Post on 20-Dec-2015
Table of Contents
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. How Does a Touch screen Work?
4. Comparing Touch Technologies.
5. Information Kiosk Systems.
6. Software, Cables, and Accessories.
7. Touch screen Drivers.
8. Applications.
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9. Advantages over other pointing devices.
10.Conclusion.
11.References
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ABSTRACT
TOUCH SCREEN
First computers became more visual, then they took a step further to
understand vocal commands and now they have gone a step further and became
‘TOUCHY’, that is skin to screen.
A touch screen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC
software and DVD video by touching the display screen. A touch system consists
of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input, a Controller, and a Driver. The
most commonly used touch technologies are the Capacitive & Resistive systems.
The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology, Near Field
Imaging & SAW (surface acoustic wave technology). These technologies are latest
in this field but are very much expensive.
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The uses of touch systems as Graphical User Interface (GUI) devices for
computers continue to grow popularity. Touch systems are used for many
applications such as ATM’s, point-of–sale systems, industrial controls, casinos &
public kiosks etc. Touch system is basically an alternative for a mouse or
keyboard.
The market for touch system is going to be around $2.5 billion by 2004.
Various companies involved in development of touch systems mainly are Philips,
Samsung etc. Even touch screen mobile phones have been developed by Philips.
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ATMEGA 16:
Fig 3.1 figure of micro controller
Microcontrollers are "special purpose computers”. Any device that measures,
stores, controls, calculates, or displays information is a candidate for putting a
microcontroller inside.
The microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers like a
standard
computer. Microcontrollers have become common in many areas, and can be found
in home appliances, computer equipment, and instrumentation. They are often used
in automobiles, and have many industrial uses as well, and have become a central
part of industrial robotics.
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Because they are usually used to control a single process and execute simple
instructions,
microcontrollers do not require significant processing power. Microcontrollers are
hidden inside a surprising number of products these days. If your microwave oven
has an LED or LCD screen and a keypad, it contains a microcontroller
Fig 3.2: Pin out of AT mega 16
High-performance, Low-power AVR
8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
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16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
512 Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
1K Byte Internal SRAM
Programming Lock for Software Security
JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
Extensive On-chip Debug Support
Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Four PWM Channels
8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
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Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-
down, Standby and
Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines
– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
– 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L
– Active: 1.1 mA
– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
– Power-down Mode: < 1 µA
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Fig3.3: Architecture of AVR AT mega 16
CISC
Pronounced sisk, and stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Most PC's use
CPU based on this architecture. For instance Intel and AMD CPU's are based on
CISC architectures. Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and
complex instructions. The philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster
than software, therefore one should make a powerful instruction set, which
provides programmers with assembly instructions to do a lot with short programs.
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RISC
Pronounced risk, and stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. RISC chips
evolved around the mid-1980 as a reaction at CISC chips. The philosophy behind it
is that almost no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by
CISC, and people mostly use compilers which never use complex instructions.
Apple for instance uses RISC chips. Therefore fewer, simpler and faster
instructions would be better, than the large, complex and slower CISC instructions.
However, more instructions are needed to accomplish a task.
Another advantage of RISC is that - in theory - because of the more simple
instructions, RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them easier to
design and cheaper to produce. Finally, it's easier to write powerful optimized
compilers, since fewer instructions exist.
RISC Vs CISC
There is still considerable controversy among experts about which architecture is
better. Some say that RISC is cheaper and faster and therefore the architecture of
the future. Others note that by making the hardware simpler, RISC puts a greater
burden on the software. Software needs to become more complex. Software
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developers need to write more lines for the same tasks. Therefore they argue that
RISC is not the architecture of the future, since conventional CISC chips are
becoming faster and cheaper anyway. RISC has now existed more than 10 years
and hasn't been able to kick CISC out of the market. If we forget about the
embedded market and mainly look at the market for PC's, workstations and servers
I guess a least 75% of the processors are based on the CISC architecture. Most of
them the x86 standard (Intel, AMD, etc.), but even in the mainframe territory CISC
is dominant via the IBM/390 chip. Looks like CISC is here to stay … Is RISC than
really not better? The answer isn't quite that simple. RISC and CISC architectures
are becoming more and more alike. Many of today's RISC chips support just as
many instructions as yesterday's CISC chips. The PowerPC 601, for example,
supports more instructions than the Pentium. Yet the 601 is considered a RISC
chip, while the Pentium is definitely CISC.
