Post on 27-Apr-2020
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7878
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7979
A[ymbw c≠v
Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fnse BJym-\-X¥w
a\p-jys‚ AIhpw ]pdhpw Hcpt]mse BJym\w sNøp∂
t\mh-en-ÃmWv Ddq-_v. Ddq_ns‚ F v t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ BJym-\-X-
¥-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-Xbpw hyXn-cn‡-XbpwsIm≠v it≤-b-amb
DΩm-®p, kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥am-cpw, AΩn-Wn, Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-
Im-cpw F∂o \mep t\mh-ep-I-fmWv ]T-\-Øn-\mbn sXsc-s™-Sp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kzmX¥yka-c-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ae-_m-dn-ep-≠mb
P\-Iob apt∂-‰-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb AS-bm-f-ßsf Dƒs°m-
≈p∂ t\mh-ep-I-fmWv Ch. Ncn-X-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Ah-
t_m-[-tØm-sSm∏wXs∂ a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-tem-I-sØ°p-dn-
®p≈ kq£va-amb [mc-W-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv Ddq-_ns‚
t\mh-ep-Iƒ. Cu \mep t\mh-ep-Iƒ IYm-]-chpw ]mT-]-c-hp-amb
BJym-\-X-¥-ßfm¬ khn-ti-ji-≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p.
1 DΩm®p
kvXoa\- ns‚ AKm-[-X-e-ßfpw kwL¿j-ßfpw kvXoXz-
Øns‚ km-am\y- n-∂-amb am\-ßfpw Akm-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ Bhn-
jvI-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]W-b-I-Y-bmWv DΩm-®p. amb-t\mSpw _ocm-
t\m-Sp-sam∏w Ifn-®p-h-f¿∂ DΩm®p ambs\ kvt\ln-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw
kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±w-sIm≠v _ocms\ PohnX-]-¶m-fn-bmbn
kzoI-cn-t°≠nhcp∂p. Ime-߃°ptijw _ocms‚ sIme-bm-
fn-bmWv amb-s\-∂-dn-™p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ DΩm®p
\n¿_-‘n-X-bm-hp-∂p. CØcw \nc-h[n ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fn-eqsS IS-
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8080
∂p-t]m-Ip∂ DΩm-®p-hns‚ am\-knIPohn-X-am-Wv- D-Ωm-®phn¬
BJym\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
BJym-\-im-kvX-]-T-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Hcp cN-\-bnse Inb-I-fpsS
A]-K-Y\w hfsc ][m-\-am-Wv. DΩm-®p-hns‚ IYm-tc-Jsb C]-
Imcw A]-K-Yn-°mw.
][m\IYm-tcJ
DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw amb-s‚bpw _ocm-s‚bpw _meyw
DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw amb-s‚bpw ]Wbw
DΩm-®phpw _ocm-\p-am-bp≈ hnhmlw
DΩm-®p-hns‚ hnhm-l-Øn\p Imc-W-°mc-\mb Al-Ω-Zp-Æn-
bp-ambn G‰p-ap´n hb-\m- n-se-Øp∂ ambs‚ Pohn-Xw.
Al-Ω-ZpÆn Xm≥aq-e-a√ acn-®-sX-∂-dn™v XncnsI \m´n-
se-Øp∂ amb-s‚-bpw DΩm®p-hn-s‚bpw IqSn-°mgvN
_ocms‚ sIme-]m-XIw
amb-s‚bpw DΩm®p-hns‚bpw hnhmlw
A_vZphpw amb-\p-am-bp≈ Akzm-ckyw
amb≥ Xs‚ A—s‚ sIme-bm-fn-bm-sW∂v A_vZp ]d-bp-
∂-tXmsS ho≠pw hb-\m- nseØp∂ amb≥
ambs‚ Bfl-lXy
IpSpw_kzØp°fpsS mKw-shbv]pw DΩm®phns‚ A_vZp-
hp-sam-Øp≈ Xma-khpw
Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚bpw A_vZp-hn-s‚bpw hnhmlw
Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ Ip™ns‚ P\\w
D]-I-Ym-tc-J-Iƒ
l -s‚bpw Ban-\-bp-sSbpw IY
lmPn-bpsS IY
Nm∏p-Æn- \m-b-cp-sSbpw e£v-an-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw PohnXw
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8181
tNmgn-bpsS Zpc-¥-IY
tIm¨Kkpw eoKpw tN¿∂ cmjvSo-b-]-›m-Øew
IY-bn¬\n∂v ]mT-Øn-te°v
cN-bn-Xmhv sXsc-™-Sp-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\IYbv°v A\p-kr-
X-amb BJym-\-X-¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºm-gmWv BJym\w
sshhn≤y]q¿Æhpw k -e-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xv. IYm-]m-X-߃, tIµo-
I-c-Ww, ÿe-Im-e-߃, `mjm-ssien XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS btYm-Nn-
X-amb k∂n-th-i-Øn-eqsS D-Ωm-®phnse IY ]mT-ambn hnI-kn-
°p-∂p.
F. IYm-]m-Xkr„n
apJy-[m-cm-k-aq-l-Øns‚ icn-sX-‰p-Isf kw_-‘n®
kmaqly[mc-W-I-fn¬\n∂v hyXn-cn‡-amb Nn¥m-tem-I-ap≈ IYm-
]m-X-߃ D-Ωm-®phns‚-]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. emL-h-]q¿Æ-amb hni-
I-e-\-Øn\p hg-ßmØ k¶o¿Ækz -mh-ßfp-≈, \nKq-V-X-I-fp≈
IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS km∂n≤yw DΩm-®p-hn-ep-≠v.
hnt[bXzhpw hn\o-X-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp∂ km[m-cW
kvXoIYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v thdn- p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv
DΩm-®p. amb-s‚bpw _ocm-s‚bpw Pohn-Xw DΩm-®p-hn-s‚
kvXoXzi‡n-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv \oßp-∂-Xv "]qXn-s°mØ
Hcp sIt´ym≥ _∂m¬ Abns‚ skmlw H∂pt_sd X∂ym!'1
F∂v hy‡-am-°p∂ I¿Xr-Øz-amWv DΩm-®p-hn-t‚Xv. t\mh-ense
\mbn-Isb kw_-‘n® ]mc-ºcy [mc-W-Isf hn\n¿Ωn-Xn°p hnt[-
b-am-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv DΩm-®p. kvt\ln-°p∂ ]pcp-j\pw aI-
\p-an-S-bn¬ Bfl-kw-L¿j-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ IYm-]m-XamWv DΩm-®p.
Ip‰-t_m-[-Øm¬ \odp∂ amXrXzw A_vZp-hns\ Gsd kvt\ln-
°m≥ DΩ-m®p-hns\ ]m]vX-bm-°n. "]nt∂m v -Xn-cn™p t\m°-
cpXv, t\m°ym a\n-k≥ IpSp-ßn.- ]ns∂ Xqßn-®m-th≈q'2 F∂
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8282
PohnXho£-WsØ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Imgv®-∏mSv B¿Pn-s®-Sp-
°m≥ DΩm-®p-hn\v km[n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]W-bsØ kw_-‘n®pw Pohn-
X-Øns‚ \n¿Æm-bIL -Øn-se-Sp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ßsf kw_-
‘n®pw I¿XrXzkz`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv DΩm-®p.
`mKw sh°m-\p≈ i‡-am-b- Xo-cp-am-\hpw Xm≥ A_vZp-hns‚IqsS
F∂- Xo-cp-am-\hpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ X\n°v icn-sb∂p tXm∂p-∂Xv
sNøm-\p≈ I¿XrXzat\m-`m-h-sØ-bmWv hyRvPn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
Cßs\sbms°-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw hnIm-c-\n¿ -c-amb s]cp-am‰w
sIm≠v AΩ, ]W-bn\n XpS-ßnb k¶¬∏-ß-fn¬ ]pXp-abpw
BI¿j-Wo-b-Xbpw \nd™ hy‡n-Xz-amWv DΩm-®p.
DΩm-®p-hns‚ kuµ-cyhpw kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-XIfpw hm°p-
I-fn-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v Ddq-_v. ]ISIYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Ex-
plicit character) kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ DΩm®p Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
""DΩm®p hf¿∂-t∏mƒ Ah-fpsS N¥hpw hf¿∂p. bu∆\w B
i-co-c-Øn¬ [mcm-fnØw Im´n-bn-cp-∂p. XpSp-Øp-cp≠ Ihn-fp-I-fn¬
Poh- p-h∂p ap´n-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-Wv. ]S-sh- p∂ c≠v IÆp-Iƒ...''3
C]-Imcw DΩm-®p-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hm°p-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-
jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. BJym-Xm-hns‚ sXsc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw
hn[n-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-eq-sSbpw ip≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ DΩm-®p- am-
cntbm¢mddpsS hni-Zo-I-cW IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Explanatory char-
acter) KW-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. DΩm-®p-hns‚ Pohn-X-hp-ambn Gsd
_‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p∂ Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b¿ hnizmkyIYm-]m-X-Øns‚
(Confidant character) kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.
PmXnaXNn¥-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn kvXo]p-cpjkulr-Z-Øns‚
km≤y-X-Iƒ DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b-cp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn-
ep-≠v. am\-kn-I-amb ASp∏w kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\memWv _ocms\
sIm∂Xv amb-\m-sW∂v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw Nm∏pÆn\mb¿
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8383
clkyw shfn-hm-°m-Ø-Xv. ][m\ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Bi-bm- n-
em-j-߃ ]¶p-sh°-s∏-Sp∂ CØcw IYm-]m-X-߃ hnizmky
IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv. _ocms‚ hodn-√m-bvabv°v ]Icw Nm∏p-Æn-\mb-
cpsS Ign-hp-I-sf-bmWv DΩm®p AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. _ocms‚ ac-
W-tijw A_vZp-hns‚ c£-mI¿XrXzw kza-\- mseXs∂ Nm∏p-
Æn-\m-b¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂p. Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw DΩm-®p-hns‚ Bh-
iy-߃ Adn™p ]h¿Øn-°p∂ kl-bm-Xn-I-\mWv Nm∏p-Æn-
\m-b¿. DΩ-m®p-hns‚ XI¿®-bnepw Db¿®-bnepw Hcp-t]mse IqsS
\n¬°p∂ Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b¿ hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw Bflm¿∞-X-bp-
sSbpw ]cym-b-am-Wv. PohnXk¶o¿ÆXIfn¬°qSn- I-S-∂p-h∂v
t\mh-ens‚ Ah-km\w "hen-b Rm-\mbn' hf¿∂p\n¬°p∂ Nm∏p-
Æn-\m-b¿°v k¶o¿ÆIYm-]mXkz`mhw D≠v.
Du¿÷z-kz-e-X-bp-sSbpw Xt‚-S-Øn-s‚bpw ]cym-b-ambn
t\mh-en¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂ Nn∂-Ωp-hn\v \mS-IobIYm-]mXw (Dra-
matic character), kqNnXIYm-]mXw (Implicit character) F∂n-h-
bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≠v. hnZym- ym-khpw kmap-ln-I- cmjvSob
t_m[y-ß-fpap≈ kzX¥ kvXobpsS A¥-kØ Nn∂-Ωp-hn-\p-≠v.
sshImcn-I-X-bpsS Xew DΩm-®p-hn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ Nn∂-Ωp-hn¬
sshNm-cn-I-X-bv°mWv ÿm\w. kz¥w mK-t[bw kzbw-\n¿Æ-bn-
°p-sa-∂v Dd®p hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-
I-Ym-]m-X-amWv Nn∂-Ωp. A_vZp-hns‚ am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-ßfpw
A]-I-S-I-c-amb Nn¥-Ifpw Xs‚ NSp-e-amb kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS
eLq-I-cn®v kml-N-cy-ßsf [oc-X-tbmsS t\cn-Sm≥ Nn∂-Ωp-hn\p
Ignbp∂p. kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬°qSnbpw s]cp-am-‰-Øn¬°qSnbpw
kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ kzbw A\m-hr-X-am-hp∂-Xn-\m¬ kqNn-X-
I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ \ne-bn-emWv Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ ÿm\w. "]pcp-j≥
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8484
F∂pw ]Ir-Xn, kaq-lw, ssZhw XpSßn _mly-tem-I-hp-am-bp≈
_‘-Øn-eqsS \n¿∆Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ kvXo Ft∏mgpw
]pcpj-\p-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn-eqsSbmWv \n¿∆Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.''4-
kaq-l-Øns‚ Cu \ne-]m-Sns\ ewLn-®p-sIm≠v kz¥w
Imen¬\n∂p-sIm≠pXs∂ ]pcp-j\v XpW-bmbn Ahs\ Pohn-
°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ i‡n-bmbn Nn∂-Ωp amdp∂p. A_vZp tIm¨
Kkv AwK-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-Ømem-Wv.
kvt\ln® ]pcp-js‚ Pohn-XsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°m\pw hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-
Sm-\pap≈ IcpØv Nn∂-Ωp-hn\p≠v. hnhm-l-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ ]T-
\sØ kw_-‘n®pw DtZym-KsØ°pdn®pw hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p-
sams° Xt‚-Xmb Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°m-\p≈ IcpØv
Nn∂-Ωp-hn¬ kl-P-am-Wv. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]W-b-`m-hsØ
Xo£vW-amb hm°p-IƒsIm≠v C√m-Xm-°m\pw Nn∂-Ωp-hn\p Ign-
bp-∂p. PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw AXn¿h-c-ºp-I-fn-√msX
kvXobpw ]pcp-j\pw Hcp-an-®p Pohn-°msa∂ k¶ev]w Pohn-X-
Øn¬ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ Nn∂-Ωp-hn-\p-I-gn-™p. ""]nt∂-bv, Rm\n-
t∏mƒ Ccn-°p∂ ]m´n-\n-cn-°pw., \n߃ \nß-fpsS ]m´n\pw. Hcp-
an-®p-I-gn-™p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. F¥m, kΩ-X-amtWm?''5 F∂
hm°p-I-fn¬ kz¥w hy‡nXzw ImØp-kq-£n-®p-sIm≠v kzX-¥-
ambn kml-N-cy-ßtfmsSXn-cn´p Pohn-°p-hm-\p≈ Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚
IcpØv ]I-S-am-Wv. \mS-IobIYm-]m-X-h¬I-c-W-Øns‚ ]tXy-
I-X-I-ƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Nn∂Ωphn\p Ign-bp-∂p.
kvt\ln-°p∂ kvXo°mbn PohnXw ]IpØp\¬Ip-∂ Ddq-
_ns‚ ]pcpjIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[nI-fmb amb\pw
_ocm\pw ]ISIYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv. ""Rß-fpsS \m´n¬ Hcp _ocm-
\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´n-bm-Wv, F∂p-h-®m¬ ]Xn-\©v hbt Bbn-
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8585
´p-≈q. Ah≥ i‡-s\m-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F¶nepw kpap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
\o≠ aq°pw hnS¿∂-I-Æp-I-fpw- I-dpØ ]pcn-I-ßfpw CSsØ
]pcn-I-Øns‚ A‰Øv Hcp IdpØ ]mep-Ænbpw XpSpØ ico-
chpw F√mw IqSn Ahs\ kpµ-c-\m°n''6 F∂n-ßs\ IYm-]m-X-
Øns‚ cq]hpw kz`m-hhpw hm°p-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-
Xn-\m¬ ]ISIYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Explicit character) kz`mhw
kv]jvSam-Wv.
DΩm-®p-hns‚ ]W-b-amWv amb-s‚bpw _ocm-s‚bpw A¥n-
a-e£yw. DΩm-®p-hns\ e`n-°p-∂-tXmsS _ocms‚ PohnXw ]q¿Æ-
am-Ip-∂p. DΩm-®p-hns‚ Xf¿®-bmWv amb-s‚ Bfl-l-Xy°v \nZm-
\w; adn®v _ocms\ sIm∂-Xn-ep≈ Ip‰-t_m-[-a-√. kvt\l
\jvSsØbpw kvt\l\ncm-k-sØbpw Hcpt]mse Xncn-®-dn™
IYm-]m-X-amWv amb≥. DΩm-®p-hn-s\-t∏mse k¶o¿Æ kml-N-
cy-ß-tfmsSXn-cn v Pohn-°m≥ amb\p Ign-bp-∂n-√. t\mh-en-Ãns‚
hnh-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Cu IYm-]m-X-߃ hnh-c-
Wm-flI (Explanatory) IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv.
sshb-‡nI Pohn-X-Øn\v ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p∂ A_vZp-
hn¬ \mS-Io-b-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≠v. cmjvSob
kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn-te°v A_vZp ]th-in-°p-∂Xv Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚
CS-s]-S¬ sIm≠mWv. ]pcp-js‚ Hcp mKw amX-amWv kvXosb∂
apJy-[mcmk¶-ev]\sØ tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm≠v kvXobpsS Hcp
`mK-ambn ]pcp-j≥ amdp∂ ImgvN A_vZp-hn¬ D≠v. Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚
hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-°m- m≥ A_vZp-hn\v Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ shcp-
≤ym-flI IYm-]mXw(Foil character) F∂v A_vZp-hns\ hnfn-°mw.
C]-Imcw t\mh-ense IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS _mlyhpw B¥-
cn-I-hp-amb kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ BJym\X¥-
߃ DΩm-®p-hn¬ kv]jvSam-Wv.
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8686
_n. tIµo-I-cWw
tIµ-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬amXw BJym\w
\n¿∆-ln-°p∂ kº-Zm-b-a√, Ddq-_n\v kzoIm-cyw. DΩm-®phn¬ DΩm-
®p-hn-s\m∏w Nm∏p-Æn-\m-bcpw, Nn∂-Ωp-hpw Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Al-Ω-
Zp-Ænbpw Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ho£WØn-eq-sS-
bmWv BJym\w ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ""BJym-Xm-hns‚ ho£Ww
A\p-hm-N-Is\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. BJym-Xmhv ]pe¿Øp∂ ho£-
W-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv hmb-\-°m-cs‚ a\- n¬ IYm-]m-X-ßsf°pdn-
®p≈ hne-bn-cp-ج \S-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp hn√s‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ ]d-
bp∂ IY-bn¬ \mw Abmsf \ymbo-I-cn®psh∂p-hcmw.''7 BJym-
Xm-hns‚ kao-]-\-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n∂v hmbn-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-
h-bm-Wv, Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-Iƒ.
