguistic traits, ecological settings in which they live, physical features, size of the
ng a livelihood, level
of development and social stratification. They are also spread over the length and
breadth of the country though their geographical distribution is far from uniform.
Mainly five tribal
communities have their origin in Wayanad. The Paniya tribe is numerically the
largest among them. They are the largest scheduled tribes of Kerala also. (fig.1)They
he majority of the Paniya tribal population
(71.95%) are found in Wayanad. Taking into account the various socio -economic
indicators, Paniya tribe can be considered to be a better representation of the tribal
in Wayanad, their
sustainable way of life and the relationship between settlement and environment in
So this paper is an attempt to reveals the tribal settlement and
Wayanand, Kerala.
Tribal Settlement in Wayanad, Kerala.
, 8(5), 2017, pp. 1316–
VType=8&IType=5
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1. IDENTIFICATION OF LI
NEED OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to derive
sustainable settlement in urban context and the architecture techniques h
development of Wayanad. Wayanad is an icon of Kerala for its geographical peculiarities. It
is a nerve centre of tribes in Kerala with thirteen tribal groups including particularly
vulnerable tribes. Tribes are homogenous ethnic group with a specific sense of identity based
on common language and culture.
It is the district with the highest share in the adivasi population (about 38%) of Kerala. The
tribes here still practices age old customs and rituals and live a nomad
The compilation focuses on the identification of a
the bases of heritage, religious belief,
sustain the tribal settlement
literature study, analyzes the potential of
solution. The documentation of tribal settlement of
significance of tribal settlements
adapted to further analyze and conclude with a
respect to the heritage, conservation and development in future.
Figure 1 Paniya tribes in India. (s
2. INTRODUCTION
A tribe is a group of distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are
largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. Social formation of India
has mainly three components
sharp distinction amongst them because they share some common characteris
found ways of adapting the environment rather than adapting in accordance with the
environment. When you look at a tribal settlement you find people who have found numerous
ways of adapting to the environment and becoming a part of it rather
According to Ekistics, A human settlement consists not only of its built form but also the
area around it which each of its inhabitants travels around for its daily routine.
of tribal habitat this space is limited to the fiel
main mode of transportation.
Vaisakh B and Sarita Sood
IJCIET/index.asp 1317 editor@iaeme.com
IDENTIFICATION OF LITERATURE STUDY / CASE STUDY
NEED OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to derive insight tribal settlements in Wayanad, K
sustainable settlement in urban context and the architecture techniques h
ayanad is an icon of Kerala for its geographical peculiarities. It
is a nerve centre of tribes in Kerala with thirteen tribal groups including particularly
vulnerable tribes. Tribes are homogenous ethnic group with a specific sense of identity based
mon language and culture. [3] In Kerala largest tribal population is in Wayanad.
It is the district with the highest share in the adivasi population (about 38%) of Kerala. The
tribes here still practices age old customs and rituals and live a nomadic life.
The compilation focuses on the identification of a Important tribal settlement of India
the bases of heritage, religious belief, living style and cultural values integrated all together to
gracefully with the passing time. The study, on the basis of
literature study, analyzes the potential of tribal settlement and binds them together to bring a
documentation of tribal settlement of Wayanad, Kerala
significance of tribal settlements based on the secondary sources, literature and case studies,
adapted to further analyze and conclude with a understanding contribution of tribes
heritage, conservation and development in future.
Paniya tribes in India. (source: Project) Figure 2: Wayanad District,
Kerala (source: Wayanad District Map)
A tribe is a group of distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are
sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. Social formation of India
has mainly three components – tribal settlements, villages and towns. It is difficult to draw
sharp distinction amongst them because they share some common characteris
found ways of adapting the environment rather than adapting in accordance with the
environment. When you look at a tribal settlement you find people who have found numerous
ways of adapting to the environment and becoming a part of it rather than a threat.