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ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:-
The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successive approximation A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good common mode -rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero-input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to allow encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution.
Features :-
• 80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible - No Interfacing Logic Required
• Conversion Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <100μs
• Easy Interface to Most Microprocessors
• Will Operate in a “Stand Alone” Mode
• Differential Analog Voltage Inputs
• Works with Bandgap Voltage References
• TTL Compatible Inputs and Outputs
• On-Chip Clock Generator
• Analog Voltage Input Range
(Single + 5V Supply) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0V to 5V
• No Zero-Adjust Required.
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ADC INTERFACING:
TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM-35 :-
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General Description
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C
over a full −55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-
heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.
Features1. Calibrated directly in ° Celsius
(Centigrade)2. Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor3. 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)4. Rated for full −55° to +150°C range5. Suitable for remote applications6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts8. Less than 60 μA current drain9. Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air10. Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
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11. Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA loadLIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(16×LCD) :-
FEATURES• 5 x 8 dots with cursor• Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)• + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)• 1/16 duty cycle• B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)• N.V. optional for + 3V power supply
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16×2 LCD INTERFACING:
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DARLINGTONPAIR :-
The Darlington pair is basically a combination of two bipolar transistors connected as shown. In Darlington pair, two transistors connected together so that the current amplified by the first is amplified further by the second transistor. The overall current gain is equal to the two individual gains multiplied together.
Darlington pair current gain, hFE = hFE1* FE2 (hFE1 and hFE2 are the gains of the individual transistors).
To turn on two transistors TR1 and TR2 at the same time there must be 0.7V across base-emitter junctions of both the transistors. To put it simply, 1.4V is required to turn two transistors on at same time.
Darlington pairs are available as complete packages in the market but you can make up your own from two transistors; TR1 can be a low power type, but normally TR2 will need to be high power. The maximum collector current Ic(max) for the pair is the same as Ic(max) for TR2.
Transistor:-1. BC547
2. SL100
BUZZER :- It is an electrical Buzzer.It requires 5v – 12 v for operation.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
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PROGRAM :
#include<reg51.h>
#define ldata P0
#define UPTEMP 45
#define DOWNTEMP 35
#define AL 50
sbit rs = P2^3;
sbit rw = P2^2;
sbit en = P2^1;
sbit adc_read= P3^4;
sbit adc_write= P3^3;
sbit adc_intr= P3^5;
sbit output=P3^7;
sbit alarm =P3^6;
bit loadon=0;
void delay(int time)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<127;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<time;j++)
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{
}
}
}
void lcd_data(unsigned char a)
{
rs=1;
ldata=a;
en=1;
delay(1);
en=0;
delay(1);
}
void lcd_cmd(unsigned char a)
{
rs=0;
ldata=a;
en=1;
delay(1);
en=0;
delay(1);
}
void lcd_string(char *s)
{
while(*s)
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{
lcd_data(*s);
s++;
}
}
void lcd_init()
{
lcd_cmd(0x38);
lcd_cmd(0x0e);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0x0C);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
}
void main()
{
unsigned char val=0,temp=0;
unsigned int x=0;
float temp1;
output=0;
alarm=1;
rw=0;
lcd_init();
lcd_string(" WELCOME!");
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lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_string("TEMP. METER");
adc_read=1;
adc_write=1;
delay(1000);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
while(1)
{
delay(100);
adc_read=1;
adc_write=0;
delay(1);
adc_write=1;
while(adc_intr==1);
adc_read=0;
val=P1;
temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;
x+=(int)temp1;
delay(10);
delay(100);
adc_read=1;
adc_write=0;
delay(1);
adc_write=1;
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while(adc_intr==1);
adc_read=0;
val=P1;
temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;
x+=(int)temp1;
delay(10);
delay(100);
adc_read=1;
adc_write=0;
delay(1);
adc_write=1;
while(adc_intr==1);
adc_read=0;
val=P1;
temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;
x+=(int)temp1;
temp=x/3;
x=0;
if(temp>=UPTEMP && loadon==0)
{
output=1;
loadon=1;
}
if(temp<=DOWNTEMP && loadon==1)
{
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output=0;
loadon=0;
}
if(temp>=AL)
{
alarm=0;
}
lcd_cmd(0x80);
lcd_string("TEMP= ");
lcd_data((temp/10)%10+48);
lcd_data(temp%10+48);
lcd_string(" DEG. C");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
if(loadon==1)
{
lcd_string("COOLER ON ");
}
else
{
lcd_string("COOLER OFF");
}
lcd_cmd(0x80);
}
}
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INTRODUCTION
A touch screen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC
software and DVD video by touching the display screen. We manufacture and
distribute a variety of touch screen related products.
