Post on 27-Jul-2020
Roger Scaletti, PhD
Alltech
Trace Minerals and
SCC
2
Wikse, 1992
TAMV Beef Cattle Short Course
Trace mineral levels
and functions
Neutralization
of Free
Radicals
Vitamin E provides
antioxidant protection in
the cell membrane
Se and other minerals are
co-factors for enzymes that
neutralize ROS
Opportunities
• Optimize Animal Health• Reduce economic losses
• Improve Resistance to Disease Challenges• Ensure immune function is
optimized
Zinc Essential component of
>200 enzyme systems in:
CHO and energy
metabolism, protein
synthesis, nucleic acid
metabolism, epithelial
integrity, cell repair and
division, and utilization of
vitamins A & E.
Zinc Immunity Needed for development
and function of the
immune system and
associated cells
including heterophils,
basophils, macrophages
and T-lymphocytes.
Wound healing
ReproductionEssential for proper
sexual maturity and
reproductive capacity.
Needed for semen
quality
Zinc
Component of immune system
enzymes
Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, lysyl oxidase and thioloxidase
Enzymes are also necessary to increase structural strength and elasticity of connective tissue and blood vessels and increase strength of bone
Needed for metabolism of iron
and the maturation of red
blood cells
Copper
Manganese Cofactor for enzymes in
metabolism of carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, nucleic acids.
Essential for normal brain
function
Involved in collagen formation,
bone growth, urea formation,
fatty acid synthesis and
cholesterol synthesis, protein
digestion.
Immune function
A cofactor in superoxide
dismutase
Needed for synthesis of
chondroitin-4-sulfate,
which is required for
proper wound healing
Manganese
Enzymes
Glutathione Peroxidase: hydrogen
peroxide to water
Cellular Antioxidant System
Thioredoxin Reductase: prevent
oxidative stress
Iodothyronine-5-deiodinase
T4 to T3
Muscular dystrophy (White Muscle
Disease)
Muscle contraction
Immune Function
Neutrophil killing/
chemotaxis
Reproduction
Selenium
Dietary Concentration
Weiss, NMC Proceedings 2002
Effect of Organic Zn on new infections
Cows received 800 mg Zn per day, Bioplex
treatment was 50% Bioplex Zn and 50% zinc oxide
0
5
10
15
20
Zn oxide Bioplex Zn
New
in
fecti
on
s
Spain, 1993
P < 0.03
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Day 10 Day 40 Day 70 Day 100
Me
an
SC
C (
10
00
s/m
l)
Control Bioplex Zn
Organic Zinc Decreases Somatic Cell Counts
Popovic, 2003
-18%
-29%
-36% -46%
0
5
10
15
20
25
Day 10 Day 40 Day 70 Day 100 Averagenumber ofinfectedquarters
Nu
mb
er
of
infe
cte
d q
ua
rte
rs (
pe
r 6
0)
Control Bioplex Zn
Organic Zinc Reduces Number of Infected Quarters
Popovic, 2003
P<0.05
-75%-72%
-20%
-66%
Organic Minerals Reduced Somatic Cell Counts
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
100% inorganic 50% Bioplex 100% BioplexKinal, 2007
-22%
-34%
P < 0.05
Mea
n S
CC
(s/
m)
Cu source and mastitis
47
29
45
32
65
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Negative quarters CNS
% q
uart
ers
No added Cu Cu sulfate Bioplex Cu
Harmon, 1998P<0.05
Cu source and mastitis: E.Coli in Milk
Scaletti and Harmon, 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
-24 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240
LO
G 1
0 C
FU
/ml
HOUR
Cu sulfate
Bioplex Cu
No added Cu
*
**
*
* P < 0.05
Cu source and mastitis: Milk Production
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
% P
rech
all
en
ge
Day
Cu sulfate
Bioplex Cu
No added Cu
Scaletti and Harmon, 2012
****
* P < 0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
-25 0 7 14 21 37
Se (
ug/m
l)
Days Relative to Parturition
Control Sel-Plex
Plasma Concentrations of SeleniumDiet: P < 0.01
Diet*Parity: P = 0.94
N = 20/diet
Adequate level (.075 µg/ml)
Silvestre and Thatcher, 2006
Whole Blood Neutrophil Phagocytosis
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
-21 0 7 14 21 37
% N
eu
tro
ph
il th
at
Ph
ag
o
an
d K
ill E
. C
oli
NaSe Sel-Plex
Diet: P < 0.03
**
*
Silvestre and Thatcher, 2006
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-25 0 21 42
An
ti-O
valb
um
in A
ntb
(O
D)
Days Relative to Parturition
Control Sel-Plex
Serum Anti-Ovalbumin Antibody: adaptive immunity Diet: P< 0.07
* Diet X day: P < 0.01
N= 84= Days of Ovalbumin Challenge
*
*
Silvestre and Thatcher, 2006
Organic Selenium Reduces Neutrophil“Death”
0
10
20
30
40
Inorganic Se Organic Se
Ap
op
toti
c n
eu
tro
ph
ils
(%
)
Se Supplementation (mg/Kg DM)
Control 0.3 0.5
Zhao, 2009
a a
a
a
bb
a,b P < 0.01
Organic Selenium Increases Respiratory Burst
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.5
Inorganic Se Organic Se
Re
sp
ira
tory
Bu
rst
Se Supplementation (mg/Kg DM)
Control 0.3 0.5
a
a
a,b
b
b
a
a,b P < 0.01
Zhao, 2009
Antioxidant Status Improves Immune Function
Item No Se NaSe Sel-Plex SE
Whole blood Se, ppm 54.7a
105.0b
172.0c
8.4
GSH-Px, EU/g Hb1
40.2a
119.1b
143.9b
19.4
Macrophage phagocytosis, %2
5.0a
4.2a
9.2b
0.83
1EU/g Hb = nanomoles of NADPH oxidized min/gm of hemoglobin.2% of macrophages that phagocytized at least one porcine RBC.abcLS means within rows with differing superscripts differ (P<0.01).
Gunter et al., 2003
• Both “level and form” of trace minerals are
important
• Trace minerals are co-factors in antioxidant enzymes
important in immune response
• Organic Trace Minerals may reduce mastitis
incidence and improve immune status
Summary
Thank You!