""Rß-fpsS \m´n¬ Hcp _ocm-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p''8 -F∂v
ka„ntIµoI-c-W-Øn¬ (Collective focalisation) XpS-ßp∂
t\mh-en¬ IYm-]m-X-ßfpsS am\-kn-I-`m-hm-]-K-Y-\-Øn\v
DXIpwhn[w ho£W-Øn¬ am‰w Df-hm-Ip-∂p.- q-X-Imehpw h¿Ø-
am-\-Im-ehpw IqSn-°p-g-™p-In-S-°p∂ DΩm-®p-hn¬ ""Ipd-®-tßm´p
sN√p-tºmƒ t\mh-enÃv ]n≥amdn F√mw t\cn´p I≠p-sIm-≈m≥
hmb-\-°m-cs\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-ap≠v. cwK-tØ°v hmb-\-°m-cs\
BI¿jn-°p∂ Hcp ssIØmßv amX-amWv t\mh-en-Ãv.... IYm-
]m-X-߃ GsX√mw ]h¿Ø-\-a-WvU-e-ß-fn¬ hym]-cn-°p-
∂pt≠m Ahn-sS-sb√mw hmb-\-°m-c\pw IqsS-t∏m-hp-∂p. A√m-
tØ-SØv Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Al-Ω-ZpÆn IY ]d-™p-X-cm≥ Xøm-
dmbn \n¬°p-∂p-ap-≠v''9 F∂ \nco-£Ww DΩm-®p-hns‚ ho£-
W-tI-µ-Øn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p.
t\mh-enÃv IY-bn¬ t\cn v ]Xy-£-s∏-SmsX a‰v IYm-]m-
X-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈n®v IY-]-d-bp∂ coXn-bmWv DΩm-®p-hn¬. KŸ-
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8787
ImcmJym-\-tI-µnX-amb(Authorial naration)coXn-bn¬ IYm-]m-X-
ß-sfbpw Ah-cpsS ]hrØn-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v F√mw Adn-bp∂
k¿∆-⁄-s\-t∏mse \ne-sIm-≈p∂ t\mh-enÃv Ah-cpsS
]hrØn-Iƒ Im´n-Ø-cn-I-bm-Wv.
kzK-Xm-Jym-\-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-amb ]tbmKw DΩm®p F∂-
t\m-h-ense BJym-\-X-¥-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. ""D≈n¬\n∂pw apg-
°-tØm-Sp-IqSn B tNmZyw. ho≠pw B i_vZw Bcw`n-®p. "F¥n-
\p-t]mbn?' B i_vZw Ic-fn¬ apg-ßn-s∏m-ßp-I-bm-Wv. AXv
AIØv Ie-º-ep-≠m-°p-∂p. Xm≥ InS-°p∂ I´nens\-∏-‰nbpw
I√ym-W-Zn-h-k-a-Wn™ ]p≈n-Øp-Wn-bpsS sh≈n-°-k-hn-s\-∏-
‰nbpw Hs° Btem-Nn-°m≥ ian®p ]s£, F√m -B-tem-N-\-
Ifpw sN∂-h-km-\n-°p-∂Xv B tNmZy-Øn-emWv. F¥n\p t]mbn....?
F¥n\v? F¥n-\v...? a\-kp-≠m-bn‰v! CXp _√y FS-tßdv? Bcm
tNmbv®m≥? DΩm®p ]ndp-]n-dp-Øp.''10 inYn-e-ambn Hgp-Ip∂ Nn¥m-
[m-c-Iƒ A\\p-_‘]Xy£hyh-lmcØneqsS (Untagged di-
rect discourse) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. B-¥-cn-I-kz-K-Xm-Jym-\-
Øn¬\n∂pw ]Xy-£-kz-X¥-hy-h-lm-c-Øn-te°v DΩm-®p-hns‚
Nn¥m-]-hmlw XS- -ßfn√msX Hgp-Ip-∂p. C]-Imcw hyXykvX
ho£WßfpsS ka\zbw DΩm-®p-hn¬ Im-Wmw.
kn. ÿe-Im-e-߃
ÿeIm-e-ßfpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w bp‡n-
bp-‡-amhWsa∂v BJym-\-imkvXw hn[n-°p-∂p. `uXn-Ihpw
B¥-cn-I-hp-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ DΩm-®p-hn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.
IYm-P-\n-X-ÿew, IYm-P-\-I-ÿew XpSßn BJym-\-im-kvX-Øn-
e-[n-jvTn-X-amb k¶-¬]-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v DΩm-®p-hnse ÿe-
Im-e-ßsf ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°mw.
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8888
`uXn-I-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃
IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw, IYm-P-\n-X-ÿ-ehpw H∂m-Ip∂ Bhn-
jvIm-c-ß-fmWv DΩm-®p-hn¬ Gsd-bpw. DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw _ocm-
s‚bpw amb-s‚bpw Ip´n-°mew apX¬ DΩm-®phns‚ hm¿≤Iyw
hsc-bp≈ kw -h-߃ Htc-ÿ-eØv tIµo-I-cn®v Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.
hb-\m-S≥ Pohn-X-amWv CXn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb `qan-I.
F∂m¬, hb-\m- nse ambs‚ PohnXw hb-\m-Sns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn-emWv. IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw IYm-P-\n-Xÿ-ehpw hb-\mSpXs∂-
bmWv. hb-\m- n¬\n∂v lks‚ IÆn-eq-sS -B-hn-jvI-cn-°s∏-Sp∂
\m´nse PohnX-amWv hyXy-kvXamb IYmP\I ˛ P\n-X-ÿ-e-
߃ IS-∂p-h-cp∂ kµ¿`w.
kzmX-¥ym-\-¥-c-ap≈ s]mXp-sX-sc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ÿm-
\m¿∞nbmbn A_vZp-hns‚ cmjvSob ]›m-Øew t\mh-en¬ IS-
∂p-h-cp-∂Xv `uXn-I-amb ImesØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. t]m¿®p-Kokv
ImesØ ASnahyh-ÿn-XnbpsS IY-Iƒ Al-Ω-Zp-Æn-bpsS
NcnXIY-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw uXn-I-amb ImesØ
Ipdn-°p-∂p.
BJym\imkvX-Øn¬ IYm-Imew (Story time), BJym-\-
Imew (Narrative time) F∂n-ßs\ c≠p-Xcw Ime-ß-fp≠v. IY
\S-°p∂ Imehpw IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ Imehpw hyXy-kvX-
amhmw. hmb-\-°m-c≥ A\p- -hn-°p∂ as‰m-cp- Im-ehpw CXn-t\mSv
tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂p. IYm-Im-ehpw BJym-\-Im-ehpw H∂m-bn-am-dp-
∂Xv DΩm-®p-hnepw ImWmw. hnZqc`qX-Im-e-Øns‚ BJym-\-
Ønemcw- n-°p∂ DΩm-®p-hn¬ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-ehpw qX-Im-ehpw CS-
I-e-cp-∂p.
B¥-cnI-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃
_mly-amb uXn-I-Im-e-Øn-\-∏pdw Hcp B¥-cn-I-Imew DΩm-
®p-hn-ep-≠v-. H-cn-°epw Xncn-®p-h-cm-\m-ImØhn[-ap≈ Ime-Øn-s‚
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8989
]hm-l-amWv IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS KXnbpw hn[nbpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-
∂-Xv. B¥-cn-I-Imew ]cn-Wm-a-kz- mhw B¿÷n-°p-∂Xv Ime-Øn-
s‚ Ne-\m-fl-IXzwsIm≠m-Wv. ambs‚ Bfl-lXy A\n-hm-cy-
ambn amdp-∂Xpw Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b¿ apØ—-\mbn "henb Rm\mbn'
cq]m-¥cw ]m]n-°p-∂Xpw Cu Ime-]-bm-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-hp-I-
bm-emWv. ""F√m -kw- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw \nXy-]-›mØew Ime-amWv.
AXn-\m¬ Hcp cl-kysØ ad-®p-]n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ Ime-Øns‚ Hcp
JfisØ ad-®p-]n-Sn-°p-I-bmWv a\p-jy≥ sNøp-∂-Xv. DΩm-®p-hn¬
sIme-]mXIcl-kysØ ][m\IYm-]mX-߃ ad-®p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p.
CXp-hgn `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ Hcp JfisØ ad-®p]nSn°p-I-bmWv
Ah¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv _ocms‚ sIme-]m-XIw apX¬
ambs‚ Bfl-l-Xy-h-sc-bp≈ Imew IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS D≈nse
Ime-ambn Xo¿∂v Hcp Zpc¥`mh-ambn amdp-∂-Xv''11 F∂ hne-bn-cp-
ج DΩm-®p-hnse AZr-iy-Im-e-Øns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wv.
C]-Imcw B¥-cn-Ihpw _mly-hpamb ÿe-Im-e-߃ DΩm-
®p-hns‚ BJym\X¥-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
Un. `mj
`mj-bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-X-bmWv DΩm-®p-hns‚ BJym-\-Øn\v
Bghpw ]pXp-abpw \¬Ip-∂Xv. [z\ym-fl-I-amb `mjbpw _nw_-
I-ev]-\-Ifpw IYm-k-µ¿ -߃°v XohX ]I-cp-∂p. h≈p-h-\m-
S≥ ap…ow`mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw, kmµ-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ,
Kmay-]-tbm-K-ß-fpsS NmcpX, \¿tΩm-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-
I-fp-sSbpw ssien-I-fp-sSbpw DNn-X-amb hn\y-k\w F∂nh DΩm-
®p-hns‚ BJym\khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv. `mj -kr-jvSn-°p∂ A¥-
co£XohX, hyXykvX_nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ, [z\ym-fl-I-amb ]tbm-
K-߃, \¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, kvXo]-£-
`mj F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn®v DΩm-®p-hns‚ BJym-\-ssien A]-
K-Yn-°p-I-bm-WvsN-øp-∂-Xv.
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9090
`mj krjvSn-°p∂ A¥-co-£-Xo-hX
[z\ym-fl-I-amb BJym-\-hp-ambn A¥co£-krjvSn _‘-
s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p. IYm-]m-X-ß-tfmSpw kw`h-ß-tfmSpw _‘-s∏´
]h-N-\-i-‡n-bp≈ Zriy-߃ DΩm-®p-hn¬ Zpc-¥- m-h-ambn IS-
∂p-h-cp-∂p. ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS B¥-cn-I-X-sb°qSn shfn-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ [z\n-]-[m-\-amb `mj-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Ddq-_v- CXv km[n-°p-
∂-Xv. ÿew, Imew, ka-bw, _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´p \n¬°p∂ A¥-co£w Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ IYm-
kw- -h-ß-fpsS Xo£vW-Xbpw cl-kym-fl-I-Xbpw shfn-hm-°p∂p.
Bfl-lXy sNø-m\p-d®v hb-\m- n-se-Øp∂ amb≥ ""t\cw shfpØv
Ct√?'', ""C\n ap∏Xv \mbnI ItøWw Ccp- m-hm≥, At√?''12
F∂v lk-t\mSv tNmZn-°p-∂p. ChnsS amb≥ Xs‚ acW-Øn-te-
°p≈ Ime-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hb-\m-S≥ImSpI-fn-te-
°p≈ k‘ym-k-a-bsØ ambs‚ bmX-bpsS Bhn-jvImcw ÿe-
Im-e-ßfpw ka-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ambs‚ Bfl-l-Xysb kqNn-
∏n-°p∂ A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-∂p. ""DΩm®p Pme-I-Øn-\-Sp-s°-
t∏m-bn-\n-∂p. shfn-bn-te°v t\m°n. a™paq-Snb Ccp v Iq\n-°q-Sn-
bn-cn°pwt]mse. Im´p-s]m-¥-Iƒ Aßn-ßp-\n¬°p-∂p. GXp-\nan-
j-Ønepw Ah aqcn-\n-h¿∂v Hcp \ng¬t]mse \ofw ht®-°mw.''13
Akz-ÿ-amb A¥-co-£-krjvSn ChnsS Zpc-¥-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-
ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. A¥-co£Iev]-\-I-fn-eqsS DΩm-®p-hns‚
Xoh-amb B¥-cnIkw-L¿jw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kµ¿ -ßfpw
DΩm-®phn-ep-≠v. ""]\-º- -I-fn-en-cp∂v aqfn IpWp-ßp∂ aqß-Iƒ
s]-s´∂p ]d∂pt]mIp-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? Zqsc If-Ifw s]mgn-°p∂
\o¿t®me HgpInt∏mIp-∂-sX-¥n-\m-Wv? Nµ≥ NI-hm-f-]-cn-[n-bn-
te°v ]Xps° ]Xps° \oßn-t∏m-Ip-∂sX¥n-\m-Wv? F¥n-\mWv?
F¥n-\mWv?... t]mbm¬ Hcn-°epw Xncn-®p-h-cnt√? amb\pw Xncn-
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9191
®p-h-cnt√? Ahƒ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Hcp IS-∂¬ IptØ-‰-Xp-t]mse
sR´n-t∏mbn?''14 DΩm-®p-hns‚ Bfl-kw-L¿jhpw ambs‚ ac-
Whpw ]IrXnbpambn _‘-s∏´ A¥-co£Iev]-\-I-fn-eqsS
Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]IrXn ]Xn-`m-k-߃ DΩm-®p-hns‚
kwL¿j-ß-fp-sSbpw Xoh-amb at\m-th-Z-\-bp-sSbpw ]Xn-cq-]-
ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
_nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ
[z\n-km-µ-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ DΩm-®p-hn¬ kpe- -amWv.
""Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ hmKvZm-\-am-bn- mWv
hm°p-Iƒ ]nd-°p-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw Ah `mhn-bn-te°v Xpd-∂p-
h® ImXp-I-fm-Wv. mhn-bpsS ]cn-t]-£y-am-bnØo-cm≥ Ign-bmØ
hm°p-Ifpw Iev]-\-Ifpw `mh-\sb sIm√p-Ibpw kuµcy \ne-
]m-Sp-I-fn¬ achn∏v krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.... XnI®pw tIc-fo-
b-amb hm°pw mjbpw Iev]-\-bp-amWv Ddq_v ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv''15
F∂ \nco-£Ww DΩm-®p-hns‚ `mj-bpsS khntijX ]I-S-am-
°p-∂p. "shfpØ No\-ap-fIv',16 "]º-cw-t]m-esØ s]Æv'17
F∂nßs\ Nn∂-Ωp-hns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚
]hrØn-I-fnse NSp-e-Xbpw HmP pw B¿÷-hXzhpamWv hy‡-
am-°p-∂Xv.
kmµo-Ir-X-amb _nw_-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ io¿j-I-߃
DΩm-®p-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv.- Hcp A[ym-bØnse apgp-h≥
A\p- -h-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-
I-fmWv DΩm-®p-hns‚ io¿j-I-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. "]q
\n-d™ apƒs®-Sn', "NpI∂ \nem-hv', "shfpØ No\-ap-fIv', "NnX¬
Xn∂p∂ hmfp-d', "A®p-X-≠p-ap-dn™ h≠n', "sImØn-bm- nb tImgn'
XpS-ßnb io¿j-I-߃ IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw IY-bpsS ][m\
kw -h-ß-sfbpw [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. "NpI∂ \nemhv' F∂ in¿jIw
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9292
[oc-Xbpw IcpØpw ac-Whpw Imahpw Cg-]n-cn™ Pohn-Xkm
∂n[yw [z\n-∏n°p-∂p. DΩm-®p-hn¬ ]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw
Bh¿Øn-°p∂ _nw_-amWv Npgn. Ip‰-t_m[w \nd™ Pohn-
XØn¬\n∂pw a\p-jy\v c£-s]-Sm≥ ]bm-k-am-sW∂v Cu _nw_w
hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv. AS-°n-∏n-Sn® thZ-\-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Npgn-
Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. DΩm-®p-hn-t\mSv H∂pw an≠m-\m-hmsX \ni-
_vZ-\m-Ip∂ A_vZphns‚ a\- ns‚ hmMvabw C]ImcamWv :
"]X-™p-s]m-¥p∂ hm°p-Iƒ N¶n¬ h∂p IpØn-a-dn™v
Iogvt]m- p-Xs∂ Xmgv∂v Xmgv∂v t]mIp-∂p.''18 ""L\-Kw- o-c-amb
B ]m v \nem-hp-ambn IqSn-°e¿∂v B h≥Im-Sns‚ lrZ-b-Øn-
te°v Bgv∂m-gv∂p-t]m-bn,''19 ""IÆp\o-cn-te°v Bgv∂mgv∂v
t]mIp∂ Hcp ]p©n-cn-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p ]]©w.''20 XpS-ßnb
Iev]-\-I-fn¬ "Bgv∂mgv∂p t]mhpI' F∂ ]Z]tbmKw Npgn-
bpsS km∂n[yw [z\n∏n°p-∂p.
""Pme-I-Øn-\p-≈n-eqsS, ]g-In- \n-dw-sI´ hmf-eIpt]mse,
Hcp aßnb \nemhv IS∂ph∂v B Ip´n-bpsS tZl-Øn¬ Hcp
\ng¬ ]c-Øp-∂p≠v''21 F∂ h¿Æ-\-bn¬ "hmf-e-Ipt]mse
\nemhv' F∂ ]tbmKw hcm≥ t]mIp∂ sIme-]m-XIsØ i‡-
ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""]mºn-gbpw t]mse Np‰n-∏n-Sn-°p∂ _ocms‚
ssIIsf''22 Ipdn®pw ""\nem-hvt]mse'' F∂v ambs\°pdn®pw
t\mh-en¬ Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. ""Pme-I-Øn-eqsS \nemhv X≈n-
Øpd∂ph∂v AØ-dns‚ aW-tØmSv IqSn-t®¿∂v ebn-°p-I-bm-
Wv.''23 ChnsS DΩm-®p-hns‚ ssewKn-I-Xbpw amb-t\m-Sp≈ ]W-
bhpw [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. \nemhv ChnsS ]W-b-_nw-_-amWv. Im´p-
t]m-Øns‚ Icp-Øp≈ ]pcp-js\ Imw£n-°p∂ DΩm-®p-hn\v ]mºv
t]mse Cg-bp∂ _ocms‚ Ic-kv]¿iw ChnsS Atcm-N-I-am-Ip-∂p.
as‰m-cm-fpsS `mcy-bm-bn-cp-∂n´pw DΩm-®p-hns‚ a\- n¬ \nem-
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9393
hpt]mse DZn-®p-\n-∂Xv amb-\m-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ \nemhv ChnsS ]W-
b-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-Wv.
