Transition Lecture: Skeletal System Review/Muscular System

Special features of bone tissue

Few cells with large amounts of intercellular material =Matrix

Special features of muscle tissue.

• Contract

• Extend

• Excitable

• Elastic

Tissue comparisonsSpecial features of

bone tissue

• Matrix = minerals and salt

• Osteonic system

• Lamella, lacunae

• Osteocytes

• periosteum

Special features of muscle tissue.

• Elastic fibers: myofibrils

• Many nuclei in each cells

• Very long cells

• perimysium

Tissue comparisons

• Bone is a combination of matrix and cells, filled with marrow, blood vessels, nerves and surrounded by connective tissue.

• Muscles are

organs made up of muscle tissue plus connective tissue and nervous tissue.

Tissue comparisons

Special features of bone tissue

• Spongy

• Compact (dense)

Special features of muscle tissue.

• Smooth or

• Straiated

• Voluntary or

• involuntary

FunctionsSkeletal

• Framework

• Movement

• Protect organs

• Produce blood cells

• Mineral storage

Muscular

• Movment

• Support

• Heat production

AttachmentsSkeletal

• head

• Neck

• Spine

• Condyle

• Trochanter

• process

Muscular

• tendon (mysium)- muscle to bone.

• Attach to processes, spines, etc.

Skeletal

crest - fossa -

foramen

meatus - sinus

Muscular

On your “muscle man” – locate the following.

Axial skeletal muscles:

• Occipitalis

• Frontalis

• Orbicularis oculi (think Greek)

• Orbicularis oris (think Greek)

• Temporalis

• Sternoomastoid (aka: sternocleidomastoid)

Appendicular skeleton

• Brachioradialis

• Tibialis anterior

Muscular System

“all that moves me”

Reading assignments:

Wingerd pp. 197-208, 231

I. Muscle tissue

A. Specialization

1. Properties

a. C - the ability of a cell to shorten in length.

b. E lity - the ability to receive and respond to stimuli.

c. E bility - the ability of a cell to increase in length.d. E - the ability to return to resting form after contracted or stretched.

2. The muscular system skeletal muscle tissue and related structures only – not smooth or cardiac muscle

a. About 500 different muscles

b. Generally ____% to ____% of our body weight

c. Functions of skeletal muscles.

1) M____________ - highly coordinated with bones, nerves, joints.

2) S___________ - strengthens skeletal frame

3) H___ p________ - as byproduct of m__________, body heat maintained.

B. Muscle Anatomy - muscles are _______ made up of muscle _________ plus c__________ tissue and n________ tissue.

1. C_____________ tissues of muscle. Provides route for nerves and blood vessels and supports each muscle or part of the muscle.

a. D – “Epimysium” = sheet or broad band of connective tissue surrounding muscles.

b. P mysium = divides the muscle into bundles called f______.

c. E mysium = a very thin covering around individual muscle ______.

d. T = a combination of the 3 "mysiums" to connect muscle to the p____________.

2. Microanatomy of muscle. a. Single cell - muscle

f_________ – some characteristics:

1) multi__________2) very long and thin

(up to .5 meters long and .1 mm diameter)

b. Special plasma membrane (cell membrane) called

s lemma.c. Special cytoplasm called s plasm. Contains many m_________________.

d. Special network called

s plasmic r . –

d. stores ______________.1) T-tubules - connect sections of sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as the sarcolemma.

e. Myo - cylindrical cords of protein each having a sarcoplasmic reticulum.

1) Myo______________

a) thick filaments - made of the protein myosin with small projections.

b) thin filaments - made of the protein actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

2) Myofilaments form the striations that characterizes skeletal muscles.

3. Nerve supply.a. motor n =

the nerve cell that carries the action potential (impulse) to a muscle fiber. It originates in the spinal cord and terminates at the muscle fibers.

b. motor u = the motor neuron and many muscle fibers (25 to 3000) it connects to.

c. N muscular j__________

1) terminal end of motor neuron

2) the depression in sarcolemma called the

s cleft.

a) the motor end plate is the section of sarcolemma lining the cleft.

d. A - a chemical which transmits signals. Located in vesicles of the terminal end of the motor neuron.

C. Muscle Physiology1. Muscle

contraction. - The f______________ slide.

a. How it all begins - Action potential (Stimulus, requirement 1)

1) A_____ potential arrives at __________ end of the motor _______.

2) A__________ is released to motor end plate of ____________.

3) Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on motor _____ ______.

4) P____________ of __+ and __+ increases and a_______ p __________ transfers to the muscles.

b. What is happening at the muscle?