According to Ekistics, A human settlement consists not only of its built form but also the
area around it which each of its inhabitants travels around for its daily routine.
of tribal habitat this space is limited to the fields and forest surrounding it since walking is the
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E STUDY –
Kerala. The study of
sustainable settlement in urban context and the architecture techniques help for Future
ayanad is an icon of Kerala for its geographical peculiarities. It
is a nerve centre of tribes in Kerala with thirteen tribal groups including particularly
vulnerable tribes. Tribes are homogenous ethnic group with a specific sense of identity based
In Kerala largest tribal population is in Wayanad.(fig.3)
It is the district with the highest share in the adivasi population (about 38%) of Kerala. The
ic life.
Important tribal settlement of India on
cultural values integrated all together to
ing time. The study, on the basis of
and binds them together to bring a
erala identifies the
d on the secondary sources, literature and case studies,
understanding contribution of tribes with
Wayanad District,
(source: Wayanad District Map)
A tribe is a group of distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are
sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. Social formation of India
towns. It is difficult to draw
sharp distinction amongst them because they share some common characteristics. Our race
found ways of adapting the environment rather than adapting in accordance with the
environment. When you look at a tribal settlement you find people who have found numerous
than a threat.
According to Ekistics, A human settlement consists not only of its built form but also the
area around it which each of its inhabitants travels around for its daily routine.[2] In the case
ds and forest surrounding it since walking is the
Tribal Settlement in Wayanad, Kerala
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3. THE GREEN PARADISE OF KERALA, WAYANAD
The district of Wayanad extends over an area of 2125 sq.km. As the south-western tip of the
Deccan Platea, at an altitude of 700 meters above the sea level. Tamilnadu and Karnataka
states and Kannur and Kozhikode districts of Kerala state are the borders around. Wayanad
district is famous for its tropical climate and lush green hills, valleys and forests. The district
is emerging as the major location for eco-tourism in southern India. It is also the inheritor of
ancient religious and cultural heritages. These are reacted in the very old and diverse religious
institutions, festivals and tribal ballads. The several old forts and monuments still existing in
the district expose the historical importance of the area. The population of Wayanad is
6,71,105 (1991 Census) of which 3,41,187 are men and 3,30,000 women. 20% of the district
population is indigenous/tribal peoples who form 36.5% of the total indigenous/tribal
population of the whole state. The indigenous/tribal peoples of Wayanad include 14 different
communities. Officially recognized by the state as Scheduled Tribes. The Kurichia, Paniya,
Adiya, Thenukuruma and Mullukuruma are the major communities. Historically, these
indigenous communities had maintained their time-tested patterns of self-governance, social
institutions and cultural heritage living in symbiotic relationship with the nature and forest.
[4]
3.1. Background
The name Wayanad has been derived from the expression Vayal nadu the village of paddy
fields. In the ancient times this land was ruled by the Rajas of the Veda tribe. In later times,
Wayanad came under the rule of Pazhassi Rajahs of Kottayam royal dynasty. When Hyder
Ali became the ruler of Mysore , he invaded Wayanad and brought it under his way. In the
days of Tipu, Wayanad was restored to the Kottayam royal dynasty. But Tipu handled entire
Malabar to the British. [50] New turn Thus Wayanad fell into the hands of British, and with
it began a new turn in the history of this area. The British opened up the Plateau for
cultivation of tea and other cash crops. Roads were laid across the dangerous slopes of
Wayanad from Calicut and Telicherry. These roads were extended to the city of Mysore and
to Ooty through Gudalur. Road facilities provided opportunities for the people outside
Wayanad to flow and settle in these jungle regions.(fig.5) When the state of Kerala was
formed in 1956, Wayanad was part of Kannur district. Later South Wayanad was added to
Kozhikode district and then on November 1, 1980 North and South Wayanad joined together
to form the present Wayanad district.32
Figure 5 Road network of Wayanad, (source: Wayanad District Map)
Vaisakh B and Sarita Sood
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4. EVOLUTION OF TRIBAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN WAYANAD
Figure 5 Settlement evolution of tribes in Wayanand Kerala. Source:Author
5. COMMON FEATURES OF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES
• Tribal origin
• Primitive way of life
• Their own special life style, culture, customs
and traditions.
Tribal Settlement in Wayanad, Kerala
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• No script for their language.
• Lack of modern technical skills.
• Prefer community living.