_ocm-\p-am-bp≈ hnhm-l-tijw ambs\ I≠p-ap- p-tºm-gp≈
DΩm-®p-hns‚ Ahÿ _nw_m-fl-I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.
""apºn¬ Idp-I-∏p-√p-sI- n-Øq-°nb Hcp Ie-am≥h≠nt]mse-bm-
bn-cp∂p Ah-fpsS lrZbw. ap≈p-≈ -I-Sn-™m¨ am\p-I-fpsS tImd-
hm-bp-Iƒ Iodp-∂p≠v. F∂n´pw apºn¬ BSn-°-fn-°p∂ Idp-I-
°q-ºp-Iƒ Ahsb HmSn-°p-I- X-s∂-bmWv.''24 Ip‰-t_m-[-Øns‚
t]md-ep-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-tºmgpw kvt\l-Po-hnXw apt∂m-
´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\p≈ A`n-em-j-amWv ChnsS ]Xn-[z-\n-°p-∂-Xv.
""sh≈-b-Sn-®n´pw t]mIm-Ø -Nne Icnw-Np-h-s∏-gp∂ Id-Iƒ Nph-
cn¬\n∂pw angn-®p-t\m-°p-∂Xv B Zº-Xn-Iƒ I≠n-√.''25
ambs‚bpw DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw `mhn-Im-ehpw `qX-Im-ehpw Cu
hcnIfn¬ [z\n-°p∂p
h¿Æ-\-I-fnse [z\n-km-µX
DΩm®p kvXotI-µn-X-amb t\mh-em-b-Xn-\m¬ kvXoh¿Æ-
\-Iƒ°pw khn-ti-j-amb ]k-‡n-bp≠v. DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw Nn∂-
Ωp-hn-s‚bpw _mly-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kz`m-h-Øn-te-°p≈
kqN-\-Iƒ IqSn-bmWv . kmam-\y-amb kvXoNnXW-ß-fn¬\n∂v
hyXykvX-amb Ah-X-c-W-amWv DΩm-®p-hn¬. ""ImXn¬ kz¿Æ-Nn-
‰p-Iƒ, X°-Iƒ, Igp-Øn¬ s]m≥]-≠-߃, Iøn≥ta¬ Inep
ßp∂ s]m≥]-≠-ßfpw Ip∏n-h-f-Ifpw CS-I-e¿∂p i_vZn-°p-∂p.
Ac-bn¬ At\Iw sImØp-]-Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb hoXn-bp≈ Ac-
™m-dv, s]mt∂-e- p-Iƒ, aÆ-Æ-Ø-∏p-Iƒ Ib-‰nb I -h-≠n-t]m-
se DΩm®p A\ßnbm¬ i_vZ-am-bn. Ivenw... ]venw.... Ivenw... ]venw....
]f-]-fm-b-\-amb Im®n, tZl-Øn¬ CdpIn tZl-Øns‚ BIrXn
apgp-h≥ FSp-Øp-Im-´p∂ Ip∏m-bw, Ik-hp-h® ]´p-X-´≥ ˛
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9494
Aßs\sbm∂v, Iøn¬ abn-em-©n, IÆn¬ kpdp-a, Ahƒ \S-
°p∂ hgn-I-fn-se√mw AØ-dns‚ ]cn-afw s]mgn-bp-∂p. Hcp
sImgpØ hk-¥-Imew IS-∂p t]mhpI-bm-Wv.''26 DΩm-®p-hns‚
kuµ-cyhpw Xt‚-Shpw HmPkpw IqSn-t®¿∂v mj ChnsS Ne-\m-
fl-I-am-hp-Ibpw Zriy-]-XoXn krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
bu∆-\-Øn-te°v Imeq-∂p∂ Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ NnXw IYm-
]mXkz`mhw hyRvPn-∏n-°p∂p. ""IdpØpan\pØ sI´n-sem-Xp-
ßmØ Xe-ap-Sn,- D-cp≠ Ihn-fp-I-fn¬ hmSmØ ]pecnØpSp-∏p-
Iƒ, ]]-©-hp-ambn ]S-sh-´p∂ IÆp-Iƒ, \n¬°-s∏m-dp-Xn-bn-
√mØ XpSpØ Ime-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Ahƒ Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hcp \nd-I-Xn-
cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ne\w, Ne\w, k¿∆X Ne\w AXm-bn-cp∂p Nn∂-
Ωp.''27 Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ NSp-e-Xbpw, kuµcyhpw hy‡-am-°p∂
h¿Æ-\-bm-WnXv.
\¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ
`mj-bpsS emfnXyw \nesIm≈p∂Xv Kmao-W-ß-fmb ]Z-
]-tbm-K-ß-fn-em-Wv. ""\mS≥ samgn-Ifpw IS-¶-Y-Ifpw tN¿∂p-
\n¬°p∂ kw`m-jWhpw `mjm-L-S-\bpw Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-
fn-ep≠v. F√m-hn[ kwL¿j-ßfpw BÀm-Z-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-I-X-
tbmsS ImWmw. ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ hnip-≤nbpw `qX-Im-e-Øns‚
HmPkpw B `mjbv°pw ssien°pap≠v. ap…ow`mj Ddq-_n\v
hi-aWv. _jo¿ t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS ap…owPohnXw sIm≠p-h-∂-
t∏mƒ Ddq_v ap…ow`mjsb anI® kmln-Xy- m-j-bm-°n- am-‰n. ae-
_m-dns‚ kwkvIm-c-߃ ebn-®p-tN¿∂ B mjsb kmln-Xy- m-
j-bm-°n-b-Xn¬ Ddq-_ns‚ ]¶v _jo-dns\°mƒ hep-Xm-Wv''28 F∂
\nco-£Ww DΩm-®p-hnse mjm-em-fn-Xyhpw i‡nbpw h≈p-h-\m-
S≥ ap…ow`mj-bpsS X\n-abpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
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9595
""RΩsS D≈nev Cßs\ Hcp lem-°ns‚ siSn ]S-t®m≥
\ nt√''29 F∂v DΩm®p amb-t\m-Sp≈ ]W-bsØ hnNn-¥\w sNøp-∂p.
""Hmev I√n-e-Sn® ]qt°m-es‚ tNen°v sNI-dp-∂Xv ImWWw''30
F∂mWv `mKwsh°-ens\Ipdn®v DΩm®p ]dbp-∂-Xv. ""a°fow
amºqw I≠v aZn-°-cp-Xv. Hcp Imdv _∂m¬ b≠pw t]mbn'',31 ""ssI
\-\-bmsX ao≥]n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bn√''32 F∂n-ßs\ \m´p-sam-gn-I-
fpsS hn\y-k\w DΩm-®p-hn¬ ImWmw.
kvXo]£- mj
kvssXWssewKn-IX Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ddq-_ns‚
`mj hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv DΩm-®p-hn¬ ImWmw. ""ambs‚
]m v sNhn-bn¬ apg-ßp-tºmƒ B L\-Kw- o-c-kzcw D≈n¬°n-
S∂v Hmfw sh´n-b-t∏mƒ Ah-fpsS Rc-ºp-Iƒ kPo-h-ß-fm-bn.
Bth-i-I-c-amb Ft¥m H∂v ico-c-Øn-emsI Dufn-bn- p-I-fn-°p-I-
bm-Wv.''33 F∂n-ßs\ DΩm-®p-hns‚ amb-t\m-Sp≈ ssewKn-Im-
I¿jWw Zriy- m-j-bmbn amdp-∂p. C]-Imcw kvXobpsS Nn¥bpw
a\ pw I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ BJy-\-Øn-eqsS kvXo]-£- m-j-bpsS
i‡n Ddq_v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
ae-_m-dns‚ kmaqlnIcm-jvSo-b-`q-anI ASn-ÿm-\-ambn
kzoI-cn-°p-tºmgpw DΩm®p F∂ ap…owbph-Xn-bpsS B¥-cnI-
kwL¿j-ß-fpsS \q¬]m-e-Øn-eqsS apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip∂ BJym\-
I-aamWv DΩm-®p-hns‚ hyXy-kvXX. ""a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚ hnIn-b-I-
f-dn-bm≥ G‰hpw ]‰n-b-ÿew tImS-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv Fs‚
hnizmkw.... DΩm-®p-hns‚ IYm-_o-Phpw tImS-Xn-bn¬\n-∂mWv
F\n°v In´n-b-Xv''34 F∂v DΩm-®p-hns‚ IYm-_o-P-sØ-°p-dn®v
Ddq_v ]d-bp-∂p. tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂p e`n® IYm-_o-PsØ ]mtZ-
in-I-km-ap-Zm-bn-I-am-\-߃s°m∏w km¿∆-Im-en-I-]-k-‡n-bp≈ Hcp
]W-b-I-Y-bm-bn, kwL¿j-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ kvXoa-\- ns‚ Bg-
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9696
°-b-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ bmX-bmbn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-XmWv DΩm-®p.-
kvXosb-°p-dn®v \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-k-¶¬∏-ßsf Xncp-Øn-°p-
dn-°m≥, kvXobpsS hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-°m- m≥ DΩm®p F∂
io¿j-I-Øn-eqsS Ddq-_n\v km[n-°p-∂p.- Hcp ap…owkvXobpsS
kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°-∏pdw \n∂p-
sIm≠v kz¥-ambn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m\pw Xt‚-S-tØmsS Pohn-
°m\pw PmXn-a-X-Nn-¥-Iƒ°Xo-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-°m\pw Ignbpw
hn[w DΩm®p F∂ kvXoXz-Øns‚ i‡n-sbbpw \nk¿§-hm-k-
\-I-sfbpw Icp-Øp-‰ -co-Xn-bn¬ A∂sØ kmaqlnIkml-N-cy-
ß-fn¬ krjvSn-s®-SpØ DΩm-®p-hns‚ BJym-\-X¥w Ddq-_ns‚
kmln-Xym-h-t_m-[-sØbpw PohnXZ¿i-\-sØbpw tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.
2 kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c∑mcpw
`mcX-Øns‚ tZio-b-N-cn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n kw -
h-ß-fn-eqsS Cg-]n-cn-bp∂ _rl-Xvt\m-h-emWv kpµ-cnIfpw kpµ-
c≥am-cpw. ""Hscm-‰- kw- -h-sØ-t]mepw Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-߃
hnNm-cW sNøm-Xn-cn°p-∂n-√. h¿§o-b-kw-L¿j-am-I-s´,
tZiobkzmX¥y]t£m- -am-Is´, sXmgn¬k-a-c-am-I-s´, aXw-am-‰-
am-Is´ ˛ Imew a\p-jy-\p-ta¬ hn[n -\-S-Øp-∂p-sh∂ ]c-º-cm-K-
X-[m-c-Wbv-°p -]-Icw a\p-jy≥ Ime-Øn-\p-ta¬ hn[n \-S-Øp-∂p-
sh∂ ]pXnb bmYm¿∞yw Xß-fpsS PohnXwsIm≠v Ah¿ sXfn-
bn-°p-∂p. Cu Ncn-X-t_m-[-amWv Ddq-_ns\ ae-_m-dns‚ aq∂p
Zi-I-ß-fpsS ]p\:krjvSn°p t]cn-∏n-®-sX∂v Cu t\mh¬ hy‡-
am-°p-∂p≠.v''35 Cu hne-bn-cp-ج kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw
F∂- IrXnbpsS CXn-hr-Øw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-I-fpsS Pohn-
X-kw- -h-ß-fpsS ]›m-Øew D]-bp-‡-am°n kmaq-lnI ]cn-tXm-
h-ÿ-I-fpsS A¥-co£w kPo-h-am-°n- am-‰n-s°m≠v hy‡y-\p- -h-
ß-fn-te°v tIµo-I-cn-°p∂ BJym-\-X-¥-amWv Cu t\mh-en-t‚Xv.
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9797
t\mh-ense IYm-tc-J C]-Imcw A]KYn°mw.
][m\IYm-tcJ
Ip©p-°p- nbpw cma≥am-Ãdpw XΩn-ep≈ ]p\xkamKaw
hniz-Øns‚ P\-\hpw Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS ac-Whpw
hniz-Øn-s‚bpw cma≥am-Ã-dpsS a°-fp-sSbpw _meyw
hoSp-hn- n-d-ßnb hnizw e£v-an-°p- n-bpsS ho´n¬ Xma-k-am-
°p∂p
im¥bpw hnizhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]Wbw
im¥-bpsS hnhm-lhpw hniz-Øns‚ ]em-b-\hpw
cma≥am-Ã-dpsS acWw
cm[bpw Ip™n-cm-a\pw XΩn-ep≈ ASp∏w
Ip™n-cm-a-s\-tØSn \K-c-Øn-se-Øp∂ cm[-bp-sSbpw
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-s‚bpw PohnXw
Im¿Øn-tI-b-s‚ mcy-bm-bn -am-dnb im¥-bp-am-bn- hnizØns‚
I≠p-ap- ¬
Ip™n-cm-as‚ hnπ-h-]-ÿm-\hpw ]´m-f-Øn¬ tNcepw cm[-
bpsS ImØn-cn∏pw
Ip™n-cm-as‚ acWw
kpsse-am≥, hnizw Xs‚ aI-\m-sW∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
Hcp-an®p Pohn-°m-\p≈ hniz-Øn-s‚bpw cm[-bp-sSbpw Xocp-
am\w
D]-I-Ym-tc-J
cma≥am-Ãdpw Ip©p-°p- n-bp-am-bp≈ ]Wbw
cma≥ amÃdpw `m¿§-hn-b-Ω-bpsS AΩm-h-\p-am-bp≈ Ie-
lhpw thep-Ωms‚ A\-¥-c-Po-hn-Xhpw
tKm]n-°p-dp∏pw e£van-°p- nbpw XΩn-ep≈ ASp∏w
Ccp-º≥ tKmhn-µ≥\mbcpw Ip©p-°p-´nbpw XΩn-ep≈
ASp∏w
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9898
am∏nf°em]w
c≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-߃
Ip™n-cm-as‚ hnπh]cn-i-a-߃
kpsse-am\pw JZo-Pbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
im¥-bp-sSbpw Im¿Øn-tI-b-s‚bpw ZmºXyw
hyh-km-bn-bmb Im¿Øn-tI-bs‚ mIvS-dn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´
]iv\-߃
IrjvW≥\-ºn-Sn-bp-sSbpw AΩm-fp-hΩ-bp-sSbpw PohnXw
IY-bn¬\n∂v ]mT-Øn-te°v
ta¬]-d™ IYm-tc-J-sb kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂-
t\m-h-en¬ ]mT-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃, ho£W
tIµo-I-cWw, ÿe-ImeI¬]-\-Iƒ, `mjmssien XpS-ßn-bh
]T-\m¿l-am-Wv.
F. IYm-]m-Xkr„n
t\mh-en-Ãns‚ ]Xy-£m-\p- -h-ß-fn¬\nt∂m `mh-\m-fl-I-
X-bn¬\nt∂m IYm-]m-X-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-hcpw
amXr-I-I-fp-amb IYm-]m-X-߃ Cu Dƒt]-c-W-bpsS ^e-ambn
krjvSn°s∏-Sp-∂p. temI-N-cn-X-Ønse i‡-cmb F√m- I-
Ym]mXßfpw Cu c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Dƒt]-c-W-bpsS krjvSn-I-
fm-Wv. IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS hnNn-X- s]-cp-am-‰-ßfpw kwkm-cw, -]-
hrØn, cq]w F∂n-h-bn-eqsS shfn-hm-°-s∏-Sp∂ ioe-ßfpsa√mw
\Ωƒ hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√. IYm-]mXioe-߃ i‡-ambn A\p-hm-
N-Is‚ a\- n¬ ]Xn-bp-∂Xv BJym-\-Øns‚ i‡n-bm-Wv. BJym-
\-I-e-bn-eqsS A\p-hm-N-I≥ IYm-]m-X-Øn¬ apgp-Ip-∂p. AbmtfmSv
kl-X-]n-°p-∂p, Abmsf kvt\ln-°p-∂p.''36 IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu \nco-£Ww kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂
t\mh-ep-ambpw tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂p.
