Post on 27-Jan-2015
description
“Smallholder Cassava Production”
Tin Maung Aye
CIAT Bangkok Office
Start-up Stakeholders’ WorkshopFood, Feed, Fuel, and Fiber for a Greener Future Project
Hanoi, Viet Nam 22-24 June 2009
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
In Southeast Asia
Cassava is traditionally grown as a subsistence crop, it is one of the main sources of food calories for many people, especially those living in remote rural areas
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
The crop is becoming an economically important crop for smallholder farmers
This crop not only provide farmers with food, feed and income
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
but also act as catalysts that can transform subsistence farming into income-generating farming, allowing smallholder farmers to join the market economy
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Cassava production
Produced mainly by smallholder farmers with local varieties
No inputs except for family labor
It can be grown on poor soils with prolong dry periods
Usually get low yields
World Cassava Germplam Collection Over 6000 accessions
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Country Variety nameYear of release
Clonal code or pedigree Location of hybridization
Main features
Cambodia Malaysia 2) KM 94 = KU 50 KU high yield, high starchChina Nanzhi 188 1987 CM321-188 CIAT high yield
Nanzhi 199 1987 MPan19 CIAT high yield, high starchGR 891 1998 MCol2215 CIAT high yield, high starchGR 911 1998 MBra35xCM523-7 CIAT high yieldSC5 2002 ZM9057 CATAS high yieldSC 6 2002 OMR33-10-4 RFCRC high starchSC 7 2005 ZM8639 CATAS high yieldSC 8 2005 CMR38-120-10 RFCRC high yieldGui Re 3 2006 CMR 36-31-1 RFCRC high yield, high starch
Philippines
VC-1 1986 CM323-52 CIAT high yield
VC-2 1988 CMC40 Brazil high yield, edibleVC-3 1990 CM3590-1 CIAT dual purposeVC-4 1990 CM4014-3 CIAT high yield, dual purposeVC-5 1990 MCol1684 Colombia high yield, bitterPSB Cv-11 1995 CM3419-2A CIAT dual purposePSB Cv-12 1995 SM972-20 CIAT dual purposePSB Cv-15 1999 CM3422-1 CIAT dual purposePSB Cv-19 2000 SM808-1 CIAT mite resistantNSIC Cv-22 2008 Kasetsart 50 KU high yield, high starch
Thailand Rayong 3 1983 MMex 55xMVen 307 CIAT high starchRayong 2 1984 MCol 113xMCol 22 CIAT for snack foodRayong 60 1987 MCol 1684xRayong 1 RFCRC high early yieldSriracha 1 1991 MCol 113xMCol 22xRayong 1 KU high DMRayong 90 1991 CMC 76xV 43=CMR 21-1 RFCRC high DM, rel. high yieldKasetsart 50 1992 R1xR90=MKUC28-77-3 KU high yield, high DMRayong 5 1994 CMR27-77-10xR3=OMR25-105-112 RFCRC rel. high yield, high DMRayong 72 1999 Rayong 1xRayong 5 RFCRC high yield, drought tol.Huay Bong 60 2003 R5xKasetsart50 = MKUC 34-114-206 KU high yield, high starchRayong 7 2005 CMR35-64-1=CMR30-71-25xOMR29-20-118 RFCRC high yield, high starchRayong 9 2005 CMR35-48-196=CMR31-19-23xOMR29-20-118 RFCRC good for ethanol productionHuay Bong 80 2008 R5xKasetsart50 KU high yield, high starch
Vietnam KM 60 1993 Rayong 60 RFCRC high early yieldKM 94 1995 Kasetsart 50 KU high yield, high starchSM 937-26 1995 SM937-26 CIAT high yield, high starchKM 95 1995 OMR33-17-15 RFCRC high yield; dual purposeKM 95-3 1998 SM1157-3 RFCRC high yield; dual purposeKM 98-7 1998 SM17-17-12 CIAT high yieldKM 98-1 1999 Rayong 1 x Rayong 5 RFCRC high yield; dual purposeKM 140 2005 KM36xKM98-1 IAS high yield, dual purpose, earlyKM 98-5 2005 Rayong 90xKM 98-1 IAS high yield, dual purpose, early
CIAT-related1) cassava varieties that have been released in Asia and their most important characteristics.