• Worships forest gods
• Give respect to others
• Accept the leadership of traditional leaders.
• Have their own traditional art forms, folk dances.
• They are afraid of the outside world.
• Lack of modern education
• Lack of interest in individual ownership of land.
• They are found of nature.
• Sustainable way of life.
• Traditional Ayurveda medicinal practices.
Figure 6 Wayanadan Paniya tribe.
(Source: Tribe | Joshi Daniel Photography)
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6. LOCATION AND LAYOUT
Kuppadi, Sulthan Bathery, Wayanad, Kerala
Figure 7 Wayanad district map. (Source:
Places of Wayanad @ Newkerala.Com, India)
Figure 7.1 Land use plan of Kuppadi region. Source: Author
Kuppadi is a village located 3 km from the Sulthan Bathery town. Where we can see the
relation between the tribals, forest and farming. The settlement is scattered in between forest
and paddy land.(fig.7.4)
Figure 7.3 Detailed settlement layout
Vaisakh B and Sarita Sood
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LOCATION AND LAYOUT
Kuppadi, Sulthan Bathery, Wayanad, Kerala .
Wayanad district map. (Source: Wayanad District Map, Kerala District Map with Important
Places of Wayanad @ Newkerala.Com, India)
Land use plan of Kuppadi region. Source: Author
Kuppadi is a village located 3 km from the Sulthan Bathery town. Where we can see the
relation between the tribals, forest and farming. The settlement is scattered in between forest
Detailed settlement layout in the colony. Source: Author
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Wayanad District Map, Kerala District Map with Important
Land use plan of Kuppadi region. Source: Author
Kuppadi is a village located 3 km from the Sulthan Bathery town. Where we can see the
relation between the tribals, forest and farming. The settlement is scattered in between forest
in the colony. Source: Author
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The settlement is done based on the climatic orientation and less disturbance to the
existing topography. Community is close knit and hence buildings are placed close
another to have maximum interaction spaces and protection from others.
housings are based on farming activities
crops. Their technical skills are much utilized by the no tribes
Figure 7.4
6.1. Paths
The approach to the settlement is by a mud track which can be used by vehicles. Individual
units are approached by footpaths which runs through side of front yards and provides room
for increased interaction between the inhabitants.
Figure 7.5
6.2. Places of worship
There are mainly three shrines and two are situated deep with the forest. One shrine is
dedicated to Lord Siva and is situated near the s
nearly a raised floor of random rubble masonry. Trees in the shrine are very old and add to
the sense of sanctity. A front yard is provided for ritualistic dances and acts as a space for
public gathering.
Tribal Settlement in Wayanad, Kerala
IJCIET/index.asp 1322 editor@iaeme.com
The settlement is done based on the climatic orientation and less disturbance to the
existing topography. Community is close knit and hence buildings are placed close
another to have maximum interaction spaces and protection from others. (fig.7.3)
housings are based on farming activities so the Paniya tribe helps them for cultivation of
crops. Their technical skills are much utilized by the no tribes.
Figure 7.4 Site elevation, Kuppadi. Source: Author
The approach to the settlement is by a mud track which can be used by vehicles. Individual
units are approached by footpaths which runs through side of front yards and provides room
for increased interaction between the inhabitants.
Figure 7.5 Mud cart road section. Source: Author
There are mainly three shrines and two are situated deep with the forest. One shrine is
dedicated to Lord Siva and is situated near the settlement. The shrine have no structure and is
sed floor of random rubble masonry. Trees in the shrine are very old and add to
the sense of sanctity. A front yard is provided for ritualistic dances and acts as a space for
editor@iaeme.com
The settlement is done based on the climatic orientation and less disturbance to the
existing topography. Community is close knit and hence buildings are placed close to one
(fig.7.3)The nearest
helps them for cultivation of
The approach to the settlement is by a mud track which can be used by vehicles. Individual
units are approached by footpaths which runs through side of front yards and provides room
There are mainly three shrines and two are situated deep with the forest. One shrine is
have no structure and is
sed floor of random rubble masonry. Trees in the shrine are very old and add to
the sense of sanctity. A front yard is provided for ritualistic dances and acts as a space for
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Figure 7.6
6.3. Built forms
There are three types of individual units which includes, 1.
and 3. Dormitory for girls, All the buildings are oriented towards the east.