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9999
aq∂p Xe-ap-d-bpsS IY-]-d-bp∂ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw
_rlXvt\mh--em-Wv. CXn¬ tIµ-I-Ym-]m-X-sa∂ k¶¬∏-
Øn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Xpey-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ \nc-h[n IYm-
]m-X-߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. n∂PmXnaXhn`m-K-Øn¬s∏- , n∂-amb
kmaq-lnIkmº-ØnI Ah-ÿIsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂,
`n∂Pohn-X-coXn ]pe¿Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ F√mw ]m[m-\y-
tØmsS ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ÿq-ehpw k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb kz`m-
h߃ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS PohnXsshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw sshcp-
≤y-ß-sfbpw Cu IYm-]m-X-߃ tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]W-b-Øn-\pw ]W-bn-°p-a-∏pdw Pohn-X-Øns‚ bmYm¿∞yw
sXm -dn-bp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv hnizw. ]tabhnIm-k-Øn\v Cu IYm-
]m-X-Øns‚ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ DX-Ip-∂p.- I-ev]nXIYm-]m-
X-߃ (Figural character) F∂ KW-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ IYm-]m-
X-amWv hnizw. ""h¿§-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kwL- \w, P∑n-Xz-Øns‚
Nqj-Ww, \nkzm¿∞-amb kvt\l-Øns‚ thZ\ \nd™ XymKw,
\jvS-s∏´ ]nXrXzw Ch-sb-√m-amWv hniz-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-
Ønep≈-Xv.''37 im¥-tbm-Sp≈ ]Wbw tZzj-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\-X-bn¬ Xpd∂ a\-t msS
temIsØ t\m°n°m-Wm\pw kvt\ln-°m\pw hniz-Øn\p Ign-
bp-∂p. -_m-ey-Øn¬ Ifn-°q- p-Imcnbmbn-cp-∂, Xs∂-°mƒ ]mbw
IqSnb cm[-tbm-sSm∏w im¥-amb PohnXw \bn-°m-sa∂v Abmƒ°v
ip -]-Xo-£-bp-≠v.- hn-iz-Øns‚ sshb-‡n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw
cmjvSo-b-hp-amb PohnXw A\p- hXoh-X-bm¬ ]mI-X-bm¿÷n°p-
Ibpw k¶o¿Ækz`m-h-X-e-Øn-te°v Db-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
sNdp∏w apX¬ hnizsØ kvt\ln® im¥ kz¥-amb Xocp-
am-\-ßfpw A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw D≈ IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. thj-hn-[m-\-
ßfpw kw`m-jWhpw it≤-b-am-Ip∂ CØcw IYm-]m-X-ßsf
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100100
kqNnX (Implicit)IYm-]m-X-ß-sf∂pw hnfn°mw. Iem-lr-Z-bhpw
sshIm-cnI]¶m-fn-Øhpw BKln® im¥bv°v hyh-km-bn-bmb
Im¿Øn-tI-b-t\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kt¥mjw
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. ""]d-°p∂ Hcm-hn-b-¥-Øn¬ Ccn-°-W-
sa-∂mWv Ahƒ°v. ]t£, \∂mbn Ae-¶-cn® Hcp Imf-h-≠n-bn-
emWv Ib-dn-b-Xv ˛ XWp-Øp-d™ A¥-co-£-Øn-eqsS Cg-™p-
\o-ßp∂ Hcp Imf-h≠n''38 F∂v im¥-bpsS PohnXw \nco-£n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p. Im¿-Øn-tI-bs‚ CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃s°mØv Pohn-°m≥
Ign-bmØ im¥-bn¬ hniz-tØm-Sp-≈ -kvt\lw ITn-\-amb shdp-
∏mbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. Cu shdp∏v AΩ-bn-te°pw ¿Øm-hn-te°pw
hf-cp-∂p. hnizØns‚ im¥hpw ]Izhp-amb s]cp-am-‰-amWv im¥-
bnse kzbw]oU-\hpw shdp-∏pw- i-an-∏n°p∂Xv. kz¥-amb Xocp-
am-\-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°p-Ibpw Imap-In-bmbpw `mcy-bmbpw hnhn-
[-L- -ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ im¥ k¶o¿Æ-kz-
`m-hsØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p. kvssXW-cXnsb°p-dn-®p≈ hyXy-
kvX-amb Nne ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ im¥-sb∂ kqNn-X-I-Ym-]m-X-Øn-
eqsS Ddq_v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]W-bn® ]pcp-j-t\m-Sp≈ hnImcw \io-I-c-W-hm-k-\-tbmfw
FØp∂ im¥-bpsS ]W-b-Øn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amWv \ni-
_vZ-am-bn, kvt\ln-®- ]p-cp-js\ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ cm[. Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-
\ofw ]pe¿Øp∂ _‘-ß-fn¬ Bflm¿∞-Xbpw Bghpw kq£n-
°p∂ cm[ hnizmky(Confidant)IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS tiWn-bn¬
s]Sp-∂p. Xs‚ GIc£m-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂ Ip™n-cm-as‚ ac-W-
ti-jhpw cm[ Bscbpw shdp-°msX Pohn-°p-∂p. ""Ipd-hp-≈-h-
cmWv a\p-jy-scms°. Ipd-hp-t≈-S-Øp-IqsS t\m°p-tºmƒ Ipd-th -
Im-Wq, \nd-hp-t≈-S-Øp-IqsS t\m°p-tºmƒ \nd-hpw''39 -F∂
a\pjyPohn-XsØ kw_-‘n® bmYm¿∞ym-[n-jvTn-X-amb ImgvN-
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101101
∏mSmWv cm[ apt∂m- p-h°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ AP-
ø-amb t]c-W-bn¬ hnizsØ hnhmlw Ign-°m-sa∂ Xocp-am-\-
Øn-te°v FØm≥ cm[°v Ign-bp-∂p. hniz-tØmSv ASp-Øn-S-]-g-
Ip∂ hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ hnizmkyIYm-]m-X-amWv cm[. ""HSp-
ßmØ thZ-\-Ifpw Hm¿°m-\n-jvS-s∏-SmØ Hm¿Ω-Ifpw sImSp-
Øm¬ aS-°n-Ø-cmØ lrZ-b-ßfpw F√m-an-cp-∂mepw ]ns∂bpw
PohnXw FX at\m-l-c-amWv''40 F∂v cm[ Nn¥n-°p∂p. cm[-
bpsS hy‡n-Xz-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw ]hrØn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Adn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬
Bfl-I-Ym -]m - X -Øns‚ (Self characterisation or Auto
characterisation) khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw IqSn-t®¿∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv
cm[.
kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±-Øm¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]cp-°≥
bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfmSv FXn-cn v Pohn-t°-≠n-h-cp-tºmgpw A`n-am\
t_m[-tØmsS \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv cma≥ amÿ.
Xs‚ s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eq-sSbpw kw`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw PohnX
kwL¿j-ß-fn¬ ]pe¿Øp∂ [m¿jvSywsIm≠pw cma≥ amÿ
kqNnX (Implicit) IYm-]m-X-ambn Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ip©p-°p-
´n-bp-am-bp≈ ]Wbw Akm-[y-am-Ip-tºmƒ Abmƒ hnhm-ln-X-
\mbn A`n-am-\-t_m-[-tØmsS Ign-bp-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS NXn-
bn¬s∏´v k¿∆Xpw \in-°p∂ cma≥amÿ°v aqey-ß-fn-ep≈
hnizmkw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""]m]-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]pWy-sØ-∏-‰nbpw
Rm≥ \n߃°v FºmSpw hnUvVnØw ]d™p X∂n-´p-≠v.
AsXms° ad-°Ww. AsXms° \pW-bm-Wv. I°mw, Bcpw I≠p-
]n-Sn-°msX kq£n-°-Ww. \pW-]-dbmw, B \pW s]mfn-b-cpXv.
\n\-°p-tXm-∂n-b-sXms° sNømw. ]t£ \ns∂ ]nSn-In- -cp-Xv''41
F∂p-]-tZ-in-°p∂ amÃdn¬ XI¿∂ a\p-jys‚ kl-Xm-]m¿l-
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102102
amb Ah-ÿ-bp-≠v. hgn-h-°n¬ I≠p-ap- p∂ K¿`n-Wn-bmb ]q¿∆-
Ime ]W-bn-\nsb ho´n¬ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ ss[cyhpw
IcpØpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw ]pe¿Ønb BfmWv cma≥am-ÿ. Ip©p-
°p- n-bΩ acn-®-t∏mƒ A\m-Y-\mb hniz-sØ -t]m-‰p-hm≥ k∑-\-
p ImWn® cma≥am-ÿ k¶o¿Ækz`m-h-ap≈ IYm-]m-X-am-Wv.
t\mh-ense ]pcpjIYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ G-‰hpw A[nIw am\-
knI kwL¿jw A\p- -hn-°p-∂Xv Ccp-º≥ tKmhn-µ≥\m-b-sc∂
kpsse-am-\m-Wv. h¿§o-b-I-em-]-Øns‚ Cc-bmbn, Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS
]tW-Xm-hm-bn, JZo-P-bpsS ¿Øm-hmbn, hniz-Øns‚ A—-\mbn
cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp∂ i‡-\mb ]pcp-j-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv At±-lw. ""Ddq-
_n\pw dnbm-en-‰n-bpsS hym]vXn aWvUew Hcp ]iv\w Xs∂-bm-
bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ NcnXbmYm¿∞yw amX-a-√,
a\ximkvX]c-amb bmYm¿∞yhpw Bflob bmYm¿∞y-hpw,
kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb ]ncn-ap-dp-°-ßfpw Ds≠∂v At±-l-Øn\v Adn-
bm-am-bn-cp-∂p... Xßsf apgp-h-\mbn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-
߃ bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-
∂p.''42 AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ip‰-t_m-[-Øn-eqsS ]hn-X-ambn
PohnXkm^eyw t\Sm≥ kpsse-am\v Ign-bp-∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚
amdn-h-cp∂ ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-Iƒs°m∏w Ncn-°p∂ kpsse-am≥ Bg-
ap≈ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-IƒsIm≠v k¶o¿ÆIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS
\nc-bn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-∂p. kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]hrØn-I-fn-eq-
sSbpw kwkm-c-Øn¬ Iq-Snbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ccp-º≥
tKmhn-µ≥\mb¿ F∂ kpsseam≥ Bfl-I-Ym-]mX-h¬°-c-W-
Øns‚ (Self characterisation/Auto characterisation) ]tXy-I-X-
Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Bfl-\n-jvT-Xbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xn\m-
emWv kzbw Nn¥n-°m\pw aqey-߃°-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m\pw Xøm-
dm-hp-∂Xv
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103103
]pXnb hymh-km-bn-I-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-I-a-ß-fp-
sSbpw ]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Im¿Øn-tI-b≥. Im¿Øn-tI-b\v mcy Hcp
BVw-_-c-hkvXp amX-am-Wv. mcy-bpsS a\- -dn-bm≥ Abmfnse
]pcp-j\v Ign-bp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ im¥-bpsS _mly-]-I-
S-\-߃ Abmƒ kvt\l-sa∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. ""ÿqe-I-Ym-]m-
X-߃ F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ CØcw IYm-]m-X-߃ IYm-K-Xn-
bn¬ Hcn-°epw hf¿® ]m]n-°p-∂n-√. Ah¿°v cN-bn-Xmhv
]tXyI KpW-ß-sfm∂pw I¬∏n-®p-\¬Ip-∂p-an-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ Ah-scbpw hmb-\°m¿ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Hm¿Øn-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNøpw''43 F∂ jvtemanXv dna≥ sI\ms‚ \nco-£Ww Im¿Øn-
tI-b≥ F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ krjvSnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. im¥-
bpsS [m¿jvSy-Øn\pw kuµ-cy-Øn\pw NSp-eXbv°pw hncp≤ambn
Im¿Øn-tI-bs‚ Icp-Øn-√m-bva-bp-≠v. im¥-bpsS hy‡nXzw FSp-
Øp-Im- m≥ Im¿Øn-tI-b-s‚ hy‡nXzw D]-bp-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬
sshcp-≤ym-flIIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS (foil character) KW-Øn¬
Im¿Øn-tI-bs\ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.
""Ddq-_ns‚ i‡cm-b- I-Ym-]m-X-߃ Pohn-X-Øns‚ EPp-
hmb am¿§w shSn™v ap≈p-Iƒ \nd™ hgn-Iƒ sXsc-s™-Sp-
Øn- p-≠v. acWw F√m-h-cpsS apºnepw ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ ae¿s° Xpd-
∂n- p-≠v. Bcpw AXv I≠p-sh∂v \Sn-°mt\m AXn-\-Sp-tØ°v
t]mImt\m C„s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-t∂-bp-≈p. ac-W-Øn-te-°p-≈Xv H‰-
b-Sn-∏m-X-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-Øn-te-°p-≈-hgn hf-hp-Xn-cn-™Xpw apƒ\n-
d-™-Xp-amWv.''44 hnizhpw tKmhn-µ≥\m-bcpw ac-W-sØ- ]n≥Xp-
S¿∂p-sh-¶nepw ]n∂oSv Pohn-XsØ kvt\ln-°m≥ Ah¿°p-I-gn-
bp-∂p. Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-bn¬ sX‰v/icn Chsb kw_-
‘n® s]mXp-k-¶¬]-߃ am\-Z-WvU-am-Ip-∂n-√. kaqlw ap≥Iq´n
\n›-bn® hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb sX‰n-te°v Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-߃
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104104
FØn-s∏-Sp∂ Pohn-X-m-h-ÿ-I-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah¿ \nµy-cm-Ip-
∂n-√. a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb sX‰pIfpw am\-knIm]-K-Y-\hpw a\p-
jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-Ifpw IqSn-t®¿∂v hmb-\-°m¿ kr-
jvSn-°p∂ Hcp BJym-\-X-e-amWv CXn-\p- Im-c-Ww. t\mh-enÃv
krjvSn-°p∂ BJym-\-X-e-Øn-\-∏pdw kzPo-hn-X-k-µ¿ -ßfpw ]cn-
tXm-h-ÿIfpw DƒIm-gvN-Ifpw tN¿Øp-hbv-°p-∂- BJym\X-ew-
sIm-≠mWv CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
_n. tIµo-I-cWw
hyXykvX BJym-Xm-°-fn-eqsS IY-Ifpw D]-I-Y-Ifpw IS-
∂p-h-cp∂ IY-\-co-Xn-bmWv kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂ t\mh-
en-t‚Xv. cma≥am-ÿ, Ip©p-°p- n-b-Ω, im¥, cm[, hnizw XpSßn
\nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ho£Ww t\mh-en¬ ImWmw. ho£-
W-ß-fpsS ka\z-bhpw hyXn-bm-\hpw bYm-hn[n kzoIcn°p∂-Xn-
\memWv Cu t\mh¬ hmb-\-°m-cpsS Bfl-kw-L¿j-ambn ]cn-
W-an-°p-∂-Xv.
KŸ-Imcm-Jy-\hpw BJym-\-X-em-Jym-\hpw Cu t\mh-en¬
kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. BJy-m\-X-em-Jy-m\-Øn-eqsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS
A¥x-kw-L¿j-ß-ƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. ""\o AsXm∂pw
Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°-b-mWv \√Xv'' ""sl¥m-bmepw C°-dn-tbt≠? Rm\v..''
""Ic-bm-sX, \ns‚ KpW-Øn-\v th-≠n-bmWv Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. \o
tIƒt°≠'' ""tIƒ°Ww Xq°n-sIm-√p∂ Imcym-bmepw kcn''
Abmƒ Ccn-∏n¬\n∂pw Fgp-t∂-‰p... Cu Agn-\o-°-tem-Sp-IqSn
Xms\¥mhpw? tXmWn Agn-ap-J-tØ°v IpXn-°p-I-bmWv, A -l-
kn®p NmSn-°p-Xn-°p∂ Xnc-am-e -Im-Wmw. acWw t\cn- p-h-cp-∂Xp
ImWp-I-bm-Wv. kpsse-ams‚ IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw CtXmsS acn-
°mw.''45 IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ At_m-[]q¿∆-amb B¥-tcm-
t±iyßsf shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw KŸ-Im-cm-Jym-\(Authorial Narra-
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105105
tion)-Øn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Pohn-XsØ hne-bn-cp-
Øm\pw A`n-]m-b-]-I-S-\-߃ \S-Øm\pw cN-bn-Xm-hn\v ChnsS
kzmX¥yw e`n-°p-∂p.
Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Dƒ°m-gvNIfpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Ifpw
hn[n-ssh-]coXy-ßfpw A\p-hm-N-I-¿°v ]I¿∂p-\¬Im-\p-X-Ip∂
IYm-]m-X-ßfpw IYm-k-µ¿`-ßfpw amX-a√ ho£-Whpw
]m[m\yw t\Sp∂p. Hcp BJym-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ
Bhn-jvIr-X-amb kw -h-ßfpsS t\¿°p≈ \ΩpsS ]Xn-I-c-Whpw
\mw kw -h-߃ a\- n-em-°p∂ coXnbpw \nb-¥n-°m≥ ho£-
W-tIm-Wp-I-fpsS icn-bmb hn\yk\-Øn-eqsS KŸ-Im-c\pkm[n-
°pw.''46 hyXykvX tIµo-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ka\zb-Øn-eqsS hy‡n-
Po-hnXkwL¿jw A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-∂p.
kn. ÿe-Im-e-߃
NcnX-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvI-mcn-I-hp-w tZio-b-hp-
amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ t\mh-ens‚ qan-I-bmbn IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. ""ÿe-
Im-enIw BJym-\-kw- -h-ß-fpsS ImesØ ÿe-Øn¬ km£m-
XvI-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kaq¿Ø Bhn-jvImcam-Ip-∂p.''47 kpµ-cn-Ifpw
kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂ t\mh-ense IYm-]mX-krjvSn ÿe-Im-e-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p.
Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃ hy‡n-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm
hy‡n- kw- -h-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNømw. Ddq-
_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn-¬ kw -h-߃ hy‡n-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-
am-Ip-∂p. A\y-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ a\p-jys‚ ho£-W-Øn-eqsS Ncn-
X-kw- -h-߃ Ah-Xo¿Æ-am-Ip-tºmƒ, Ah sshb-‡nIm\p- hw
]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.
`uXn-I-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃
Cu t\mh-en¬ ]e-t∏mgpw IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw IYm-P-\n-
X-ÿepw H∂m-bn- am-dp-tºmgpw Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ hyXy-
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106106
kvX-amb ]tZ-iØv \S∂ kw -h-ßsf as‰mcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬
Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ kµ¿ -ßfpw Zriy-am-Wv. CØcw kµ¿ -ßsf
BJy-m\-cq-]-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ hfsc A¿∞-]q¿Æ-ambn Bhn-
jvI-cn-°m≥ Ddq-_n\v km[n-°p-∂p.