A Touch system consists of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input, a
Controller, and a Driver. The touch screen sensor is a clear panel that is designed
to fit over a PC. When a screen is touched, the sensor detects the voltage change
and passes the signal to the touch screen controller. The controller that reads &
translates the sensor input into a conventional bus protocol (Serial, USB) and a
software driver which converts the bus information to cursor action as well as
providing systems utilities.
As the touch sensor resides between the user and the display while
receiving frequent physical input from the user vacuum deposited transparent
conductors serve as primary sensing element. Vacuum coated layers can account
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for a significant fraction of touch system cost. Cost & application parameters are
chief criteria for determining the appropriate type determining the system
selection. Primarily, the touch system integrator must determine with what
implement the user will touch the sensor with & what price the application will
support.
Applications requiring activation by a gloved finger or arbitrary stylus such
as a plastic pen will specify either a low cost resistive based sensor or a higher cost
infra-red (IR) or surface acoustic wave (SAW) system. Applications anticipating
bare finger input or amenable to a tethered pen comprises of the durable & fast
capacitive touch systems. A higher price tag generally leads to increased durability
better optical performance & larger price.
The most commonly used systems are generally the capacitive & resistive
systems. The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology & SAW
(surface acoustic wave technology) these technologies are latest in this field but are
very much expensive.
How Does a Touch screen Work?
A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a
controller, and a software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to
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be combined with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch
input system.
1. Touch Sensor
A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface.
The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area
of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several
different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different
method to detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or
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signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change.
This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.
2. Controller
The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and
the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information
that PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for
integrated monitors or it is housed in a plastic case for external touch
add-ons/overlays. The controller determines what type of interface/connection you
will need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors will have an extra cable connection
on the back for the touch screen. Controllers are available that can connect to a
Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or Macintosh). Specialized controllers
are also available that work with DVD players and other devices.
3. Software Driver
The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touch
screen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how
to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. Most touch
screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation type driver. This makes touching the
screen the same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. This
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allows the touch screen to work with existing software and allows new applications
to be developed without the need for touch screen specific programming. Some
equipment such as thin client terminals, DVD players, and specialized computer
systems either do not use software drivers or they have their own built-in touch
screen driver.
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Comparing Touch Technologies
Each type of screen has unique characteristics that can make it a better
choice for certain applications.
The most widely used touch screen technologies are the following:
4-Wire Resistive Touch screens
4-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a
glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically
conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are
separated by invisible separator dots. When operating,
an electrical current moves through the screen. When
pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change
in the electrical current and a touch event to be
registered.
4-Wire Resistive type touch screens are generally the most affordable.
Although clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are
very durable and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is
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recommended for individual, home, school, or office use, or less demanding point-
of-sale systems, restaurant systems, etc.
