Time-resolved remote Raman study of minerals under supercritical CO

2 and high temperatures relevant to Venus

exploration

by Shiv K. Sharma, Anupam K. Misra, Samuel M. Clegg, James E. Barefield, Roger C. Wiens, and Tayro Acosta

Philosophical Transactions AVolume 368(1922):3167-3191

July 13, 2010

©2010 by The Royal Society

Schematic of a directly coupled time-resolved remote Raman spectrograph system shown in coaxial geometry.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Photograph of the high-pressure and high-temperature Venus chamber with a sapphire window used for investigating the Raman spectra of minerals under gaseous and supercritical carbon

dioxide environments.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Schematic of a windowless Pt–10% Rh wire-wound furnace used for measuring the Raman spectra of minerals at high temperatures under 1 atm pressure.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Remote Raman spectrum of gaseous CO2 at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber with sapphire window under 61 atm and 295 K.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber under 1 atm of CO2 and 295 K as a function of gating (500–30 ns) of the intensifier marked on

each spectrum.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of gypsum at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber under gaseous CO2 (1 and 57.84 atm at 295 K) and supercritical CO2 (95 atm at 423 K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved high-temperature Raman spectra of gypsum at 9 m (telescope 125 mm diameter).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of melanterite (FeSO4 · 7H2O) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber in air without sapphire window, and under gaseous CO2 (59.8 atm at 295 K) and

supercritical CO2 (85 atm at 423 K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber under 1 atm air with and without the sapphire window, and under gaseous CO2 (61.2 atm at 295 

K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved high-temperature Raman spectra of talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) at 8 m in 1 atm CO2.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber in air with and without the sapphire window, and under gaseous CO2 (1 atm and 59.8 atm at 295 K)

and supercritical CO2 (89.4 atm at 423 K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved high-temperature Raman spectra of dolomite at 9 m in the 100–2400 cm−1 region.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of olivine (Mg2−xFexSiO4) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber under gaseous CO2 (1 atm and 61.2 atm at 295 K) and supercritical CO2 (95.26 atm at 423 K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved high-temperature Raman spectra of olivine in a dunite rock at 9 m in air.

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of α-spodumene (α-LiAlSi2O6) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber under 1 atm air without the sapphire window, gaseous CO2 (57.8 atm at 295 K) and

supercritical CO2 (95 atm at 423 K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved high-temperature Raman spectra of clino-enstatite (MgSiO3) at high-temperatures in air (sample at 75 mm from collection optics inside the furnace).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Baseline-corrected time-resolved remote Raman spectra of albite (NaAlSi3O8) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber under 1 atm air without the sapphire window, under gaseous CO2 (58 atm at 295 

K) and supercritical CO2 (89.4 atm at 423 K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society

Time-resolved remote Raman spectra of microcline (KAlSi3O8) at 1.5 m in the Venus chamber under 1 atm air without the sapphire window, gaseous CO2 (58 atm at 295 K) and supercritical

CO2 (95.2 atm at 423 K).

Shiv K. Sharma et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:3167-3191

©2010 by The Royal Society