Jnem- Øv ]ÿm-\w, kzmX-¥y-k-a-cw, c≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-
bp-≤w XpS-ßnb Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃ ae-_m-dns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
hy‡y-\p- -h-X-e-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂p. ""GXp-Im-e-L-
-Ønsebpw kmln-Xy-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ B Ime-L- -Ønse PohnXw
F¥m-bn-cp-∂pthm, AXns\ AXm-°n-b, ]q¿Æ-am-°n-b, kwtbm-
Pn-X-i-‡n-Iƒ, sshb-‡n-I-hpw, sshb-‡n-I-a-√m-Ø-Xp-amb i‡n-
Iƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.''48 t\m-h-ense uXn-I-Im-esØ kw_-‘n®v
Cu \nco-£Ww XnI®pw icn-bmWv.
am∏nfelfsb XpS¿∂p-≠mb aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w Ccp-º≥
tKm-hn-µ≥\mb-cn-eqsS AhXcn∏n°p∂p. ÿe-Im-e-N-cn-X-߃
hy‡n-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn sI´p-]n-W-™p-In-S-°p-∂-Xns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-
amWv Ccp-º≥ tKmhn-µ≥\m-b¿. hy‡n-I-fpsS kzIm-cy-X-Iƒ Cu
t\mh-en¬ Ncn-X-Øns‚ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmbn A\p-
`h-s∏-Sp-∂p. P∑n-Xz-Øns‚ Nqj-Ww, apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hw,
]pXn-b-Xmbn cq]w sIm≈p∂ sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\-Iƒ, aX-]-cn-
h¿Ø-\-߃, kzmX-¥y-k-acw CXn-s\-sb√mw NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-
Xn-eqsS Ime-Øns‚ ]bm-W-amWv hy‡-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.''49 t\mh-
ense Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃ uXn-I-Im-e-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-
∂p-sh∂v ChnsS \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
sshhn≤yw \nd™ _mly-ÿ-e-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬ IS-
∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. Kma-Øn¬\n∂pw \K-c-Øn-te-°p≈ ]bm-Ww,
hyhkmbtemIØns‚ ]pØ≥ apJ߃, sXmgnepambn
_‘s∏´ ÿe߃, ]´mfØn¬ tN¿∂XneqsS FØn-t®-cp∂
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107107
ÿe-߃ XpSßn \nc-h[n _mly-ÿ-e-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬
]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. im¥-bp-sSbpw e£van-°p- n-bp-sSbpw ap≥Im-e-
Po-hnXw kn¶-∏q¿ F∂ IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-e-Øm-Wv kw -hn-°p-∂-sX-
¶nepw IYm-P-\n-X-ÿew \mSns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-am-Wv. Ip™n-cm-as‚
cmjvSo-b-]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v hoSn-\p-≈nse ]m¿´n-ao-‰nwKp-
Iƒ apX¬ s]mXp-ÿ-esØ ]m¿´n-ao-‰n-wKp-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ ÿe-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXp-t_m-[y-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬ ImWmw. s]mXp-
Po-hnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v s]mXp-ÿ-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m≤y-
ap-≠m-h-W-sa∂ ImgvN-∏mSv Cu t\mh¬ apt∂m- p-sh-°p-∂p.
IYmImehpw BJym-\-Im-ehpw hyXy-kvX-ambn A\p- -h-
s∏-Sp-∂p. ]q¿ÆK¿`n-Wn-bmb Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS ssZ\ym-h-ÿ-Im-
Wp∂ cma≥am-Ã-dn-eq-sS-bmWv t\mh¬ Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. IYm-Imew
BJym-\-Im-e-Øn\v apºp-≈-Xmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. ]n∂o-Sp≈
BJym-\-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ß-fpsS kΩn-iWw D≠v.
B¥-cn-I-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃
IYm-]m-X-kz-`m-h-sØbpw Ncn-X-sØbpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ i‡n-bmbn B¥cnI-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.
kpsse-am-\nepw cma≥\m-b-cnepw im¥-bnepw B¥-cn-I-Im-e-Øn\v
]k-‡n-bp-≠v. am∏n-f-I-em-]-Øns‚ Cc-bm-bn- am-dnb tKmhn-µ≥\m-
b-sc∂ kpsse-am\v Ip©p-°p- n-b-Ω-bp-am-bp-≠mb _‘w B¥-
cn-I-Im-e-am-Wv. hnizw Xs‚ aI-\m-sW∂ hkvXpX Abmƒ Adn-
bmsXt]mbXv Cu AZr-iy-Imew sIm≠m-Wv. Ip©p-°p- n-b-Ω-
bpsS aI-\mWv hniz-sa∂v im¥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Cu AZr-
iy-Imew ad-\o°n ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. JZo-P-bp-ambn Cu clkyw
]¶p-sh-°p-tºmgpw cl-kym-fl-IX ]q¿Æ-ambpw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
im¥bpw hnizhpw CXv ]q¿Æambpw a\- n-em-°m-Øn-S-tØmfw
Cu B¥-cn-I-Imew \ne-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. ""A\p- -h-߃°v Zr-V-
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108108
t]-in- kΩm-\n-°p∂ AZr-iy-Imew Cu t\mh-en-ep-≠v. B Ime-
Øns‚ aSn-Ø- n¬ h-®mWv aqey-ßfpw aqey-Nyp-Xn-Ifpw Aim-¥n-
Ifpw a\p-jys‚ ]X-\-ßfpw t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.''50 hnizsØ
kwc-£n-°m≥ cma≥\m-b¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂Xv Ip©p-°p- nbΩsb
kvt\ln® AZr-iy-Imew ad-®psh-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. im¥-bpsS
kwL¿j-߃°pw Xm≥t]mcn-abv°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xpw hniz-
Øn-t\m-Sp≈ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-SmØ ]W-b-Imew B¥-cnIIme-
ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. C]-Imcw _mlyhpw B¥cnI-
hp-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw kw`-h-ß-sfbpw
kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.
Un. `mj
`mj-bn-eqsS kwPm-X-am-Ip∂ A¥-co-£-Xo-h-X, _nw_-
I¬∏-\-Iƒ, h¿Æ-\-I-fnse [z\n-km-µ-X, \¿tΩm‡n-Iƒ, ]g-
s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ mj, kvXo]-
£`mj F∂nh ]T-\m¿l-am-Ip-∂p.
A¥-co-£-Xo-hX
kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c∑mcpw F∂- t\m-h-en¬ kw -h-߃°v
A\p-tbm-Py-amb A¥-co£kr-jvSn-bp-≠v. IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-
kn-Im-hÿ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]Xn- -en-°p-∂p. ]Wbw Dt]-£n®v
\S-∂-I-te-≠n-h-cp∂ cma≥am-Ã-dpsS Ahÿ i≤n-°p-I. ""amÿ
]Sn-°-te-°p-\o-ßn. XpSp-Ø -ap-J-hp-ambn kqcy≥ ]Sn-™m- n-d-ßp-
I-bm-Wv. Ccp- n\v Hgp-In-°q-Sp-hm-\p≈ hgn-®m-ep-Iƒ t]mse \ng-
ep-Iƒ Ing-t°m- p-\o-ßp-∂p. `qan apdn™p apdn™p InS-°p-∂p-
F∂v amÿ°p tXm∂n. BsI aqIw.''51 IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Akz-
ÿ-amb a\ pw ImgvN-Ifpw ]IrXn]Xn- m-k-ß-fn¬ Zriy-am-Ip-∂p.
]IrXn Hcp Zriy-I-Ym-]m-X-ambn kw -h-ß-fpsS kqN-I-am-Ip-∂p.
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109109
_nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ
t\mh-en¬ Npgn F∂ _nw_w ]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw
Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. ""IpØn-sbm-en-®p-h-cp∂ sh≈w sIm°cWn-bn¬
sN∂p NmSn h´w Id-ßp-∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n''52 F∂pw ""Nnt‰m-f-
߃ t]mse Xmf-°p-Øp-Iƒ h´w-hoin hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p, Ahcpw
B h -Øn¬ Aa¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p''53 F∂n-ß-s\bpw Npgn Zriy-
am-Ip-∂p. a\- ns‚ AKm-[-X-I-sfbpw A\n¿∆-N\o-b-X-sbbpw
kqNn-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ _nw_-I-ev]-\-bmbn Npgn Zriy-am-Ip-∂p.
A\p-cm-KsØ cm£-k-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Iev]-\ -
ImWmw. Ip©p-°p- n-tbm-Sp≈ cma≥amÃdpsS ]W-b-Nn-Xo-I-c-
W-Øn-emWv Cu Iev]-\. ""`qan-bn¬ sXm´m¬ i‡n Cc- n-bm-Ip∂
cm£-k-\mWv A\p-cm-Kw. hf-b-Wn™ Hcp ssI, Hcp ]mfn-t\m- w,
B apSn-bn¬\n∂p sImgn-™p-hoW Hcp ]q, \S-∂p-t]mb Imev]m-
Sp-Iƒ, AI∂p-t]m-Ip∂ hf-In-ep-°w, Hcp s\Sp-ho¿∏v ˛ Aß-
s\-bp≈ GXpw sI´n-bn´ B cm£-ks\ IqSp-X¬ i‡-\m-°n-
Øo¿°pw.''54 C]-Imcw sshhn[yw \nd™ _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ
Cu t\mhen¬ Zriy-am-Wv.
h¿Æ-\-I-fnse [z\n-km-µX
IYm-]mX h¿Æ-\-bnse [z\n-km-µ-amb mj it≤-b-amWv.
Ip©p-°p- n-bp-sSbpw im¥-bp-sSbpw _mly-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS
kz`m-h-Øn-te-°p≈ kqN-\-I-fmWv. ""A∂v FÆan\p-s∏-gp∂ B
I-hn-fp-I-fn¬ bu∆-\-Øns‚ Hmf-߃ \n∂p ap´n-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. AhnsS ag-hn-√p-Iƒ DZn-°p-Ibpw ambp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ajn
X´n-°-f™ `Z-Zo-]-߃ t]mse-bp≈ IÆpIƒ, a™-h-c-°pdn
\o≠p-In-S-°p∂ s\‰n-ØSw, Xe-bn¬ Aam-hmkn cmXn apgp-h≥.
A©p Ipan-f-h® IΩ-ens‚ Hfn-an-∂p∂ ImXv. Ipeo\-amb apdp-
h¬. Ip-Wpßn°pep-ßn-bp≈ \SØw. ]®n-e-∏-S¿∏n-te°v ]IpXn
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110110
ad™p-\n¬°p∂ Hcp sIm∂-∏q-¶pe Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v
Ip©p-°p- n.''55 KmaoW _nw_-߃ \nd™ Cu h¿Æ-\-bn¬
Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS imeo-\-Xbpw ]uVn-bp-w im¥-Xbpw hy‡-am-
Ip-∂p. im¥-bpsS h¿Æ\ hyXy-kvX-am-Ip∂p. "]qØp-\n¬°p∂
Hc-tim-I-acw t]mse'bmWv im¥. ""h°Øv NnX-°-k-hp-Iƒ
Xp∂n-∏n-Sn-∏n®Xpw a[p-c-\m-c-ß-bpsS \nd-ap-≈-Xp-amb B kmcn
Ahƒ°v A -embn tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. AXns‚ ap¥mWn Hgp-In-ho-
gp∂ B shfpØ ssIØ≠ XnI®pw BI¿j-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. B
kmcn-bpsS h¿Æw ]Xn-^-en® Ihn-fp-Iƒ Cfw ]gp-t∏m-Snb
Hmtfm¿am-ºgw t]mse-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Dcp≠ Npa-ep-Iƒ, \o≠ \oen-
a-tbm-ep∂ IÆp-Iƒ, B IÆp-I-fn¬ Hcp-Xcw kwKoXw InS∂v
Hmfw-sh- p-∂p-s≠-∂p-tXm-∂n. Pme-I-Øn-eqsS Xn°n-Øn-c-°n-h-cp∂
]`m-X-kq-cys‚ Inc-W-߃s°-Xnsc Hcp IÆmSn FSp-Øp-]n-Sn-®-
Xp-t]mse tXm∂n''56 IYm-]m-X-kz-`m-h-Øn-\-\p-Kp-W-ambn
hyXykvX h¿Æ-\m-km-[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ddq-_ns‚ ]mS-
h-amWv Cu Iev]-\-Iƒ.
\¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ
\mS≥ssi-en-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw tN¿∂ mjm-]-tbmKw
Cu t\mh-en-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. ""C°p-Xn-tc-tΩev tIdo´m
RΩfv C∫bn Hs° ip‰oXvv. Ct∏m _®p B°p-Xn-tc-s\-_n´qSm...
IS-t_cv ad-∂q-Sm. ad-∂mev acw apdn®p''57 F∂-XmWv JZoP-bpsS
hnizm-kw. ""hen-b-h-cpsS kvt\l-hpw, \Sp-an-‰Øp s]bvX
sh≈hpw A[n-I-t\cw \n∂n-s√-∂p-h-cpw.''58 ""ae-tbmSv Ie-sa-dn-
™n´p Imcy-an-√.''59 ""Db-c-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv Du-°n¬ hogpw''60,
""Aßm-Sn-∏ip Be-bn¬ \n°n-√''61 \mb-sb-t∏-Sn-t®m-Sn, \cn-bpsS
hmbn¬s®-∂p-NmSn''62, ""CuØ-∏bØns‚ Ipcp \´mev t_∏n≥
Xøm samf®m?''63 F∂n-ßs\ \mS≥]-tbm-K-߃ kpe- -am-Wv.
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111111
sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ `mj
sXmgn¬kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcm-Jym-\-ssien
kpµ-cnIfpw kpµc-∑mcpw F∂ t\mh-en¬ ImWmw. IYm-]m-X-
ß-fpsS Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-߃°-\p-k-cn®v BJym-\-ssien amdp-∂p.
""kpsse-am≥ Xe-bp-b¿Øn Ah-sf-sbm-∂p-t\m-°n, hmXn¬°-eqsS
IS-∂p-h-cp∂ kqcy-In-c-W-ß-fn¬ Ipfn-®p-\n¬°p∂ JZo-Pbv°v
Hcp πm¥-Sn-°m-X¬ t]mse XpSp-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.''64 JZo-P-bpsS
Xt‚-Shpw Dd∏pw HmP- p-ap≈ kz`m-h-sa-∂-Xn-ep-]cn kpsse-ams‚
sXmgn¬]-›m-Ø-ehpw ChnsS tZym-Xn-°p-∂p.
Ip™ncma-s\-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°p∂ cm[-bpsS NnXWw sXmgn-
ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ mjm-]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ""A∂v Iº-
\n-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºm-sg√mw cm[-bpsS Xe-
bn¬ InS∂p Xncn-™n-cp-∂Xv Ip™n-cm-a-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥-Iƒ
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Inen-Iv- -In-enIv' F∂ IØn-cn-bpsS i_vZw
ASpØ UkvIp-I-fn¬\n∂v Ah-tfmSv Fs¥m-s°tbm tNmZn-°p-
∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n. ]´p-I-fn¬ Np‰n-°-d-ßp∂ anjy-\p-Iƒ
Ft¥m Xnc-™p-sIm≠v \ne-hn-fn-t®m-Sp-I-bm-Wv. ""A\m-Y-amb
]™n-s∏m-Sn-°q´w •mt mSp-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ shfn-®-°p-g-ep-I-
fn-te°v Xn°n-Øn-c-°n-°bdp∂p. B i_vZ-tIm-em-l-e-߃°p
\Sp-hn¬ \n»-_vZ-bmb Hcp s]¨In-Smhv Iøn¬ ]nSn® _\n-b-\p-
I-fp-sSbpw kz¥w hnNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Cg-Iƒ Iq´n-s°´ns°m≠n-
cp-∂p.''65 ChnsS cm[-bpsS A\m-YXzpw \n»-_vZ-k-l-\hpw sXmgn-
ep-ambn _\v[s∏´ `mj [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p.
kvXo]-£-`mj
Ddq-_ns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ kvXo°p amXw ]d-bm\pw A\p-
-hn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂h kvXo]£Øv \ne-bp-d-∏n®v Bhn-jvIcn-
°p-∂p. ]pcp-j\v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-a-√mØ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃
kvXobpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsSbmWv A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
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112112
kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-∑mcpw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv kvXo]-cn-t]-£y-
ap≈ `mj-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. kvXo°v amXw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ ]pXnb
Pohs‚ ]bm-W-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-°p∂ thZ-\-bpsS kvssXW-
`mj Ddq_v tImdn-bn-Sp-∂p. ""Fs‚ Kpcp-hm-bq-c∏m!... AsXmcp
]m¿∞-\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√, Hcp Rc-°w. AXv AKm-[-X-bn¬\n∂v
sRcn-™ng™mWv s]m¥n-b-Xv. \nc-Øp-h-°-Øp≈ ap´n-t∑¬
ssIIpØn Du∂n-\n¬°p∂ Hcp kvXobpsS GIm-¥-tcm-Z-\-am-
bn-cp-∂p. GXm\pw \nan-j-߃ AtX a´n¬ Xs∂ \n∂n v Ah-
sfm∂p \nh¿∂p. Ft¥m Bizmkw In´n-b-t]m-se ho≠pw
\oßm≥ XpS-ßn. s]s´∂v thZ-\-bpsS Hcp then-tb-‰w. tcma-Iq-
]-߃tXmdpw sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ Xd-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se... kln-°m≥
hømsX Ahƒ \ne-hn-fn-®p. `K-hmt\! Cuiz-cm...''66 kvXo°v
amXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p∂ X\n-a-tbmsS \n -lm-b-X-
bpsS thZ\ BJym-\-Øns‚ kvXo]-cn-t]£yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
im¥-bpsS hodpw kuµ-cyhpw Ddq-_ns‚ mj-bn¬ CXmWv:
""Ahƒ IÆm-Sn-bn¬ sN∂p-t\m-°n. I¨t]m-f-Iƒ Aev]w hnßn-
bn- p-≠v. kmc-an-√ At∏mgpw Ihn-fp-Iƒ°v hm´w X´n-bn- n-√. Ihn-
fp-Iƒ hnc¬sIm≠v ]Xp-s°-sbm-∂-a¿Øn. Ahƒ aµ-kvanXw
XqIn... Ahƒ Ime-Sn-Iƒ ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° h®v H∂p \rØw
sNbvXp. H∂p Np‰n-Øn-cn™v IÆm-Sn-bn-te°v t\m°n. apJw
kzev]w IqSn XpSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.''67 C]-Imcw kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ß-
fpsS am\-kn-I-hn-Im-c-߃ Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠p≈ mjm-]-tbmKw
kpe- -am-Wv.
tIhew IYmJym-\-Øn-sem-Xp-ßmsX kmaqly cmjvSob
kw`-h -ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\p -jy -Po -hn -X -Øns‚
ÿqe˛kq£va-ÿ-en-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-
∑mcpw am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ka-kvX- m-h-߃°pw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
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113113
\√Xv/ NoØ, kpµcw/ Akp-µ-cw, BWv/ s]Æv XpS-ßnb Zzµzm-
fl-I-ssh-cp-≤y-ßsf (Binary Opposition) Hgn-hm-°p∂ BJym-\-
co-Xn-bmWv Cu t\mh¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m a\p-jy-cnepw \∑-
bpsS IWn-I-Iƒ D]-Z¿in-°p∂ kao-]-\-Øns‚ km£y-amWv
kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-∑mcpw F∂ t\mh¬ io¿j-Iw. Pohn-X-Øns‚
]cp-°≥ bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfm-tS-‰p-ap- p-tºmgpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw \∑bpw
kq£n-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ Cu t\mh-ense BJym-\-X-¥-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb sX‰p-I-fn¬\n∂pw Ip‰-t_m-
[-tØm-sS, I¿tΩm-∑p-J-cmbn kuµcyw hos≠-Sp-°p∂ IYm-]m-
X-߃ Ddq-_ns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿i-\sØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
3 AΩnWn
i¶pÆn\mbsc AKm[ambn kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-km-
l-N-cy-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±wsIm≠v as‰m-cmsf hnhmlw Ign-t°-≠n-h-
cn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Icp-Øp‰ kvXoXz-Øns‚ Akm-[m-c-W-amb
Pohn-X-bm-X-bmWv AΩnWn F∂ t\mh¬. AΩn-Wnbpw \fn-\nbpw
XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-kv]cyw \nd™ kulr-Z-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-]-Y-ß-fn-
eqsS B Pohn-X-K-Xn-Iƒ AXn-t‚-Xmb Zpc-¥-ß-tfmsS A\m-hr-
X-am-Ip-∂p. kzmX-¥ym-\-¥-c-ap≈ kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬
Bflm¿∞X amXw ssIap-X-em-bp≈ BZ¿i-\n-jvT-cmb kzmX-
¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-Iƒ Xoh-ssZ-\y-tØmsS H‰-s∏- p-t]m-Ip-∂p. a\p-
jy-a-l-Xz-hm-Zn-bmb hy‡n BK-l-߃ AS-°n-sh®v a‰p≈-
h¿°mbn Pohn-°p-tºmƒ kz¥w PohnXw kl-\-Øn-s‚bpw XymK-
Øn-s‚bpw Xo£vW-c-Yy-I-fn-eqsS GIm-¥-K-Xn-bmbn amdp-∂p.