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Advantages Disadvantages
High touch resolution
Pressure sensitive, works with any
stylus
Not affected by dirt, dust, water,
or light
Affordable touch screen
technology
75 % clarity
Resistive layers can be damaged
by a sharp object
Less durable then 5-Wire
Resistive technology
Touch screen Specifications
Touch Type: 4-Wire Resistive
Screen Sizes: 12"-20" Diagonal
Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port
Touch Resolution: 1024 x 1024
Response Time: 10 ms. maximum
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Positional Accuracy: 3mm maximum error
Light Transmission: 80% nominal
Life Expectancy: 3 million touches at one point
Temperature: Operating: -10°C to 70°C
Storage: -30°C to 85°C
Humidity: Pass 40 degrees C, 95% RH for 96
hours.
Chemical Resistance: Alcohol, acetone, grease, and general household
detergent
Software Drivers: Windows XP / 2000 / NT / ME / 98 / 95, Linux,
Macintosh OS
5-Wire Resistive Touch screens
5-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of
a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically
conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are
separated by invisible separator dots. When operating,
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an electrical current moves through the screen. When pressure is applied to the
screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the electrical current
and a touch event to be registered.
5-Wire Resistive type touch screens
are generally more durable than the similiar 4-Wire Resistive type. Although
clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable
and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is recommended
for demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, industrial controls, and
other workplace applications.
Advantages Disadvantages
High touch resolution
Pressure sensitive, works with
any stylus
Not affected by dirt, dust, water,
or light
More durable then 4-Wire
Resistive technology
75 % clarity
Resistive layers can be damaged
by a sharp object
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Touch screen Specifications
Touch Type: 5-Wire Resistive
Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port
Touch Resolution: 4096 x 4096
Response Time: 21 ms.
Light Transmission: 80% +/-5% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light
spectrum)
Expected Life: 35 million touches at one point
Temperature: Operating: -10°C to 50°C
Storage: -40°C to 71°C
Humidity: Operating: 90% RH at max 35°C
Storage: 90% RH at max 35°C for 240
Chemical Resistance: Acetone, Methylene chloride, Methyl ethyl
ketone , Isopropyl alcohol, Hexane, Turpentine, Mineral spirits, Unleaded
Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Motor Oil, Transmission Fluid, Antifreeze, Ammonia based
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glass cleaner, Laundry Detergents, Cleaners (Formula 409, etc.), Vinegar, Coffee,
Tea, Grease, Cooking Oil, Salt
Software Drivers: Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS,
Macintosh OS, Linux, Unix (3rd Party)
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Capacitive Touch screens
A capacitive touch
screen consists of a
glass panel with a
capacitive (charge
storing) material
coating its surface. Circuits located at corners of the
screen measure the capacitance of a person touching the
overlay. Frequency changes are measured to determine
the X and Y coordinates of the touch event.
Capacitive type touch screens are very durable, and have
a high clarity. They are used in a wide range of
applications, from restaurant and POS use to industrial
controls and information kiosks.
Advantages Disadvantages
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High touch resolution
High image clarity
Not affected by dirt,
grease, moisture.
Must be touched by finger, will not work
with any non-conductive input
Touch screen Specifications
Touch Type: Capacitive
Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port (9-pin) or USB Port
Touch Resolution: 1024 x 1024
Light Transmission: 88% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light spectrum)
Durability Test: 100,000,000 plus touches at one point
Temperature: Operating: -15°C to 50°C
Storage: -50°C to 85°C
Humidity: Operating: 90% RH at max 40°C, non-condensing
Chemical Resistance: The active area of the touchscreen is resistant to all
chemicals that do not affect glass, such as: Acetone, Toluene, Methyl ethyl ketone,
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Isopropyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol, Ethyl acetate, Ammonia-based glass cleaners,
Gasoline, Kerosene, Vinegar
Software Drivers: Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS,
Macintosh OS, Linux, Unix (3rd Party)
Pen Touch Capacitive Touch screens
Pen Touch Capacitive touch screen technology works with the CRT and LCD
touch monitors. This screen combines durable Capacitive technology with a
tethered pen stylus. The screen can be set to respond to finger input only, pen input
only, or both. The pen stylus is a good choice for signature capture, on-screen
annotations, or for applications requiring precise input.
