This file reviews materials in Lab 4 and it gets you ready for Lab 6. Lab#4 -- Ex. 7 (Overview of the skeleton) and Ex. 8 (Axial skeleton)

Lab#5 -- Ex. 9 (Appendicular skeleton), Ex. 10 (Fetal skeleton), and Ex. 11 (Articulations and body movements)

Lab#6 -- the second lab practical (200 points)

by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176; donalds@utm.edu

1

Lab#4– Ex. 7: Overview of the skeleton

2

Axial skeleton (in khaki) and appendicular skeleton (in gray)— Students are required to ID these bones.

3

Four types of bone by shapes

4

Match the following bones to these four bone shapes

1. _____ Vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid

2. _____ The three bones in each of your fingers and toes (phalanges), humerus

3. _____ Ribs, scapula, most skull bones, sternum

4. _____ Kneecap (patella), calcaneus

A. Long bone B. Short bone

C. Flat bone D. Irregular bone

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(a) Living (b) Dried

Medullary cavity

Periosteum

Nutrient foramen

Endosteum

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Epiphysis

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Articularcartilage

Epiphysealline

Red bonemarrow

Yellow bone marrow

Epiphysealline

Articularcartilage

6

Nutrient artery

Required terminologies are highlighted in green.

(a) Living bone (b) Dried bone 7Practice 01

Periosteum

Endosteum

Perforating fibers

Perforating canal

Osteon

Lacuna

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Pelvic bone

Nerve

Blood vessel

Bone marrow

Lamella

Lacunae

(d)

(c)

(b)

(a)

Canaliculi

Spongy bone

Spicules

Head offemur

Centralcanal

Collagenfibers

Concentriclamellae

Circumferentiallamellae

Centralcanal

Trabeculae

20 m

Trabecula

8

Required terminologies are highlighted in green.

Endosteum

Central canals

Osteons

Circumferential lamellae

Interstitial lamellae

9

Bone Model– All terminologies are required.

Periosteum

Circumferential lamella

Canaliculi (cellular extensions of osteocytes)

Osteon showing collagen fibers

Perforating fibers (in white)

Perforating canal (with blood vessels inside)

Osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae (spaces)

Lacunae

Lamellae (each layer of tissue)

Osteocytes with Canaliculi (cellular extensions of osteocytes)

10

Osteon showing _________ fibers

Scientific name for bone cells.

ID theses “holes.”

Each of the concentric ring of the osteon is called ________________.

ID “tiny canals” that use for communicating among bone cells.

Practice 02

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Lab#4– Ex. 8: Axial skeleton

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Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; A- The cranial bones

13

Required bones and markings are highlighted in 3 different colors--

1. Individual bones in green

3. Depressions, passages, and cavities in red (fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus, etc.)

2. Articulations, extensions, and projections in yellow (condyle, crest, facet, process, etc.)

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Sinuses

Crest

Foramen

Foramen

Fossae

HeadTubercle

Crest

Tuberosity

Line

Head

Fovea

Trochanters

Fossae

(a) Skull (lateral view)

Epicondyles

Condyles

Alveolus

SpineCondyleProcess

Lines

Meatus

(b) Scapula (posterior view)(c) Femur (posterior view)

(d) Humerus (anterior view)

Process

Spine

15

Markings of bones (FYI only)

Frontal bone

Coronal suture

Lacrimal bone

Squamous suture

Infraorbital foramen

Vomer

Mandible

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Temporal bone

Supraorbital notch

Mental protuberance

Parietal bone

Middle nasalconcha

Inferior nasalconcha

Supraorbitalmargin

Supraorbitalforamen

16

The skull, anterior view

17

The skull, anterior view

Practice 03

Frontal bone

Coronal suture

Sagittal suture

Sutural wormian bone

Parietal bone

Parietal foramen

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Posterior

Anterior

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Posterior

Anterior

19Practice 04

Parietal bone

Frontal bone

Lambdoid suture

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic process

External auditory meatus

Mandible

Temporal lines

Coronal suture

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Infraorbital foramen

Zygomatic bone

Temporal process

Zygomaticofacial foramen

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Occipital bone

Squamous suture

Mandibular condyle

Styloid process

Mastoid process

20

The skull, right lateral view

21

The skull, right lateral view

Practice 05

Zygomatic bone

Lambdoid suture

Foramen magnum

Mastoid foramen

Jugular foramen

Stylomastoid foramen

Carotid canal

Intermaxillary suture

Palatine bone

Greater palatine foramen

Medial pterygoid plate

Lateral pterygoid plate

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosumForamen lacerum

Incisive foramen

Sphenoid bone

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossa

Styloid process

External auditory meatus

Mastoid process

Mastoid notch

Condylar canal

Temporal bone

Superior nuchal line

Inferior nuchal line

Occipital bone

(a) Inferior view

Parietal bone

Occipital condyle

Vomer

Posterior nasalaperture

Palatine processof maxilla

Basilar part ofoccipital bone

External occipitalprotuberance

22

(a) Inferior view

23Practice 06

Mastoid part

Mastoid process

Temporal bone (lateral surface)

Styloid process Tympanic part

Squamous part

Squamous suture

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossaMastoid notch External acoustic

meatus

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Lateral surface of temporal bone