Aßs\ kzbw Dcp-In-Øo-cp∂ hy‡n-Po-hn-Xhpw AΩn-Wn-bn¬
kphy-‡-am-Wv. AΩnWnbnse Inb-Isf C]-Imcw A]-K-Yn-°mw.
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114114
][m-\-I-Ym-tcJ
AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-a-dn™v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ \fn-\n-bpsS at\m-
hn-Nm-c-߃
AΩn-Wn-bpsS ho´n¬ \fn\n ImWp∂ A¥-co£w
AΩn-Wn-bpsS ho´n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ \fn-\n-bpsS Nn¥-Ifpw
]hr-Øn-Ifpw
Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cpsS a°-fp-am-bp≈ \fn-\n-bpsS CS-s]-S¬
\fn-\nbpsS Hm¿Ω-I-fn-te°v IS-∂p-h-cp∂ AΩn-Wn-bpsS
i¶p-Æn-\m-b-tcm-Sp≈ ]W-bhpw ]q¿∆-Im-e-Po-hn-Xhpw
AΩnWn-bpsS ac-W-Øn-\p-Ø-c-hmZn Xm\m-sW∂ i¶p-Æn-
\m-b-cpsS G‰p-]-d-®nepw Bfl-l-Xy-bpw
D]-I-Ym-tcJ
i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS cmjvSo-b-Po-hnXhpw hnhmlPohnXhpw
AΩn-Wn-bpsS AΩbpw A[n-Imcn \mWp-ta-t\m\pw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w
t]mtÃm-^okv cmL-h≥\m-bcpw \fn-\nbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘w
AΩn-WnbpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb A∏p-hn-s‚bpw hnP-b-Øn-
s‚bpw Pohn-X-\n-co-£-W-߃
IYbn¬\n∂v ]mTØnte°v
IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kzK-Xm-Jym-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ÿe-
Im-e-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw khn-ti-j-amb \mS-Io-bX\nd™ `mj-bn-eq-
sSbpw AΩnWn Hcp t\mh¬cq]-ambn t\Sp∂ ]mT-]-c-amb hf¿®
A]-K-Y-\m¿l-am-Wv.
F. IYm-]m-X-kr„n
Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]Xn-k‘n L -ß-fn¬ Xf-cmsX Xocp-am-\-
sa-Sp-°p∂ AΩnWn Iev]nXIYm-]mX(Figural character)amWv.
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115115
][m-\-I-Ym-]m-X-amb AΩnWnsb Np‰n-∏-‰n-bmWv IY-bpsS hnIm-kw.
i¶p-Æn-\m-bsc Xoh-ambn ]W-bn-°p-tºmgpw Znhm-I-c≥\m-bsc
hnhmlw Ign®v Pohn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv AΩnWn.
hnhm-l-ti-jhpw B ]W-b-Øn¬\n∂p≈ hnap‡n AΩnWn°p
km[y-am-Ip-∂n-√. i¶p-Æn-\m-b-tcm-Sp≈ kvt\l-Øn-\p-th≠n Pohn-
°p-Ibpw AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ ac-WsØ hcn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p
AΩnWn. kwkm-c-Ønepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw \S-∏nepw Nn¥-bnepw
kvXosb kw_-‘n® apJy-[m-cm-k-¶-ev]\sØ ]q¿Æ-ambpw
XI¿°p-∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv AΩnWn. AΩnWnbpsS Nncnbpw
t\m´hpw InS∏pw CSn-an-∂-en-t\mSpw Acn-hmƒØ-e-tbmSpw \Sp-h-
f™ IØn-tbmSpw Ddq_v kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ AΩnWnbpsS
kz`m-h-khn-ti-j-X-I-fmb kq£va-Xbpw HmP pw kzm`n-am-\hpw
]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. ]ISIYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Explicit) khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
AΩnWn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. B¿÷-h-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Nn∂-
Ωphpw AΩnWnbpw \fn-\nbpw Xpey-cm-Wv. kz¥w A`n-]m-b-߃
Xpd∂p ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ aaX ssIhn-SmsX
kq£n-°p-Ibpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw kulr-Z-Øn-s‚bpw B¿Z-
X-Isf sIm≠p-\-S-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ AΩnWn hymJym-\-߃°v
hg-ßmØ Bg-tadnb hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ k¶o¿Æ-I-Ym-]m-Xhpw
Bfl-\n-jvT-Xbv°v ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ Bfl-I-Ym-]m-X-
hp-am-Wv (Self character).
AΩn-Wn-bpsS PohnXw Hcp Npgn-bmWv. AXns‚ Ne-\m-th-
K-߃ G‰p-hm-ßp∂ \fn\n Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-\n-jvT-amb
BJym-\-X-¥-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. AΩnWn F∂ t\mh-en¬
][m\ BJym-Xm-hmb \fn\n "BJym-\-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv' (Narra-
tional character). AΩn-Wn-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-Po-hnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-
\mbn t\mh-enÃv krjvSn® IYm-]m-X-amWv \fn-\n. \fn-\nbpw AΩn-
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116116
Wnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kvXoXz-Øn-t‚-Xmb kulr-Z-temIw
]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p. AΩn-Wn-bpsS D≈nse sNdnb Xnc-bn-f-°-߃
t]mepw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ \fn\n AΩn-Wn-bpsS ]Xn- -eIIYm-]m-
X-amWv (Reflector). AΩn-Wn-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-hy-‡n-Xz-Øns‚
as‰mcp apJ-amWv \fn-\n. AΩn-Wn-bpsS a\ v \fn-\n-bn-eqsS ]Xn-
-en-°p-∂p. ][m\ IYm-]m-X-amb AΩn-Wn-tbmSv ASp-Øn-S-]-g-
Ip∂ \fn\n hnizmky(Confidant) IYm-]m-X-hp-am-Wv. ][m\ IYm-
]m-X-amb AΩn-Wn-bpsS kz`mh-khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ A\y-I-Ym-]m-
X-amb \fn-\n-bn-eqsS shfns∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ A\y-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚
(Altero character) ]tXyIX-Ifpw \fn-\n-bn¬ ImWmw. kaq-l-
Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-sf-°mƒ Xs‚ kv]jvShpw hnth-I-]q¿∆-hp-
amb Xocp-am\߃°v hne-I-ev]n-°p∂ \fn\n ]pcpjtI-µn-X-amb
temIsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. hnth-Ihpw hnNm-chpw ssÿcyhpw
]pe¿Øp∂ \fn-\n-bpsS kao-]-\-߃ A∏p-hn-t\mSpw hnP-b-Øn-
t\mSpw t\Xm-hn-t\m-Sp-ap≈ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p. hnhm-lm-
`y¿∞-\-bp-am-sb-Øp∂ t\Xm-hn-t\mSv ""kwi-bn-t°-≠, D≈Xv D≈-
Xp-t]mse a\- n-em-°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. Rm≥ thiy-sbm-∂p-a-√.
]s£ tXm∂n-b-Xp-t]mse \S-°p-∂-h-fm-Wv''68 F∂p-]-d-bp∂
\fn\n ]c-º-cm-KX `mcym-k-¶¬]\sØ X≈n-∏-d-bp∂ IYm-]m-
X-am-Wv. CØcw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fn-eqsS kz`m-hk-hn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ kqNnX (Implicit) IYm-]m-X-ambpw
\fn\n amdp-∂p. ]c-kv]cw AwKo-Im-chpw _lp-am-\hpw
]pe¿Øp∂ kvXo -]p-cp-j-_-‘-Øn-\mWv \fn\n hne-I¬∏n-°p-
∂-Xv. IYm-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ apgp-
\o-f-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv \fn-\n. AΩn-Wn-bpsS Pohn-XsØ t\m°n-°m-
Wp-Ibpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI hgn GtIm-]-\-I-Ym-]m-
X-ambn \fn\n amdp-∂p. AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-tijw \fn\n AΩn-
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117117
Wn-bpsS hy‡nXzw IqSn kam¿÷n-°p-∂Xv k¶o¿Æ-kz-`m-h-
Øns‚ hnImkwsIm≠mWv. C]-Imcw BJym\imkvXm-[n-jvTn-
X-amb IYm-]mXh¿§o-I-c-W-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb IYm-]m-
X-amWv \fn-\n.
]W-bn® s]Æns‚ Pohn-X-]m-cm-_v[-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw
as‰mcp hnhm-l-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]pcp-j-\mWv i¶p-
Æn-\m-b¿. ]ta-b-hn-Im-k-Øn-\mbn IY-bn-ep-S-\ofw i¶p-Æn-\m-b-
cpsS kz`m-h-khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ FSp-Øp-Im- p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Iev]nX
IYm-]m-X-amWv (Figural character) i¶p-Æn-\m-b-sc∂v hne-bn-cp-Ømw.
AΩn-Wn-bpsS khn-ti-j-hy-‡n-XzsØ ]n≥]-‰n-bmWv i¶p-Æn-\m-
b-cpsS \ne-\n¬∏v. i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS Akm-[m-c-W-amb kvt\l-
Xo-£vW-X-bmWv AΩn-Wn-bpsS Zpc-¥-Øn\p \nZm-\w. ]W-bn®
s]Æns\ kvt\l-°q-Sp-X¬sIm≠v sIme-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-h-cp∂
i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿ Bfl-\n-jvTXbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ Bfl-I-
Ym-]m-X-ambn (Auto character) Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xs‚ AkvXn-
Xz-Øns‚ `mK-amb AΩn-Wn-bpsS \jvSw Abm-fpsS Pohn-X-
sØbpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂p. mcy-tbm-Sp≈ IS-a-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmgpw
]W-bn -\ntbmSp≈ kvt\lsØ X≈n-°-f -bm≥ km[n -
°msXt]mIp∂ ]cm-P-b-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿. i¶p-Æn-
\m-b-cpsS ]cm-P-b-Øn-emWv AΩnWn F∂ t\mh-ens‚ ]q¿Æ-X.
Poh-X-km- -ey-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ apJy-[mcmImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-tfmSv hnL-
Sn-®p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
k¶o-¿Æ-I-Ym-]m-X-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS NnX-W-Øn-
ep-≠v.
AΩn-Wn-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-hy-‡n-Xz-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬
sshcp-≤ym-flIIYm-]mX(Foil character)Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
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118118
Dƒs°m-≈p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv Znhm-I-c≥\m-b¿. Abmƒ `mcy-
sbbpw a°-sfbpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
F¶nepw `mcy-bn¬\n∂pw \njvI-]-S-amb kvt\lw e`n-°msX
t]mIp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv Znhm-I-c≥\m-b¿. AΩnWn D≈n¬ BK-
ln-°p∂ ]W-b-temIw Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cnse ]pcp-j\v ANn-
¥ytam A]m-]ytam BWv. AΩnWn Xs‚ sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Ø-W-
sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xpw Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-tcm-Sp≈ A\p-Xm]w aqe-
am-Wv.
hy‡n-tI-µn-X-kz-`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ \nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-
߃sIm≠v it≤-b-amb t\mh-emWv AΩn-Wn. AΩn-Wnbnse
IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSnbnepw kvssXW]ucpjk¶-ev]-ßsf kw_-
‘n® kmam-\y-[m-c-W-Isf Ddq_v AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√.
kvXoku-µ-cysØ kw_-‘n® s]mXp-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂pw
hfsc `n∂-amWv Ddq-_ns‚ kvXoNn-Xo-I-c-Ww. Din-cp≈ kvXo,
Icp-Øp≈ kvXo, hodp≈ kvXo, Xt‚-S-ap≈ s]Æv, i‡n-bp≈
s]Æv F∂n-ßs\ hyh-ÿm-]nXkvXok-¶-ev]sØ adn-I-S-°p∂
hnti-j-W-߃ Ddq-_ns‚ \mbn-I-am¿°p-≠v. Xs‚ PohnXw X\n-
°p-amXw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂pw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈
kzmX¥yw X∂n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-sW∂pw \fn\n Nn¥n-°p-∂p. a‰p-
≈-hsc t_m[n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ia-ß-sfm∂pw \fn\n \S-Øp-∂n-√.
kvXosb-°p-dn®v \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-k-¶-ev]-\-ßsf Xncp-Øn-
°p-dn-°m≥ kvXobpsS hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-°m-´m≥ BJym-\-
Ønse kvXo]-cn-t]-£y-Øn-eqsS Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn°v
Ign-bp-∂p. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb Zmº-Xy-Øn-\-∏p-dØv ]W-bsØ
Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ AΩnWn apJy-[m-cmkvXok¶-ev]-Øn¬\n∂v hyXn-
cn-‡-bm-hp-∂p. t]mtÃm- okv cmL-h≥\m-b-cp-am-bp≈ CS-s]-S-
en¬ \fn\n ]pe¿Øp∂ I¿XrXzw kvssXW-Xsb kw_-‘n®
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119119
k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v hnL-Sn®p \n¬°p-∂p. s]mXp-k-aqlw
[n°m-chpw Xt‚-S-hp-sa∂v hn[n-°p∂ hy‡n-Xz-Kp-W-ßsf am\p-
jn-I-X-bpsS i‡n-bmbn kzmwio-I-cn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv
AΩnWnbnep-≈-Xv.
_n. tIµo-I-cWw
AΩn-Wnbn¬ BJym-\-tIµw \fn-\n-bm-Wv. \fn-\n-bpsS
hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ßfpw hn⁄m-\hpw hy‡nXz ]Xn-^-e-\hpw
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb Iao-I-c-W-ßfpw IrXn-bn¬
IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. B¥-cn-I-tI-µo-I-cWw (Internal or character
foculization) BWv AΩn-Wn-bn¬ kzoIcn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. \fn-\n-bn-
eqsS IY Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ tIµo-I-c-W-I-Ym-]m-Xw,
]Xn- -e-I-I-Ym-]mXw F∂n-ßs\ ho£-W-tI-µ-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ \fn\n amdp-∂p. `qXm-Jym-\-Øn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-
s∏-Sp∂ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ]Xn- -eIw (Reflector) F∂ kw⁄
kqssk≥ Io≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ""]Xn- -e-I-߃°v c≠v
Zni-I-fp-≠v. Zriy-X-ehpw _u≤n-I-X-e-hpw. AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂
]Xn- -eIw _mlym-Jym-\-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. IYm-
]m-X-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw Zni-bn-te-°p≈ NmbvhpIfpw IYm-]m-
X-Øns‚ D≈d-I-fn¬\n∂p≈ B¥-cn-I-]-kvXm-h-\-Ifpw ]Xn-
-e-I-Øn-eqsS ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p. Htc Be-¶m-cn-I-X-e-am-bn-cn°pw IYm-
]m-X-Øn\pw ]Xn- -e-I-Øn-\pw. BJym-\-k-µ¿ -Øns‚ hni-Zmw-
isØ A\p-k-cn®v _lp-X-e-ß-fmb A\p`q-Xn-Isf Cu ]Xn- -
e-I-Øn¬ A\m-bmkw k∂n-th-in-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bpw.''69 AΩn-
Wn-bn¬ \fn-\n°v A\m-bm-k-ambn IYsb GtIm-]n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-
bp-amdmWv tIµo-I-c-Ww. IYm-]m-X-ß-tfmSv klm-\p-`qXn
]pe¿Øm\pw Ah-cnse sshcp-≤ym-fl-IX Dƒs°m-≈m\pw C]-
Im-c-ap≈ tIµo-I-cWw DX-Ip-∂p. ]Ya ]pcpj-kz- m-h-ap≈ ]Xn-
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120120
-e-I-I-Ym-]m-X-Øn-eqsS kw -h-߃ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬
kqNn-Xm-Jym\w (Figural Narration) AΩn-Wn-bnse tIµo-I-c-W-
Øn-\p-≠v.
B¥-cn-I-kz-K-Xm-Jym-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]Xy-£-kz-K-Xm-Jym-\-
Øn-eq-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ t_m[-[m-cm-co-Xnbpw qXm-Jym-
\hpw AΩn-Wn-bn¬ ka-\z-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ""`qX-Im-esØ h¿Ø-am-
\-ImewsIm≠v hni-Zo-I-cn-°pbpw sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈
Hcp-]-I-cWw IqSn-bmWv qXm-Jym-\-co-Xn.''70 h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬
\n∂psIm≠v `qX-Im-ekw`h-ßsf sXfn-bn-®p-\n¿Øp-∂p.