Surface Acoustic Wave Touch screens
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Surface
Acoustic Wave
technology is
one of the most advanced touch screen types. It is
based on sending acoustic waves across a clear
glass panel with a series of transducers and
reflectors. When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed, causing a
touch event to be detected at that point.
Because the panel is all glass there are no layers that can be worn, giving
this technology the highest durability factor and also the highest clarity. This
technology is recommended for public information kiosks, computer based
training, or other high traffic indoor environments.
Advantages Disadvantages
High touch resolution
Highest image clarity
Must be touched by finger, gloved
hand, or soft-tip stylus. Something
hard like a pen won't work
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All glass panel, no coatings
or layers that can wear out
or damage
Not completely sealable, can be
affected by large amounts of dirt,
dust, and / or water in the
environment.
Near Field Imaging Touch screens
NFI is one of the newest technologies. It consists of two laminated glass sheets
with a patterned coating of transparent metal oxide in between. An AC signal is
applied to the patterned conductive coating, creating an electrostatic field on the
surface of the screen. When the finger or glove or other conductive stylus comes
into contact with the sensor, the electrostatic field is disturbed. It is an extremely
durable screen that is suited for use in industrial control systems and other harsh
environments. The NFI type screen is not affected by most surface contaminants or
scratches. Responds to finger or gloved hand.
Infrared Touch screens
Infrared touch screen monitors are based on light-beam interruption technology. A
frame surrounds the display’s surface. The frame has light sources, or light-
emitting diodes (LEDs),on one side, and light detectors on the opposite side. This
design creates an optical grid across the screen. When any object touches the
screen, the invisible light beam is interrupted, causing a drop in the signal received
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by the photo sensors. One concern with this technology is that it might respond to a
very light touch, even that of an insect crossing the monitor, making unwanted
system adjustments. This is the only type of touch technology that are available for
large displays such as 42-inch Plasma screens. It is a durable technology that offers
high image clarity. Responds to any input device or stylus.
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Information Kiosk Systems
A Kiosk (pronounced key-osk) is a computer based terminal or display that is used
to provide information or services, typically in a public place. Kiosk systems are
being used in a variety of applications, including information directories, customer
self-service terminals, electronic catalogs, internet access terminals, tourism
guides, and more.
Complete Kiosk Systems
Several affordable and easy to use kiosk enclosures are available with
integrated touch screen monitors. Available with several of the
leading touchscreen technologies and with a variety of laminate,
stained oak, and painted metal finishes.
Mountable Monitors for Kiosk Systems
A variety of mountable displays that can be used in kiosk applications,
including mountable CRT monitors and several types of mountable flat panel
monitors are available.
Other Components for Kiosk Systems
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1
A variety of hardware components that can be used in information kiosk
systems, including mountable printer, fan, and speaker grills are available.
Software for Kiosk Systems
Several software packages can be used in a kiosk environment, including a
presentation development package and an on-screen keyboard package.
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Software, Cables, and Accessories
Software:
Touch screen related software, including presentation development software and
other utilities
1. MYTSOFT
My-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software
2. RIGHTTOUCH
Right -Touch Right-Click Utility Software
MYTSOFT
My-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software
My-T-Soft is an On-Screen keyboard utility that works with any Windows 95 / 98 /
Me / NT / 2000 / XP software. It provides on-screen keyboards and user
programmable buttons that allow users to enter data using a touch screen display.
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My-T-Soft can be used by itself in home or workplace applications, and it includes
a developer's kit that allows the keyboard to be called up from Web pages and
other programs.
By allowing systems to operate without the need for a physical keyboard, external
templates, membranes, or buttons, My-T-Soft can provide the finishing touch on
sealed systems that only require a touch screen for user input.
My-T-Soft uses a concept called "Heads Up Display" technology and its principal
objective is to keep the users focus and concentration centered in one place. My-T-
Soft uses that concept to reduce the visual re-focusing and re-positioning caused by
the head's up and down motion of going from screen to keyboard to screen.