Hyoid

Larynx

Styloid process

Stylohyoid muscle

Greater horn

Lesser horn

Body25

Optic foramen

Lesser wing

Greater wing

Lesser wing

Greater wing

Foramen ovale

Body

Sella turcica

Dorsum sellae

Foramen rotundum

Hypophyseal fossa

Foramen ovale

Lateral pterygoid plate

Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid processes

Foramen spinosum

(a) Superior view

(b) Posterior view

Dorsum sellae

Anterior clinoidprocess

Superior orbitalfissureForamenrotundum

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(a) Superior view

(b) Posterior view

27Practice 07

Sphenoidsinus

Frontalsinus

Ethmoidsinus

Maxillarysinus

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(b) Superior view of cranial floor

Cribriform foramina

Crista galli

Diploe (spongy bone)

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Sella turcica

Frontal bone

Optic foramen

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Foramen magnum

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Internal acousticmeatus

Groove forvenous sinus

Petrous part oftemporal bone

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone

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(b) Superior view of cranial floor

30Practice 08

Orbital plate

Crista galli

Cribriformplate

Cribriformforamina

EthmoidalCells (sinuses)

Perpendicularplate

Superiornasal concha

Middlenasal concha

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Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; B- The facial bones

32

Frontal sinus

Inferior nasal concha

Anterior nasal spine

Palatine process of maxilla

Incisive foramen

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Nasal cartilages

Superior

MiddleSphenoid sinus

Palatine bone

Sphenoid bone

Crista galli

Sella turcica

Cribriform plate

Cribriform foramina

Occipital bone

Lip

Frontal bone

Incisor

Nasal conchae:

33

Zygomatic process

Maxillary bone

Infraorbital foramen

34

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Supraorbital foramen

Infraorbital foramen

Maxilla

Frontal bone

35

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Sphenoid sinus

Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Mandibular foramen

Styloid process

Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Sella turcica

Occipital bone

Vomer

Palatine bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Nasal bone

(b) Median section

Cribriform plate ofethmoid bone

Perpendicular plateof ethmoid bone

Palatine processof maxilla

36

Mandibular condylesCondylar process

Mandibular notch

Coronoid process

Mandibular foramen

Body

Mandibular angle

Ramus

Mental protuberance

Mental foramen

Alveolar process

37

38Practice 09

Ex. 8: Axial skeleton; C- The vertebral column &

the thoracic cage

39

Cervical vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

C7

Lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx Coccyx

Anterior view Posterior view

T1

T12

L1

L5

S1

S5

40

Spinous process

Lamina

Pedicle

Body

(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view

Anterior

Posterior

Superior articularfacet

Transverseprocess

Vertebral foramen

Vertebralarch

41

(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2), superior view

Anterior

Posterior

42Practice 10

L1

L2

L3

Intervertebral disc

Spinous process

(b) Left lateral view

Superior articularprocess of L1

Inferior vertebralnotch of L1

Superior vertebralnotch of L2

Inferior articularprocess of L3

Intervertebralforamen

43

L1

L2

L3

Intervertebral disc

(b) Left lateral view

Inferior vertebralnotch of L1

Superior vertebralnotch of L2

44Practice 11

Anterior tubercleAnterior arch

Posterior arch

Posterior tubercle

Superior articularfacet

Transverseforamen

Lateralmasses

(a) Atlas ( C1)

45

Atlas: Lack body and spinous process

46

Identify this vertebra:______________

Practice 12

Inferior articular process

Spinous process

Lamina

Dens (odontoid process)

Superior articular facet Body

Pedicle

Transverse foramen

Transverse process

(b) Axis (C2)

47

C2-C6: have forked (bifid) spinous processes

Identify this vertebra: _______

48Practice 13

Superior costal facetInferior costal facet

Pedicle

Body

Body

Body

Bifid spinous process

Lamina

Spinous process

Spinous process

Spinous process

Inferior articular process

Inferior articular facet

Inferior articular facet

Spinous process

Spinous process

Lamina

Superior articular facet Superior articular process

Superior articular facet

Superior articular facet

(a) Cervical vertebrae (C2-C6): bifid spinous process

(b) Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): having coastal facets

(c) Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): Thick body; articular facets curved inward; squarish spinous process

Superior views Lateral views

Transverse foramen

Transverse process

Transverse costal facet

Transverse process

Transverse costal facet

Transverse process

49

Transverse ridges (lines)

Coccyx

Ala S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

Co1Co2Co3Co4

(a) Sacrum; anterior view (smooth)

Superior articularprocess

SacralPromontory (anterior border of the body of S1)

Anterior sacralforamina

50

HornSacral hiatus

Coccyx

Sacral canal

(b) Sacrum; posterior view (rough)

Superior articularprocess

Transverseprocess

Posterior sacralforamina

Lateral sacralcrest

Auricularsurface

Mediansacral crest

51

Sternoclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular joint

Clavicle

Scapula

Jugular notch

Clavicular notch

Manubrium

Angle

Body

Xiphoid process

Costal cartilages

Costal margin

True ribs (1–7)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12 T12

T1

L1

False ribs (8–12)

Sternum:

Pectoral girdle:

Floating ribs(11–12)

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Head (Vertebral end)

Neck

Tubercle

(a) (Costa) Rib 1

53

Neck

Shaft

Head (Vertebral end)

Superior

Costal groove

Inferior

Tubercle

Angle

(b) (Costae) Ribs 2–10

Articular facetfor transverseprocess

Articular facetsfor vertebral bodies

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(c) (Costae) Ribs 11–12

55

Head

Neck

Tubercle

Rib 6

T6

(b) Superior view

Rib 6

Inferior costalfacet of T5

Superior articularfacet of rib 6

Inferior articularfacet of rib 6

Superior costalfacet of T6

(a) Anterior view

Vertebralbody T5

Vertebralbody T6

Transversecostal facetfor rib 6

Superiorarticularfacet

Superiorcostalfacetfor rib 6

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