""Xte-∂mƒ cmXn B hn´n¬ Hcm-fl-lXy \S-∂p. Ahn-iz-
k-\o-b-amb hn[-Øn-ep≈ Bfl-l-Xy. AΩn-Wn-tb-SØn as‰-¥p-
sN-bvXmepw temIhp-ambn G‰p-ap´n Cß-s\-bßp tXms‰m-gn-bp-
sa∂v \fn-\nbpw Btem-Nn-Nn- n-√''71 F∂n-ßs\ AΩn-Wn-bpsS
i‡n-sbbpw at\m-_-e-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ t\mh-
en-\p-≈n¬\n∂p-sIm≠v KŸ-Im-cm-Jym-\-Øn-eqsS ][m-\-kw- hw
Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw h¿Ø-am-\-Øn¬\n∂v qXm-Jym-\-Øn-te°v
t\mh¬ AXn-thKw ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Imehpw ho£-
Whpambn qXm-Jym\w _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p. k¶o¿Æ-amb Pohn-
Xm-hÿ NnXo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ k¶o¿Æ-amb BJym-\-coXn DNn-X-
ambnØocp-∂p. ""acn-®p-sh∂v ]d-™mWv Iºn-In-´n-bXv. B
IºnIn´n-b -kµ¿`sØ]‰n \fn\n Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°n.''72 \fn\n-
bpsS ]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb Hm¿Ω-I-fneqsS k¶o¿Æ-amb
IYmkµ¿ -ßfpw IYm]mX-ßfpw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. BJym-Xm-
hns‚ bYm¿Y ho£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p ]h¿Øn-°p∂
BJym-\-X-¥-ambn qXm-Jym-\-coXn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. Hcp \n›nX
AIew ]pe¿Øn-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ F√m kw -h-ß-fp-sSbpw A[n-
Im-cn-bmbn kuµ-cym-fl-I-amb AIew BJym-Xm-hn\v ImØp-kq-
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121121
£n-°m≥ Cu coXn klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. BJym-Xmhv ChnsS kw -
h-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ qXm-Jym-\-Øn\v t\mh-
ens‚ BJym-\-I-e-bn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]m[m\yw sNep-Øm≥
Ign-bpw''73 F∂ \nco-£Ww AΩn-Wn-bpsS tIµo-I-c-W-hp-ambn
tN¿∂p\n¬°p-∂p.
kw -h-ß-fpsS \nbm-aIi‡n-bmbn\n∂p-sIm≠v Hmtcm- kw-
-h-sØbpw DNn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ XymPy-Km-ly-hn-th-
N-\-_p≤n qXm-Jym-\-Ønep≠v. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb
kµ¿`-ß-fn-te-°p≈ a\-kns‚ ]bmWw IYm-k-µ¿`-߃°v
hy‡X \¬Ip-∂p. ""AΩn-Wn-tb-SØn Ipd-®p-t\cw \ni-_vZ-bm-
bn-cp-∂n v XpS¿∂p. kvt\l-Øns‚ hmfp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw ssZhw
Fs∂ sIm√p-∂Xv?... \ns‚ a\ v \nt∂mSv H∂pw ]d-™nt√?,
kvt\l-Øns‚ hmƒ! Hcp tXƒ Fhn-sStbm IpØn.''74 D≤-c-Wn-
I-fn¬°qSn ]Xy-£-am-Ip∂ IYm-]m-X-Nn-¥-Iƒ sPdm¿Uv sP\‰v
hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ D≤-c-Wo\n-b-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p.
]Xy£hyh-lm-c-Øns‚ (Direct Discourse) khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Dƒs°m-≈p∂ CØcw BJym-\-ß-fpsS taf\wsIm≠v AΩn-Wn-
bpsS ac-W-Øns‚ Zpcq-l-Xbv°v Zriy-am-\X D≠m-Ip-∂p.
B¥-cnIkz-K-Xm-Jym-\-Øn¬ Nn¥-Iƒ°v bp‡n-]-c-amb
XpS¿® Bh-iy-an-√. \ni-_vZ-Xbpw ss\c-¥-cyhpw hmb-\-°m-
cnte°v FØn-t®-cm≥ B¥cnIkzK-Xm-Jym\w kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. kzK-Xm-Jym-\-ß-fpsS hn\y-k\wsIm≠mWv
AΩnWn sshIm-cnIm\p- -h-ambn amdp-∂-Xv.
kn. ÿeIme߃
_mlyhpw B¥cnIhpamb ÿeIme߃°v
AΩnWnbn¬ ]k‡nbp≠v.
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_mlyÿe-Im-e-߃
AΩn-Wn-bn¬ i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS A\p- -h-temIw ]Xn-\n-[o-
I-cn-°p∂ cmjvSo-bÿ-e-߃ _mlyÿ-e-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
kzmX¥y]ÿm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- - ÿ-e-߃, hyh-km-b-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏- - ÿ-e-߃, \Kc-߃ F∂n-h-sb-√mw AΩn-Wn-
bn¬ _mly-amb ÿe-ß-fm-Wv. i¶p-Æn-\m-bcpw AΩn-Wnbpw
XΩn-ep≈ kvt\l-Øns‚ ]q¿∆- mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Xd-hmSv
IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-e-am-Wv. Znhm-Ic≥\mb-cpsS `h-\-Øn¬sh®p \fn-
\n-bpsS IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AhnSw IYm-P-\n-X-
ÿ-e-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.
A_vZp-hns\t∏mseXs∂ i¶p-Æn-\m-bcpw ]tXyI cmjvSo-
b-Im-esØ ]Xn\n-[oI-cn® IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. JmZn-bpsS ]-N-c-
Whpw aZy-h¿÷-\hpw i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS cmjvSo-b-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p.
""Hcm-Z¿i-hm-Zn-bm-bmWv i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿ Xs‚ PohnXw Bcw- n-®-Xv.
tZi-kvt\-l-Øns‚ XoPzme BZ¿ißsf IqSp-X¬ t]m÷z-e-
am-°n. F∂m¬ kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c`mc-XØnse PohnXbmYm¿∞y-
߃ i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS Bi-bm- n-em-j-ßsf X√n-s°-Sp-Øn. B
am‰w At±-lsØ bmYm¿∞yß-fn¬\n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sm≥ t]cn-∏n-®p.
Xs∂-bp-a-√, a\p-jys‚ am‰sØ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bm-sX-bp-am-
°n''75 F∂v AΩn-Wn-bpsS BapJ-Øn¬ Ddq_v Fgp-Xp-∂p-≠v.
""hnX-∏Wn°mew Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]p≈n Irjn \n¿Øn. sImbvØp-
Im-e-am-b-t∏mƒ thsd BWp-ßfv h∂p''76 F∂v AΩnWn i¶p-
Æn-\m-b-cpsS cmjvSo-b-Im-esØ ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]ÿm-\-
ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw A]-N-bhpw tN¿∂ `uXn-I-Imew IYm-]m-X-
ß-fpsS Pohn-XsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv AΩn-Wn-bn¬ Is≠Ømw.
IYm-Im-ehpw BJy-\-Imehpw AΩnWn-bn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-tijw Znhm-I-c≥\mb-cpsS ho´n¬sh-®mWv
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\fn\n AΩ-nWn-bpsS PohnXw Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
AΩ-nWn-bpsS Pohn-X-I-Y-bpsS Imehpw BJym-\-Imehpw H∂mbn
A\p`hn∏n°pw hn[-amWv \fn-\n-bpsS Hm¿Ω-Iƒ A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-
∂-Xv. qXh¿Øam\`mhnIƒ Cg-]n-cn-bp∂ B-Jym-\-ambn t\mh¬
]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.
B¥-cnI-ÿ-e-Im-e-߃
cmjvSob]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS A]-N-bhpw apX-em-fnØhyh-
ÿn-Xnbpw ]›m-Ø-e-am-bp≈ bm¥nIIme-Øn\p (Mechanical
time) kam-¥-c-ambn hnIm-c-ß-fmepw tNmZ-\-I-fmepw th -bm-S-s∏-
Sp∂ am\-kn-I-Imew i¶p-Æn-\m-bcpw AΩ-nWnbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. \fn-\n-bpsS `qXm-Jym-\-Øn-
eqsSbmWv Ime-Iaw (Duration) ]Im-in-°p-∂-Xv. `qXm-Jym-\-
Øns‚ (Analepsis) km[y-X-bn-eqsS Ah-km\ \nanjwhsc AΩn-
Wn-bpsS ac-W-c-lkyw \nKq-V-X-bmbn \ne\n¿Øp-∂p. AΩn-Wn-
bpsS acWw sIm-e-]m-X-I-am-sW∂ clkyw \fn\n Adn™p
Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿ Bfl-lXy sNbvXn-cp-∂p. sIme-
]m-XIclky-sa∂ AZr-iy-Imew Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ t\mh-en¬
\nKq-V-X-e-am-Wv. i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS Bfl-l-Xy-°p-tijw \fn\n
Cu cl-ky-Im-e-Øns‚ kq£n-∏p-Im-cn-bmhp-∂p. sshIm-cn-I-Xbv°v
]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ AΩn-Wn-bn¬ `uXn-I-Im-e-sØ-°mƒ
]m[m\yw am\-knI Ime-Øn-\m-Wv. AΩn-Wn-bpsS Pohn-X-Ønse
][m-\-kw- -h-ßsf \fn-\n-bn-eqsS hni-Z-ambn ]Xn-]mZn-°p-∂-Xn-
\m¬ thKw Ipd-bv°¬ (Deceleration) F∂ thKXmam\-Zfiw
Cu t\mh-en¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Un. `mj
hyXykvX _nw_-I¬]-\-Ifpw [z\n-km-µ-amb h¿Æ-\-Ifpw
AΩ-nWn-bnepw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.
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_nw_-I¬]-\-Iƒ
i‡-amb _nw_-I¬]\ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS hy‡nXz[z\-
\-Øn-\v- D-X-Ip-∂p. Aev]w hm°p-I-fn-eqsS Xoh- mhw krjvSn-
°p∂ _nw_-I¬]-\-Iƒ ]k-cn-∏n-°p∂ Du¿÷w i‡-am-Wv.
""AW® Acn-hmƒ t]mse-bp≈ Nncn'',77 ""Xo°- -t]m-se-bp≈
Bflmhv'',78 ""\Sp-h-f-™- I-Øn-t]m-se-bp≈ InS-∏v''79 F∂n-ßs\
AΩn-Wnsb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ AΩn-Wn-bpsS hy‡n-cn-‡X
hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p.
Npgn F∂ _nw_w AΩn-Wn-bnepw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p.
""F\n°v Cu Npgn-bn¬\n-∂pw c£-s]-Sm≥ km[y-a-√. Rm≥ kzbw
\n¿Ωn® Npgn-bn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXv AKm-[-X-bn-te°v
Fs∂ hen-®n-d-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ izmkwap´¬ k-lnt® ]‰q''80
F∂pw ""Znhm-I-tc- s‚ a\ v AKm-[-am-Wv. BZn-Iq¿Ωhpw A\-
¥\pw hymfnbpw Npgn-bp-sams° AhnsS HXp-ßn-°nS∂psIm≈pw''81
F∂nßs\bpw Npgn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.
AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-Øns‚ Zqcq -lX P\n-∏n -°m≥
Ignbpwhn[-ap≈ ]›m-Ø-e-amWv t\mh-en¬ Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
""hnim-eßfpw hn -h-k-ar-≤hp-amb apdn-Iƒ, \o≠ hnem-]-߃
t]mse InS-°p∂ CS-\m-gn-Iƒ, Ipip-Ip-ip-°p∂ tImWn-bdIƒ,
CS-X-S-hn-√msX Ib-dp-Ibpw Cd-ßpIbpw sNøp∂ Ime-Sn-I-fpsS
i_vZ-[m-c, ]Ip-Xn-b-S™ sI´pw]q´p-ap≈ hmXn-ep-Iƒ,- ]m-dn-ho-
gp∂ \cn-®odp-Iƒ, Nps≠-en-I-fpsS B¿Ø-i-_vZ-߃, ssIh-f-
°n-ep-°-߃, Rc-°-߃ F√mw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp henb sI´n-
S-am-Sn-cp-∂p AXv.''82 cl-ky-߃ kq£n-°p∂ AΩn-Wn-bp-sSbpw
Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cp-sSbpw a\- ns‚ ]Xo-I-ambn amdp-∂ hoSv AΩn-
Wn-bpsS Pohn-X-m-h-ÿ-I-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂p.
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[z\n-km-µ-amb h¿Æ-\-Iƒ
"Nµ-\-Øns‚ h¿Æw',83 "sN¥m-a-c-bn-Xƒt∏mse at\m-l-
c-amb IÆp-Iƒ',84 "IS-s™-SpØ iwJpt]mse-bp≈ IgpØ,v'85
"AW-®- A-cn-hmƒ t]mse-bp≈ Nncn',86 "shfpØ kmcn,- sh-fpØ
ªukv, shfpØ I√p-h® IΩ¬',87 "Xo°- -t]m-se-bp≈ Hcm-
flm-hv'88 F∂n-ßs\ t\mh-en¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-em-bp≈ AΩn-Wn-
bpsS h¿Æ-\-Iƒ AΩn-Wn-bpsS \n›-b-Zm¿Vyhpw kuµ-cyhpw
i‡nbpw hyRvPn-∏n-°p-∂p. h¿Æ-\-Iƒ hmMva-b-Nn-X-ambn amdp-
∂Xv AΩ-nWn-bpsS sIme-]m-X-I-Øns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn¬
ImWmw.89
Akm-[m-c-W-amw-hn[w kvXohy-‡n-Xz-tI-µn-X-amb AΩnWn
F∂ t\mh¬ kvXoXz-Øns‚ i‡nbpw \nKq-V-amb sshIm-cn-
I-X-e-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v kz¥-amb
Imgv®-]mSpw ]W-b-I¿Xr-Xzhpw ]pe¿Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv
AΩn-Wnbpw \fn-\n-bpw. DΩm-®p-hn-s\-t∏mse ]W-bn® ]pcp-j-
t\m-Sp≈ kvt\lw Pohn-Xm¥ywhsc ]mW-izm-k-ambpw
acW\nizmkambpw AΩn-Wn-bn-ep-≠v. ]c-kv]ckvt\l-Øn-e-[n-
jvTn-Xhpw Xpey-]-¶m-fn-Ø-hp-ap≈ kvXo]p-cp-j-Po-hn-X-sa∂ ImgvN-
∏mSmWv AΩn-Wn apt∂m- p-h-°p-∂-Xv. kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn-
bmb a\p-jy≥ sX‰p-Iƒ sNøp-tºmgpw \n -lm-b-\mWv, A\p-I-
ºm¿l-\m-Wv, kl-Xm-]-a¿ln-°p-∂-h-\mWv F∂ D]-Z¿i\w Ddq-
_n-\p-≠v.
4 Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw
Ip™-Ωbpw NmØ-∏\pw XΩn-ep-≈ -]-W-b-Øns‚ ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬ KmaoW-Po-hn-X-Ønse ck-I-chpw Pohn-X-kv]¿in-bp-
amb A\p- -hm-Jy-\-amWv Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ eLp
t\mh¬. ""Pohn-X-Øn¬ "hen-b-'hm-in-Iƒ "sNdn-b'-hm-in-Isf hngp-
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ßp∂p. "henb' Zmcn-Zy-߃ "sNdnb' Zmcn-Zy-ßsf Kkn-°p-∂p.
"henb' ZpxJß-fn¬ "sNdn-b' ZpxJ߃ ebn-°p-∂p. kvt\lhpw
klm-\p- q-Xnbpw amXw apS-ßmsX ]h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p''90
F∂ \nco-£Ww Cu t\mh-ens‚ ]ta-b-L-S-\tbmSp _‘-s∏-
´p\n¬°p-∂p.
][m-\-I-Ym-tcJ
Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]W-bhpw hnhm-lhpw
kaq-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-I-cWw
Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]nW-°hpw CW-°hpw
Ip™-Ω-bpsS Ip™ns‚ P\\w
D]I-Ym-tcJ
tNmbp-Æn-bpsS aXw am‰w
tKm]-me≥\m-b-cp-sSbpw am[-hn-b-Ω-bpsSbpw Zmº-Xy-Po-
hnXw
Ben-ap-…ym-cp-sSbpw Ip™n-∏m-Øp-Ω-bp-sSbpw PohnXw
_mhm-°p- n-bp-sSbpw JZo-P-bp-sSbpw ]Wbw
JZo-P-bp-sSbpw A_vZp-d-lvam-\mbn aXw-am-dnb tNmbp-Æn-bp-
sSbpw hnhmlw
ANyp-X≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS PohnXw
IY-bn¬\n∂pw ]mT-Øn-te°v
IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw tIµo-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw ÿe-Im-
e-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw jm-]-tbm-K-ßfn-eq-sSbpw IY F]-Imcw t\mh-
se∂ ]mT-am-bn- Xo-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv it≤-b-am-Wv.
F. IYm-]m-Xkr„n
Kmao-W-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-
s‚bpw ]W-b-I-Y- ]-d-bp∂ t\mh-en¬ Kmao-W-cmb \nc-h[n
IYm-]m-X-߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. tKm]m-e-∏-Wn-°cpw tKmhn-µ-°p-
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dp∏pw ANyp-X≥\ºq-Xn-cnbpw tNmbp-Ænbpw JZo-P-bp-a-S°w hnhn-[-
Pm-Xn-a-X-ÿ-cmb IYm-]m-X-ß-ƒ kulr-Zm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Cu
t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. kz¥amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw _p≤n-
]q¿∆-amb Xocp-am-\-hpsa-Sp-°p∂ \mbnImIYm-]m-X-amWv Ip™-
Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ t\mh-ense Ip™Ω. ""s]Æv Xoø kap-
Zm-b-Øn¬ s] -h-fm-Wv, Ip™Ω F∂p t]cv, Ccp-≠-\ndw, Dcp≠
Ihn-fp-Iƒ...''91 F∂n-ßs\ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Ip™Ω ]ISIYm-
]m-X-am-Wv (Explicit character). Ip™-Ω-bpsS hy‡n-Xz -k-hn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ ASp-Ø-dn-bm≥ Cu coXn-bn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. hnth-I-
]q¿Æ-amb Xocp-am-\-Øn-eqsS, kvt\ln® ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w Ign-
bm≥ Ip™Ω Xøm-dm-hp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv tNmbp-Ænsb Xnc-kvI-
cn®v NmØ-∏s\ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xt‚Sw Im´p-∂-Xv. Xs‚ CjvS-
ßfpw A`n-]m-b-ßfpw ]W-b-s∏-Sp-ØmsX ""sI´n-s°m≠vcvXv t]Sn-
°m\m?''92 F∂v `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv tNmZn-°p∂ Ip™Ω ]c-kv]c
]¶m-fn-Ø-amWv Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn\v ASn-ÿm\w F∂ ho£Ww
]pe¿Øp-∂p. cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬IqSn ]Xy-£-bm-Ip∂
Ip™Ω hnh-c-Wm-flI(Explanatory)IYm-]m-X-hpamWv. Xs∂-
°mƒ Db¿∂ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏- - s]-Æns\ mcy-bm-bn- e- n-°p∂
NmØ-∏≥ PmXym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn amXw ]W-bsØ t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂p.