Features:
Over 40 "Heads-Up Display" Keyboards with 12 base sizes and infinitely
larger sizes
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ABCD Alphabetical, QWERTY, 3 DVORAK's, and over 40 International
(German, Spanish, French, etc.) with Edit and Numeric panels.
Store up to 2000 keystrokes/menu selections (or the applications macro
scripts) on each button. Up to 15 buttons can be grouped on individual Panels,
which auto-open when their assigned application becomes active.
Developer friendly
Show & Hide keys, program keys in Key Options, Custom logo
display, Operator mode, on-demand functionality. The Developer's Kit comes with
all kinds of utilities, source code, sample code, and a wealth of information for
integrating My-T-Soft with your own application. Assignable Functions for
Pointing Device Buttons
RIGHTTOUCH
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Right-Touch Right-Click Utility Software
An easy interface to bring Right Click capability to any touch screen.
Most touch screens work by emulating left mouse button clicks, so that touching
the screen is the same as clicking your left mouse button at that same point on the
screen. But what if you need to right click on an item? Some touchscreens do
include right click support, but many do not. The Right Touch utility provides an
easy way to perform right clicks with any touch screen.
The Right Touch utility places a button on your desktop that allows you to switch
the touchscreen between left and right clicks. When the screen is emulating left
clicks, simply touch the Right Touch button to change to right click mode. Touch
again, and you're back to the standard left click.
Software Requirements
Windows95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP
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Please Note: Many of the touch screen systems include a similar right-click tool
with their software driver. The Right-Touch software is useful for touch screens
that do not have an included right click utility.
Cables:
Cables for use with the touch monitors, includes video and serial port extension
cables.
Serial Cables
SERIAL25: 25-Foot Serial Extension Cable
SERIAL50: 50-Foot Serial Extension Cable
SERIAL100: 100-Foot Serial Extension
VGA Video Cables
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VGA25: 25-Foot VGA Extension Cable
VGA50: 50-Foot VGA Extension Cable
VGA100: 100-Foot VGA Extension Cable
VGA-Y: VGA Video Y-Splitter Cable
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Accessories:
Stylus Pens
A stylus pen can be used along with our touchscreen systems for precise input.
STYLUS1
Stylus Pen for Resistive Touch screens
STYLUS2
Stylus Pen for Surface Acoustic Wave
Touchscreens
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Touch Screen Drivers
UPD Driver 3.5.18
These drivers are for 3M Dynapro SC3 and SC4 Controllers
The new UPD Driver will work for the following controllers: SC3 Serial, SC4
Serial, SC4 USB. Supported platforms are Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me/XP. DOS
and other drivers
Linux Drivers for SC3 and SC4 Controllers
Linux drivers for SC3 and SC4 were developed by a third party, not 3M
Touch Systems, and are provided for our customers convenience. 3M Touch
Systems cannot offer any warranty or technical support for them.
Linux Drivers
Touch Ware Driver, Release 5.63 SR3
These drivers are for MicroTouch Touch Controllers (EXII, SMT3,
MT3000, MT410, MT510)
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This release improves performance for Windows XP drivers. It provides multiple
monitor support, including dual head video adapters, from Touch Ware 5.63.
Supported platforms are WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me.
This service release also corrects known problems with silent installation.
Microcal 7.1
Use this utility to modify controller settings and to calibrate the sensor at different
resolutions under DOS. Microcal is compatible with fully-integrated ClearTek
capacitive and TouchTek resistive touchscreens. This release supports any serial
and PS/2 SMT controller, PC BUS controllers and the MT400 controller.
Near Field Imaging OEM Drivers
Use the OEM drivers below with Near Field Imaging touch screen products.
For Windows NT/9X:
8.4-inch Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx. 2.5MB)
For Windows NT/9X/3.1 and MS-DOS:
10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx> 3.6MB)
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For Windows XP/2000 for 10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch
screens
Linux Drivers for NFI
Linux drivers for NFI were developed by a third party, not 3M Touch
Systems, and are provided for our customers' convenience. 3M Touch Systems
cannot offer any warranty or technical support for them.