Cassava Clonal Evaluation in Nonghed district, Xieng Khoung,
Lao PDRElevation 1318 masl
N 19ْ 30’ 23.0” E 104ْ 03’ 47.6”
Assessment of cassava true seeds from the CIAT breeding program in
Colombia
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Farmers can grow as a cash crop with little investment (such as fertilizers)
Can farmers produce cassava without inputs on marginal soils?
Soil Productivity Decline
due to
1) Nutrient Depletion
2) Erosion
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
cassava
upland rice
Years of continuous cropping
Rela
tive y
ield
(%
)
Yield reduction of upland rice and cassava due to fertility decline as a result of continuous cropping without fertilizer application. 100% corresponds to 18.9 t/ha of fresh cassava roots and 2.55 t/ha of rice)Source: adapted from Nguyen Tu Siem, 1992.
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion
but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce erosion
Farmers seldom adopt soil conservation practices
because most of these practices require additional money or labor and do not provide any short-term economic benefits
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Research has shown that various agronomic and soil conservation practices are very effective in reducing erosion and maintain soil fertility, and will also increase cassava yields
1.Maintaining adequate soil fertility using fertilizers, animal manures, green manures or alley cropping
2.Planting contour hedgerows of grasses or legumes
3.Contour plowing and ridging
4.Intercropping
5.Mulch application
6.Minimum tillage
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Fertilizer application improves canopy development and markedly reduces runoff and erosion
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
With adequate and well-balanced fertilizer application, high yields can be maintained for at least 27 years of continuous cassava production on the same land
Double row hedgerows of Tephrosia candida
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Hedgerows of Paspalum atratum
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Contour hedgerows (Seven years after planting Contour hedgerows (Seven years after planting vetiver grass) caused the of natural terraces vetiver grass) caused the of natural terraces
formationformation
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Intercropping: intensify land resource, stabilize cash flow and prevent soil erosion
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Cassava Erosion Control Treatments(Tuyen Quang, VN)
Erosion Control TreatmentsRoot Yield(t/ha)
Soil Loss(t/ha)
Cassava MonocropNo Hedgerows
32 18.0
Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)No Hedgerows
31 8.6
Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)Tephrosia Hedgerows
34 3.6
Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)Stylo Hedgerows
32 6.8
Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)Paspalum Hedgerows
36 3.2
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Cassava Intercropping with Legumes(Tuyen Quang, VN)
IntercroppingTreatments
CassavaRoot Yield
(t/ha)
LegumeYield(t/ha)
Economic Yield
compared toMonocrop
(%)
Cassava Monocrop(farmer practice)
39 -- --
Cassava w/ 2 rowsPeanut
41 1.4 + 73 %
Cassava w/ 2 rowsSoybean
35 0.8 - 5 %
Cassava with 2 rowsBlack Bean (cowpea)
42 0.6 + 66 %
No Treatments Dry soil loss (t/ha)1. Traditional practice: no fertilizer or lime, no
hedgerows, 2 stakes/hill, no ridging, 0.9 m x 0.9 m
16.8
2. No ridging, with fertilizers and lime; no hedgerows, 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m
11
3. Intercrop with 2 rows of peanut; with fertilizers and lime; no hedgerows, 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m
8.5
4. Hedgerow of pineapple; with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m
10
5. Hedgerow of Paspalum atratum; with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m
6.6
6. Hedgerow of Tephrosia candida; with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m
7.4
7. Hedgerow of vetiver grass (Vietnam); with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m
8.02
8. Closer plant spacing (0.7 m x 0.7 m); with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; no hedgerow
8.44
9. Contour ridging, with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m, no hedgerows
8.1
10. Up-down ridging, with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m, no hedgerows
30
Results of Soil Erosion Control Trial (Xieng Khouang, Lao PDR in 2007/08)
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Mulching
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Cassava pestsMealybugs WhitefliesMites
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Cassava disease Cassava bacterial blight (CBB)Mycoplasm?
Enhance sustainable cassava-based cropping
systems by increasing soil fertility and reducing soil
erosion
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Increase labor efficiency and reduce women’s
workload
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
integrating cassava and improved cropping and
livestock management strategies into upland farming
systems using participatory approaches to technology
development
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
“Improving the Livelihoods of Smallholder Upland Farmers in Lao PDR and Cambodia Through Improved and Integrated Cassava-based Cropping and Livestock Systems” (April 2004 - March 2009)
Funded by
“Improving the Livelihoods of Smallholder Upland Farmers in Lao PDR, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam Through More Productive and Sustainable Cassava-based Cropping and Livestock Systems” (April 2009 - March 2014)
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re
Bright Future!