Figure 2 Tribal huts beside the forest. (Source:
Figure 7.8
6.4. Houses
Small buildings designed with sufficient strength in order to cope up with climate of the
region. The house units are basically modular in pragmatic design
In design they provided lot of space for sit out and sitting space aro
The construction materials collected are seasonal to assure the best quality. Very few
openings are provided in order to maintain he
fireplaces in case of a home which is
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Figure 7.6 Unit plan. Source: Author
There are three types of individual units which includes, 1. Houses 2. Dormitory for boys
Dormitory for girls, All the buildings are oriented towards the east.
Tribal huts beside the forest. (Source: India Tour Packages | Kerala Ho
Leisure Tours)
Figure 7.8 Section of the unit. Source: Author
Small buildings designed with sufficient strength in order to cope up with climate of the
region. The house units are basically modular in pragmatic design giving rise to final format.
In design they provided lot of space for sit out and sitting space around the house. (fig.7.7
The construction materials collected are seasonal to assure the best quality. Very few
openings are provided in order to maintain heat inside the building as two stoves also act as
aces in case of a home which is enough to heat the narrow bed room.
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Dormitory for boys
Dormitory for girls, All the buildings are oriented towards the east.
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Small buildings designed with sufficient strength in order to cope up with climate of the
giving rise to final format.
und the house. (fig.7.7)
The construction materials collected are seasonal to assure the best quality. Very few
at inside the building as two stoves also act as
enough to heat the narrow bed room.
Tribal Settlement in Wayanad, Kerala
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Figure 7.7 Tribal hut inside the colony. (Source: Cite a Website - Cite This For Me)
6.5. Special units (Socio cultural)
Boys and girls above the age of five are made to sleep in Dormitories. These act as an
efficient way of reducing the population and maintaining space in a house. Also people in the
same generation develop a special bond with one another due to living together.(fig.7.8)
Seclusion of women also occurs within this same dormitory.
Figure 7.8 Plan of socio-cultural unit. Source: Author
6.6. Activities & Spaces
The main activities that occur within the settlement are cooking, drying of crops, agriculture,
handicraft sleeping and other daily activities. Cooking is done in an earthen stove slightly
above floor level and which is easily accessible by the user by in simple sitting position.
Racks are arranged on top and sides and are easily approached by slightly standing up
bending the knee. The arrangement is such that it requires very less circulation space for
seeds and other agricultural produce. Dining and sleeping occur within the same area that is
the extra hall attached to kitchen. During day time this space acts as well as dining space and
mats are removed from floor and stored in storage units situated above room level. At night
these are taken out, spread and us for sleeping.(fig) whole of activities which takes place in
the settlement ends by the sunset since artificial light is not available. Morning the routine
begins by sunrise. Water is drawn for washing from streams through bamboo pipes and is
brought to the front yard. Front yards also host many activities during summer when the
climate is favourable. Community meetings occur in Sathram and also in temple premises.
Vaisakh B and Sarita Sood
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Figure 7.9 Comfort level inside the house. Source: Author
6.7. Effects of climate, Flora & Fauna
The region is on a high altitude and also the has a high wind velocity, layout as well as
building typologies have been developed through centuries cope up with these. The
construction itself is made strong by the use of soil and bamboo. The house is made square
and the area is reduced to bare minimal requirements so as to make the building stronger.
Temperature inside the built form is made cozy and comfortable to the user by the use of fire
places (fig.7.9)
Use of straw above the roof structure help to maintain the day and night temperature. Cow
dung and clay is used for wall and floor plastering to avoid contagious disease. There are only
narrow openings inside the buildings which are done so as to create heat insulation inside the
hut and to prevent outflow of heat.