1) R_______ stage - Ca2+ stored in s__________ r___________.

ATP is bound to _________ (thick filaments)

2) Upon stimulus, action potential travels down Sarcolemma, down the T-________ and into the s__________ reticulum

a) The action potential increases permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum to ___2+ ,

b) ___2+ released to m____________

3) Ca2+ binds to __________ in thin filaments

4) A______and t_______ change in shape.

5) “______" over binding sites opens.

6) -projection on thick filament called "cross bridges" bind to binding sites. - ________ ions activate decomposition of ____

7) Breakdown of _____ provides energy for moving cross bridges and heat _________.

8) New ____ molecule binds to the _______ breaking the cross bridge connection.

2. Muscle relaxation.a.

A_____________ is inactivated by acetylcholin_______.

b. ___________ ions are returnd to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.

c. B________ s____ are once again covered.

3. Energy for contraction. (source: Vander, Sherman, Luciano page 233-236)

a. Uses of energy.

1) C______ bridge movement

2) C______ bridge breaking

3) Return of ________to SR for relaxation.

AP TEST only b. Source of energy. - Breaking of

high-energy phosphate bonds from ATP.

1) Synthesis of ATP - 3 sources (very little is stored in muscle - aerobic cellular

respiration - amounts for minimal storage )

b) creatine phosphate CP + ADP C + ATP

c) oxidative phosphylation (in mitochondria) - O2 + Fatty

acids ATP (needs Oxygen, nutrients and enzymes)

d) glycolysis - glucose and glycogen ATP + lactic acid (produces ATP rapidly and without Oxygen)

Source:http://vincentimbe.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/krebs-cycle.jpg

Part 2 - Muscles

I. Anatomical terminologyA. Attachment

1. _________ - more stationary bone attachement (generally proximal)

2. _________ - more movable bone attachment (generally distal)

3. Tendon - ___________________________________________________________

4. A____________ - broad sheet of ______

____________________ connecting muscles to each other or to bone.

B. Action

1. ______________ = agonists - Cause desired action

2. Antagonists - ____________________

_____________________

3. S___________ - muscles which steady movement

4. F__________ - muscles which stabilize the origin of prime mover

5. Flexion (muscle in front of joint, body part forward)/ Extension

6. Abduction / Adduction

 

7. Circumduction - circular motion of appendage.

8. Pronation / Supination

9. Inversion / Eversion

C. Naming muscles

1. By a_________:

a. flexors b. extensors c. abductors d. adductors

2. Direction of fibers:

a. R________ - parallel to midline (straight)

b. T_________ - perpendicular to midline (across)

c. O_________ - diagonal to midline (inclined)

3. L_____________:

a. intercostal - between the ribs

b. tibialis anterior - in front of the tibia

c. temporalis - near the temporal bone

d. etc.

4. S_________ or s_______:

a. trapezius - trapezoid shape

b. deltoid - triangular shape

c. minimus - small, maximus - large, longus - long

5. Number of ______________:

a. biceps - two origins b. triceps - three origins c. quadriceps - four origins

6. Points of __________:a. sternocleidomastoid - attached to sternum, clavicle, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

III. Muscle Injuries and Disorders

1. C_________- bruise of muscle. Blood vessels in muscle are broken.

a. deepb. superficial

2. Ectopic ____________– “biomineralization in soft tissues” due to a variety of injuries and diseases.

(can be in heart valves, blood vessels, muscle, etc.)

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)

Calcification over theRight scapula

3. Hernia

Inguinal Hernia

4. T_________ - fairly common but painful condition that typically is due to repetitive stress.

5. M gravis -

symptoms: skeletal muscle weakness and fatique. Mostly facial muscles.

.

cause: a neuromuscular disease due to decreased ACh receptor sites resulting from problem with autoimmune system

6. B food poisoning- toxin produced by anaerobic bacteria

symptoms: death

cause: blocks release of ACh

7. Muscular dystrophysymptoms: progressive atrophy of muscle (decrease in size)

cause: genetic but unclear and therefore no cure

8. Tetanus - lockjaw –

symptoms: muscle spasms etc. (nervous system related)

cause: bacterial toxin attacking the central nervous system.

9. Cramps - (skeletal or visceral muscle)

symptoms: involuntary contraction causing pain and weakness

cause: extended extreme cold or severe physical exertion.

Possible reasons for cramps: Exact physiology remains unknown.

1. Dehydration.2. Electrolyte depletion.3. Poor physical

conditioning.

a