Post on 20-Jan-2016
Towards science-informed regulatory policies
Andrew D. MaynardChief Science Advisor, Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (in partnership with the Pew Charitable Trusts)
Nanotechnology in Perspective
Dr Roger Angel, University of Arizona
RelevanceDivergence
Adaptation
Deviating from the norm - what makes nanotechnology different?
Divergence:Nanotechnology Oversight
nano:
at the nanometer scale
Richard Smalley
The
art and science
of building stuffthat does stuff
StrangenessSmallness
Sophistication
SmallnessSmallness
Gets you to new placesGets you to new places
Gets you to new placesGets you to new places
SilverSmall
Suffocated bugs
Sweet feet
SmallnessSmallness
Woof!Miaow
StrangenessStrangeness
Behaves in unexpected waysBehaves in unexpected ways
Conce
pt:
Vic
ki C
olv
in
Lycurgus Cup
StrangenessStrangeness
Behaves in unexpected waysBehaves in unexpected ways
©F
elic
e F
ran
kel
11
Cadmium Selenide
“Quantum Dots”
Smallest
Largest
Nath
an
Saw
aya
SophisticationSophistication
Increasingly complexIncreasingly complex
SophisticationSophistication
Increasingly complexIncreasingly complex
Divergence:Nanotechnology Oversight
“Conventional” technologies, unconventional behavior
Novel technologies, unexpected behavior
New behavior, unanticipated risks?
Issues:
When does “different” mean “dangerous?”
Relevance:Nanotechnology Oversight
Over 800 listed manufacturer-identified nanotech consumer products: www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts
I wish spilt red wine would run off my pants without staining
I wish spilt red wine would run off my pants without staining
I wish my sunscreen wasn’t so unsightly
I wish my sunscreen wasn’t so unsightly
I wish my tennis racquet was lighter and stronger
I wish my tennis racquet was lighter and stronger
I wish my socks didn’t smell so much!
I wish my socks didn’t smell so much!
I wish I could keep leftovers for longer, before they go off
I wish I could keep leftovers for longer, before they go off
I wish I could get more songs on my iPod
I wish I could get more songs on my iPod
Nanotechnology:Adding value to products
Nanoparticles Nanoparticles
AgglomeratesAgglomerates
Aerosolized suspensionsAerosolized suspensions
ComminutionComminution
Degradation/Failure
Degradation/Failure
Unintentional use Unintentional use
Maynard and Kuempel (2005), J. Nanopart. Res. 7(6) 587-614
Nanoscale materials & products:Where exposure and hazard matter
Where exposure occurs
Where unanticipated harm could occur
Where existing regulations are weak
Focus:
Relevance:Nanotechnology Oversight
Bridging the gap between what we do, and what we need to do
Adaptation:Nanotechnology Oversight
Measurement...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBIIrJuBSto
2222
Same Chemistry
Potentially Different Risksnano-ZnO, Wang et al., Georgia Tech
250 nm particles
25 nm particles
Mass Concentration
Oberdörster, G., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Series A 358 (1775), 2719-2740, 2000
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
10 100 1000 104
Inflammatory Response (% PMN)
Particlulate Mass (μ )g
Structure-related hazardTiO2 Instillation in Rats
Novel Behavior...
Structure-related hazard: Translocation Translocation following inhalation - Nose to Brain
(Based on Oberdörster, G., et al. (2004), Inhal. Toxicol. 16 (6-7), 437-445)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1 3 5 7
CerebellumCerebrumLungOlfactory Bulb
Days
Sig
nifi
cant
Data
beta-2 microgobulin
fibrillated protein
Linse, S., C. Cabaleiro-Lago, W.-F. Xue, I. Lynch, S. Lindman, E. Thulin, S. E. Radford and K. A. Dawson (2007). "Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104: 8691-8696.
Linse, S., C. Cabaleiro-Lago, W.-F. Xue, I. Lynch, S. Lindman, E. Thulin, S. E. Radford and K. A. Dawson (2007). "Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104: 8691-8696.
100
1000
104
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Fibrillation
(Thioflavin T Fluorescence)
Time / min
β2m without nanoparticles
β2m with 200 nm particles(85:15 copolymer)
β2m with 70 nm particles(85:15 copolymer)
Scale-specific hazard: Form Interfering with biology at the nanoscale
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Les
ion
Are
a (m
m2 /m
m)
VEH
NPCB SFANT ta
ng1
NT tang2
LFANT lo
ng1
NT long2
Long fibers present
Short or tangled fibers present
***
***
***
AsbestosAsbestos
Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes
5 µm
Carbon nanotubes that look like harmful asbestos fibers, behave like harmful asbestos fibers
Poland, C. A., R. Duffin, I. Kinloch, A. Maynard, W. A. H. Wallace, A. Seaton, V. Stone, S. Brown, W. MacNee and K. Donaldson (2008). "Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study." Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.111.
Sou
rce:
Cra
ig P
ola
nd
Carbon nanotubes: Possible Risks?Fiber-like behavior
Safe Use...
House Science Subcommittee on Research & Science EducationOctober 31 2007
House Science Subcommittee on Research & Science EducationOctober 31 2007
Across the material & product life cycleAcross the material & product life cycle
Adaptation:Nanotechnology Oversight
Know what you have
Know what it does
Know how to handle it
Strategic steps:
Nature Vol. 444/16
November 2006
Andrew D. Maynard PhDChief Science Advisor
Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Tel: +1 202 691 4311Email: andrew.maynard@wilsoncenter.org
Web: www.nanotechproject.org
Writing on emerging technologies at:
http://2020science.org