6.9. Building materials and construction techniques
Use of easily available materials like Blackwood, bamboo, soil, valavari grass, wild twigs
and cane etc. Construction has two phases that is wall construction(fig.8) and roof
construction (fig.8.1)
Figure 8 Wall construction stages Source: Author
Figure 8.1 Roof structure made with bamboo. Source: Author
Tribal Settlement in Wayanad, Kerala
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7. INFERENCES
Settlement pattern in Wayanand is such that fields are easily accessible to the inhabitants and
houses arranged close together so as to make maximum interaction spaces. The house
structure evolved as a response to the climatical and geographical features of the area.
The major tribal arts performed in the district are Vattakali and Koodiyattam using thudi
and kuzhal by Paniyas, Gadhika by Adiyas, Kolkali by Kurumas and Nellukuthu pattu.
The meetings are held on the Muppans house (elder person in the colony), rituals and
ceremonies occur within the forest and in shrines near the settlement.
Locally available building materials such as wood, stone, soil, straw, grass and bamboo
are used for the construction of houses. Technology for construction, evolved out of
generations of pragmatic design resulting in final prototype. Agriculture is the primary
occupation and spaces are designed to accommodate specific needs put by this activity such
as storing of seeds, harvest, utensils etc.
Spaces are designed to suit the activities taking place and climate of the region. Each
space is multipurpose in nature and offers flexibility and comfort to the user. A separate
dormitory for girls and boys aged over seven are provided which increases the essence of
community life since the whole generation grows together. This also reduces the built area
required in each house since the number of inhabitants is less.
8. CONCLUSION
In the present scenario, the de notified nomadic and semi nomadic tribes are the worst victims
of neglect and oppression. Some of these communities are far away from receiving the
benefit of freedom and social justice even though they are classified as scheduled tribes. Thus
even today the tribes are the worst victims of exploitation and their survival is a big question.
• Every tribal habitat has a unique identity which is also reflected in their
settlement. This identity develops as an indirect effect of the limited building
materials, technology and climate of the region.
• Each space is designed so as to facilitate the activities taking place and is
multipurpose in nature. This effectively reduces built up area. Front yards are also
used as a house extensions giving space for activities like cooking, gathering,
drying etc.
• Climatic influence are clearly visible in settlement design as it decides the shape
of the module, size, orientation, openings, nature of building material used etc.
• The knowledge about holistic herbal medicines and sustainable way of life in the
present scenario make them more valuable in nature.
• Now a days many tribal blindly follow the modern culture. As a result they are
losing their unique culture, land, language, traditional techniques etc. So they have
the minority community exploited by others.
• Many Government and non-government policies are there to preserve the tribes
but they are not sufficient and insensitive. So we need to develop customized
framework as per the need of community.
The acknowledgement of Wayanand tribal settlement will preserve the essence of tribal
settlements, deserves upliftment of its heart and soul which can not only sustain the carrying
capacity but also live through the times setting an example for the coming generations as an
important link of cultural heritage of India forgotten by the people as visitors and dwellers.
Vaisakh B and Sarita Sood
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The side by side development of tangible and intangible aspects of Wayanand tribal
settlement interwoven with surroundings will give a resultant society, the society which is
able to flourish embracing its culture while being adoptive to the changing trends for the
betterment of society.
REFERENCES
[1] Chapter Iv Tribals In Kerala : A Case Study In Sulthan Bathery Taluk Of Wayanad
District. 2nd ed. 2016. Web. 6 Oct. 2016.
[2] Doxiadis, C. A. "Ekistics, The Science Of Human Settlements: Ekistics Starts With The
Premise That Human Settlements Are Susceptible Of Systematic Investigation". Science
170.3956 (1970): 393-404. Web.
[3] "A Peep In To The Tribal Problems Of Wayanad With Special Reference To
Kattunayakas". N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.
[4] Ammu Thomas, Jenifer Priyanka, Study of Decentralization in Construction Companies
(Kerala). International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology , 5(12), 2014, pp.
235-238.
[5] www.nomadic-freedom.de, Jochen. "Vanamoolika Herbals - Wayanad Vanamoolika
Samrakshana Sangham". Vanamoolika.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 3 Oct. 2016.
[6] "Origin And History Of Wayanad, Wayanad Under Rule Of Pazhassi Rajah - Kerala
Travels - Kerala Destinations". Keralatravels.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.