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APPLICATIONS
The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the interface
of choice for a wide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of how touch
input systems are being used today:
1. Public Information Displays
Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronic
displays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. The
user-friendly touch screen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than
other input devices, especially for novice users. A touch screen can help make your
information more easily accessible by allowing users to navigate your presentation
by simply touching the display screen
2. Retail and Restaurant Systems
Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant environment. Touch
screen systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster, and training
time can be reduced for new employees. And because input is done right on the
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screen, valuable counter space can be saved. Touch screens can be used in cash
registers, order entry stations, seating and reservation systems, and more
3. Customer Self-Service
In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed
up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service at
busy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customers can
quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time,
and decreasing wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller (ATM) and
airline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service stations that can benefit from
touch screen input.
4. Control and Automation Systems
The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process
control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display,
valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can
monitor and control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the
screen.
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5. Computer Based Training
Because the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than other input devices,
overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be
reduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can lead
to a more beneficial training experience for both students and educators.
6. Assistive Technology
The touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty using
other input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. When used in conjunction with
software such as on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help
make computing resources more available to people that have difficulty using
computers.
Take a look at how one of our customers, CHI Centers, Inc., has developed a
system that allows non-verbal individuals to communicate using a PC and touch
screen display.
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ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER POINTING DEVICES
Touch screens have several advantages over other pointing devices:
Touching a visual display of choices requires little thinking and is a form of
direct manipulation that is easy to learn.
Touch screens are the fastest pointing devices.
Touch screens have easier hand eye coordination than mice or keyboards.
No extra work space is required as with other pointing devices.
Touch screens are durable in public access and in high volume usage.
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Disadvantages
User’s hand may obscure the screen.
Screens need to be installed at a lower position and tilted to reduce arm
fatigue.
Some reduction in image brightness may occur.
They cost more than alternative devices.
Conclusion
Touch systems represent a rapidly growing subset of the display market. The
majority of touch systems include touch sensors relying on vacuum-deposited
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coatings, so touch coatings present opportunity for suppliers of vacuum coatings
and coating equipments.
Touch sensor manufactures currently require thin films in the areas of transparent
conductors, optical interference coating and mechanical protective coatings. Touch
sensors technical requirements dovetail well with those of the flat panel and
display filter markets. The reality should provide value added opportunities to
operations participating i n these areas.
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen
http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/touch-screen
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INTRODUCTION TO TEMPERATURE CONTROLLERS
Temperature controllers are devices used to accurately control process temperature
without extensive operator involvement. It is a control system which accepts data
from temperature sensors such as thermocouples or Resistance Temperature
Detectors (RTD) and compares the actual temperature to the desired set-point
temperature, to operate temperature controlling elements like coolers or heaters.
WHY DO WE NEED TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER ?
In recent advanced era the temperature measurement and its control has become an
integral part of any control system operating in a temperature sensitive
environment e. g.
The temperature of food items can be controlled to minimize the bacterial growth
without affecting its nutrition value.
For boilers, temperature is important for water and air preheat, fuel oil viscosity,
and steam superheat control.
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The temperature control in cold stores reduces the contamination and degradation
rate in pharmaceutical, biochemical, beverage and food industries.
The temperature control in plant growth chambers is important for studying the
effect of hybridization, genetic engineering and plant growth regulators.
Due to the above mentioned reasons we have to go for this experiment.
EXPLANATION
An ATmega16 AVR Microcontroller is used for carrying out all the required
computations and control. It has an in-built Analog to Digital converter. Hence an
external ADC is not required for converting the analog temperature input into
digital value. In the following discussion we will briefly discuss about the
temperature sensor used, the microcontroller and the project in general. An
inexpensive temperature sensor LM35 is used for sensing the ambient temperature.
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The system will get the temperature from the sensor IC and will display the
temperature on the LCD. This temperature is compared with the set point
temperature declared by the user (also displayed on the LCD) using a keypad. We
are implementing On/Off control for controlling the temperature. The temperature
must be within a certain range otherwise continuous On/Off of the controlling
elements (heater and fan) will cause damage to them. We consider the temperature
range to be ±2oC compared to the set temparature. If the Room /Chamber
temperature goes beyond the upper limit then fan will be switched ON and if
temperature goes below the lower limit then heater will be switched ON. At set
point both the heater and the fan will be Off.
FIG : - This figure shows the prototype of
temperature controlled fan
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BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ATMEGA16
ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller. It consumes less
power. The Atmel's ATmega series of microcontrollers are very popular due to the
large number of peripherals built-in them. They have features such as internal
PWM channels, 10-bit A/D converters, UART/USART and much more, which
makes them useful for a large number of applications and external hardware is
reduced as these are built-in.
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ATMEGA16's SPECIFICATIONS:
FLASH -------- 16 kB
EEPROM -------- 512 B
SRAM -------- 1024 B
SPEED -------- 0-16 Mhz
VOLTS -------- 4.5 V - 5.5 V
PINS -------- 40 (PDIP)
Here, each I/O port has 3 registers associated with each it. These three registers
are : -
DDRx
PORTx
PINx x ----------- A, B, C, D.
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For more knowledge on ATMEGA 16 click here
BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF L293D
In order to interface the DC motor driven fan with the microcontroller, we need a
motor driver. We have used L293D for that purpose. The fan was rated at 12V,
1.2A. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at
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voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive
currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36
V.
FIG : - Pin diagram of L293D
For more information click here
KNOWLEDGE OF RELAY DRIVER (ULN2003A)
The ULN2003A is a high-voltage, high-current darlington transistor array. Each
consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with
common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current
rating of a single darlington pair is 500 mA and can withstand peak currents of
600mA. The darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher current capability. The
inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layouts. It is useful for
driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays, DC motors, LED
displays, filament lamps etc. It is a 16 pin plastic DIP package.
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FIG : - Pin diagram of
ULN2003A
For more knowledge on ULN2003 click here
EXPERIENCE ON AVR STUDIO SOFTWARE
Atmel AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for
developing and debugging embedded Atmel AVR applications. It enables full
control execution of programs on the AT90S In-Circuit Emulator or on the built-in
AVR Instruction Set Simulator. It provides a project management tool, source file
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editor, simulator, assembler and front-end compiler for C/C++ programming,
emulator and on-chip debugger. The AVR Studio gives a seamless and easy-to-use
environment to write, build, and debug C/C++ and assembly code.
AVR Studio supports source level execution of assembly programs assembled with
the Atmel Corporation's AVR Assembler and C programs compiled with compilers
such as IAR Embedded Workbench, Code Vision AVR C compiler, GCC(GNU),
etc. In AVR studio 5 there is an integrated C compiler, and need not be installed
separately.
The Assembler translates assembly source code into object code. The generated
object code can be used as input to a simulator such as the ATMEL AVR
Simulator or an emulator such as the ATMEL AVR In-Circuit Emulator. The
Assembler also generates a PROMable hex code which can be programmed
directly into the program memory of an AVR microcontroller. The Assembler
generates fixed code allocations, consequently no linking is necessary.
AVR Studio 4(or higher version) has a modular architecture which allows even
more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules
can be written and hooked to the system.
AVR Studio is an open source software.
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To know how to program AVR studio kindly follow the Videos tab
For more information of AVR Studio click here .
EXPERIENCE ON PROTEUS SOFTWARE
PROTEUS software is designed by LABCENTER ELECTRONICS. The
PROTEUS software is used to draw schematic of the circuit and to do the
simulation of the circuit. It contains all types of components required for the
schematic diagram of the circuit. ISIS ( part of PROTEUS) is used for simulation
of the circuit and to draw schematic of the circuit and ARES ( part of PTOTEUS)
is used for PCB designing.
For more knowledge on PROTEUS SOFTWARE click here.
To know how to design and simulate your circuit in proteus kindly follow
the Videos tab.
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