AXpsIm≠mWv hnhm-l-ti-jhpw Ip™Ω tNmXym¿ F∂v
kwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂-Xv. ]kvXpX Ime-L- -Ønse PmXn-hy-h-
ÿ-Iƒ Dƒs°m≠v \njvI-]Skvt\l-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ambn \ne-
sIm-≈p∂ NmØ-∏≥ sshcp-≤ym-flIIYm-]m-X-am-Wv (foil Char-
acter). Ip™-Ω-bpsS kz`mhw NmØ-∏s‚ Nn¥-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Inb-
I-fn-eq-sSbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Ip-™-Ω-bpsS kz`m-hhpw s]cp-
am-‰hpw NmØ-∏≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-X-bn-eq-sS-
bm-Wv.
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GtIm-]\IYm-]m-X-ß-fmbn (Chorus Characters) tKm]m-
e≥\m-bcpw tKmhn-µ-°p-dp∏pw ANyp-X≥\-ºq-Xncnbpw Ip™-
Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. -t\-cn v IY-
bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏- p-sIm≠v IYm-k-µ¿ -ß-sfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß-
sfbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Ch¿ X-Xz-Nn-¥m-]-c-ambpw lmkymfl-I-
ambpw \oXn-]q¿∆-I-ambpw kwkm-cn-°p-∂p.- ]-ta-bm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn-
\mbn t\mh-enÃv krjvSn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ BJym-\-I-Ym-]m-
X-ßfp-am-Wv (Narrational Characters). C]-Imcw IYm]mXß-
fpsS hyXy-kvXX Cu t\mh-enepw it≤-b-am-Wv.
_n. tIµo-I-cWw
Ip™-ΩbpsS ho£-W-tØm-sSm∏w tKm]m-e≥\m-b-cp-
sSbpw tNmbp-Æn-bp-sSbpw ho£-W-ßfpw BJym-\-Øn¬ ImWmw.
D]-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS ho£W-߃°pw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ coXn-
bmWv CXv. H∂n-e-[nIw IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]cn-t]-£y-Øn-eqsS
IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Aÿn-c-tI-µo-I-c-W(Variable
foculization)amWv Cu t\mhen¬ kzoIcn°p∂Xv.
Kmao-W-amb kw`m-jWiIe-ßsf tImUo-I-cn-®m-Wv -Ip-
™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw apt∂m- p-t]-mIp-∂-Xv. KŸ-ImcmJym-\-Øn-
eqsS (Authorial narration) IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw ck-I-c-ßfpw
Nnt¥m-±o-]-I-hp-amb IYm-k-µ¿ -ß-sfbpwIpdn®v A`n-]mb]I-
S-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂p. IYm-]mXß-fpsS B¥-tcm-t±-iy-ßsf
t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂p.
kn. ÿe-Im-e-߃
Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ t\mh-ense ÿe-Im-e-߃,-
\m- p-h-gn-Iƒ, Nmb-°-S-Iƒ XpSßn tIhew Kma-°mgvNIƒ°-
∏pdw IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw IYm-P-\n-X-ÿ-ehpambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.
kmaq-lnI cmjvSob]iv\-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fm¬ kº-∂-
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129129
amWv Cu _mly-ÿ-e-߃. tKm]m-e≥-\mbcpw ANyp-X≥\-ºq-
Xn-cnbpw XΩn-ep≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ temI-a-lm-bp-≤hpw IΩyq-Wn-khpw
]›m-Ø-e-amb `uXn-I-Im-e-hpw Zriy-am-Wv. Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw
NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]W-bhpw A\p_-‘-kw- -h-ßfpw Htc ImeØv
Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IYm-Imehpw BJym-\-Im-ehpw
H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-a-\p-`-hn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-sf-°mƒ
\nXyPohn-X-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am-\-bm-Ym¿∞y-߃°v ]m[m\yw
sImSp-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ ]Xy£-s∏-Sp∂ Cu t\mh-en¬
B¥-cn-I-ÿ-e-Im-e-߃°v th≠X ]k-‡n-bn-√.
Un. `mj
`mj -kr-jvSn-°p∂ A¥-co-£-Xoh-Xbpw [z\ym-fl-I-Xbpw
h¿Æ-\-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw \¿tΩm-‡n-Ifpw sXmgn-ep-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏´ `mjbpw Cu t\mh-ens‚ BJym-\-ssi-en-bm-Wv.
A¥-co-£-I¬]\
A\p-tbm-Py-amb mj-bn-eqsSbp≈ A¥-co£I¬]\ Cu
t\mh-enepw Is≠Ømw. ""Imew IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. aßnb
\nemhv Ip™-Ω-sb-t∏mseXs∂ hnjm-Z-aq-I-ambn \n∂p. NmØ-
∏s‚ lrZ-b-Øn-se-∂-t]mse \ngepw Ahy-‡-ambn A\-ßn.''93
Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]nW°w CW-°-Øn\v hgn-amdp-
∂Xv NmØ-∏s‚ at\m-\n-ebpw A¥-co-£-I¬∏-\-Ifpw tIm¿Øn-
W°n Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.
[z\ymfl-I-amb `mj
IYm-kw- -h-ß-fn-te°pw IYm-]m-X-kz- m-h-ß-fn-te°pw shfn-
®w-ho-ip∂ [z\ym-fl-I-am-b io¿jI-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬
Is≠Ømw. "Nfn hmcn-sb-dn-bp∂ s]Æv', "AΩ-bn-√mØ ]uc≥',
"hmg-°p-e', "t]≥IS', "sR´n- ]-gp-°mØ sh‰ne' XpSßnb
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130130
io¿jI߃ IYm-]m-Xkz`mh-Øn-te°pw IYm-kw-`-h-ß-fn-
te°pw shfn®w hoip-∂p.
kz¥w CjvS-߃ km[n-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ anSp°pw Xm≥t]m-
cn-abpw Ip™-Ω-bpsS h¿Æ-\-bn¬ [z\n-°p-∂p≠v. ""Ip™Ω
F∂v t]cv. Ccp-≠-\n-dw, Dcp-≠-I-hn-fp-Iƒ, Nm´pfn-t]m-esØ IÆp-
Iƒ, Ah-sIm≠v Xnan-ß-esØ ]nSn°m-sa-∂p-tXm-∂pw. "t]mSm
]pt√' F∂ a´n-ep≈ \S-Ø-hpw.''94 Xs‚ CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃ \ne-
\n¿Øn-sIm-≠pXs∂ CjvS-s∏´ ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w Pohn-°m-\p≈
Xt‚Sw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-fmWv Ip™Ω F∂v Cu _mly-h¿Æ-\-
Iƒ [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p.
\¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ
\¿Ωa[p-c-amb Kmay`mjbv°v Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw
km£yw hln-°p-∂p. ""t\cw D®-bm-bn-cn-°p∂p. \√ hni∏v.
R߃ Nmb-∏o-Sn-I-bn¬ Ib-dn- I-S-ebpw ]p´pw Iq´n hb¿ \nd-®-
t∏mƒ Ipdp-∏n\v Hcp kwibw. Ip™Ω Ft¥ Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-
´m≥ F∂v. s]Æn\v BWn-t\mSv ]Wbw tXm∂p-∂Xv sX‰mtWm
F∂v At∏mƒ tNmZn-®p-Iq-Sm. Rm≥ H∂pw an≠n-bn-√. Ipdp∏pw
H∂pw an≠n-bn-√. Ipd-®p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ Rm≥ IS-e-bn¬ AS-ßnb
t]mj-Im-wi-ßsf∏‰nbpw ]p´ns‚ KpW-Øn-s\-∏-‰nbpw kwkm-cn-®p.-
]n-s∂bpw an≠m-Xn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂bpw NqSn-s\-∏-‰nbpw kqcy-a-WvU-
e-sØ-∏-‰nbpw _“mfiISm-l-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kwkm-cn-®p. ]n-s∂bpw
\ni-_vZw.''95 IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ip≤-a-\ pw \njvI-]-S-Xbpw \¿Ω-
t_m-[-tØmsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Kmay- m-j-bn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p.
cmam-b-W-sa∂ CXn-lm-ksØ GXm\pw hmN-I-Øn-eqsS
^en-Xm-fl-I-ambn AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw it≤-b-amWv. tNmbp-Æn°v
Ip™-Ωsb \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\°p-dn®v ""`mcy If-hvt]m-bm¬
B¿°pw tZjyw-h-cpw. Ipc-ß≥amsc klm-b-Øn\v Iq´n-bn-s -¶nepw
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131131
I≈-t\mSv bp≤-Øn\v Hcp-sº-SpIbpw sNøpw''96 F∂v A`n-]m-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p. tNmbp-Æn-bpsS hen-b -i-co-c-sØ°p-dn®v tKm]m-e≥\m-
b¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ""CX-h-enb icocw Hc-Ω-s]-‰p-≠m-hm≥ hø. I¬Ø-
h-f-bpsS P∑-am-hpw. h√ aebpw CSn-™-t∏mƒ Iq -Øn¬ Ah\pw
Hen-®p-h-∂-Xm-hpw.''97 DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂ apZm-hm-Iyw
s]m¥n-h-∂-t∏mƒ tKm]m-e≥\m-b¿ Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xv ""icn-bmWv,
]t£ Rms\-¥p-sNbpw? Pp∫-bpsS c≠p-t]m-°‰nepw c≠v ]cp-
Øn-s®Sn \´p-h-f¿Ømw. aq∂m-a-sXm∂v Fhn-sS-h°pw?''97 F∂m-Wv.
F¥n-s\bpw \¿Ωa[p-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂ Cu BJym-\-
X¥w Ddq-_ns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
NmØ-∏-s‚bpw Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw ]W-bsØ FXn¿Ø-
h-tcmSv NmØ-∏s‚ adp-]Sn C]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""Ip™Ω tNmXymsc
C°v C´m. AeIpw sNcym, ]pSow sNcym. ]ns∂ F¥n\m Hcp
FS-∏qfv.''99 NmØ-∏s‚ sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Cu `mjbv°v
sNdpa`mj-bpsS Icp-Øpap-≠v.
XnI®pw Kmay-sa-∂p- tXm-∂p∂ IYm-kzo-I-c-W-Ønepw ]mT-
]-c-amb BJym-\-X-¥-ß-fpsS khn-ti-jX hy‡-am-Wv. IYm-]m-
X-߃ a\p-jy-Xzhpw \≥abpw Dƒs°m≠v PmXn-a-X-t -Z-sat\y
am\-hn-I-X-sb∂ alme£y-Øn-te°v \oXcm-Ip∂ IYm¥yw Cu
t\mh-ens‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. IYm-]m-X-߃°-\p-kr-X-amb
ho£-Whpw `mjbpw krjvSn-®p-sIm≠v BJym-\-X-¥-ß-fpsS
hn\ymkw km[y-am°p∂p.
ta¬hn-h-cn® \mep t\mh-ep-I-fp-sSbpw IYm-kzo-I-c-W-Øn¬
Ddq_v ]pe¿Øp∂ hyXn-cn-‡X Cu t\mh-ep-Isf thdn p-\n¿Øp-∂p.
tIhew IYm-Jym-\-Øn-sem-Xp-ßp-∂-X√ Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-Iƒ.
Kl-\-amb `mh-L-S-\bpw kq£vaamb ]ta-b-X-ehpw Ddq-_ns‚
t\mh-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. D]-I-Y-Isf kq£va-amb km[y-
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132132
X-I-tfmsS tIµ-]-ta-b-tØmSv tN¿Øp-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v BJym\w
sNøp-∂p.
k¶o¿Ækz`m-h-ap-≈Xpw sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-
Xp-amb \nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-߃ Hmtcm t\mh-en-s‚bpw tIµ-X-
e-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kXy-sØbpw \∑sbbpw Bt]-£n-
I-ambpw hy‡n-a-l-Xz-\n-jvT-amb kmaq-lnIt_m[y-tØm-sSbpw
hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv Ddq-_n-t‚-Xv. Ah-cp-tS-Xmb
Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬\nt∂m BZ¿i-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬\nt∂m
AS¿Øn-sb-SpØv Cu IYm-]m-X-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\m-hn-√. kz¥w
hoSpw kaq-lhpw tZihpw Ah-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-\n-jvT-amb AkvXn-
Xz-Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bm-Wv. D∂-X-amb PohnXZ¿i\w, ]Xn-k-
‘n-I-fn¬ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Bfl-hn-izm-k-]q¿Æ-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ,
_mlyhpw B¥-cn-I-hp-amb temI-Øn¬ ]pe¿Øp∂ Bgap≈
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-bm¬ Akm-[m-c-WXzw ]Xo-X-am-Ip∂
]mX-krjvSn Ddq-_ns‚ ]tXyIXbm-Wv.
sshhn≤yw \nd™ ho£-WtImWpI-fpsS kzoImcyX Ddq-
_ns‚ BJym-\sØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p-∂p. tIµo-I-c-W-Øns‚
_lp-kz-cX Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. IYm-
kz- m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v ho£Wß-fpsS ka-\z-bhpw t_m[-[m-cm-co-Xn-
bpsS khn-ti-j-]-tbm-Khpw ImWmw. IYm-]m-X-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hmb-
\-°m-cpsS kvt\lhpw kl-Xm-]hpw DNn-X-amb tIµo-I-c-WsØ
Bi-bn®v \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
Ncn-X-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjvSo-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw
am\-kn-I-hp-amb ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS hn\ymkw Cu t\mh-ep-I-fn-
ep≠.v B¥cnI-Im-eØns‚ Bhn-jvI-c-WsØ _mly-ÿ-e-
ßtfmSv tN¿Øv Ddq_v hn\y-kn-∏n-°p-∂p.
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133133
IYm-k-µ¿ -߃°pw IYm-]m-X-߃°p-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ mhm-
¥-co£w krjvSn-°p∂ `mj-bpsS kq£va-am-b- A-h-X-c-W-Øn¬
Ddq-_v i≤n°p∂p. kmµhpw [z\ym-fl-I-hp-amb _nw_-I¬]-\-
Iƒ `mj-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. IYm-]m-X-h¿Æ-\-
bn¬ kzoI-cn-°p∂ hyXy-kvX-amb Ah-X-c-W-I-a-߃ t\mh¬
`mj-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf ]ISam-°p-∂p. \¿tΩm-‡n-Ifpw ]g-
s©m-√p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw ]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bpsS km[y-X-Ifpw
XpSßn \nc-h[n `mjm-t`-Z-ßsf Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh¬`m-j-bn¬
Is≠Ømw. sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏- - m-jbpw mj-bnse kvXo]-
cn-t]-£yhpw ]ta-b-kz- mhw km¿∞-I-am-°p∂ t\mh¬ io¿j-
I-ßfpw Ddq-_ns‚ BJym-\-X-¥-ß-fm-Wv. Ddq-_ns‚ Pohn-Xmh-
t_m-[hpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw ]Xy-£-h¬°-cn-°m-\p-]-bp-‡-amb
BJym-\-X-¥-ßfpsS kq£vaamb D]tbmKamWv Cu t\mhep
IfpsS hyXykvXXbv°v \nZm\w.
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134134
Ipdn∏pIƒ
1 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 76, 1999.
2 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 129, 1999
3 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 26, 1999
4 Man has been defined by his relationship to the outside world to
nature, to society, indeed to God - where as woman has been
defined in relationship to men - Mary Ann Ferguison, Images of
women in literature, p.5,1981
5 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 249, 1999
6 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 17, 1999
7 Percy Lubbuck, The Craft of Fiction, P.1,1921
8 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 17, 1999
9 sI.]n.ic®µ≥, t\mhepIfneqsS, ]pdw 93, 1999
10 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 56, 1999
11 sI.]n.A∏≥, kab]hmlhpw kmlnXyIebpw, ]pdw 119,
1999
12 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 164, 1999
13 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 86, 1999
14 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 50, 1999
15 _meNµ≥ hSt°SØv, hmb\bpsS D]\njØ v, ]pdw 112,
1999
16 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 115, 1999
17 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 115, 1999
18 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 168, 1999
19 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 184, 1999
20 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 191, 1999
21 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 85, 1999
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135135
22 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 91, 1999
23 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 58, 1999
24 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 88, 1999
25 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 114, 1999
26 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 31, 1999
27 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 121˛2, 1999
28 _meNµ≥ hSt°SØv, hmb\bpsS D]\njØv, ]pdw 119,
1999
29 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 109, 1999
30 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 203, 1999
31 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 158, 1999
32 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 247, 1999
33 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 58, 1999
34 ctajv Nµ≥ (A`napJw), Ddq_v hy‡nbpw kmlnXyImc\pw,
tPm¿÷v Ccpºbw (FUn.), ]pdw 112.1983
35 jmPn tP°_v, t\mh¬ NcnXØns‚ ]mTt`Zw, ]pdw 40. 2003
36 It may be useful for us to think of character as function of two
impulses : to individualize and the impulse to typify. Great and
memorable characters are the result of a powerful combination of
these two impulses. We remember the special, individualizing
quirks, habitual patterns of speech, action or appearances and we
remember why the charecters represents something larger than
himself. These individualized touches are part of the story-teller's
act. They amuse us or engage our sympathy for the character. -
Robert Scholes, Elements of Literature, P.129. 1978
37 sI.Fw.XcI≥, kmlnXytemIw ssXamknIw, 1979
Pqsse˛sk]v‰w_¿, e°w 1, hmeyw 5, ]pdw 45.
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136136
38 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 262. 2000
39 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 457, 2000
40 sI.Fw.XcI≥, kmlnXytemIw ssXamknIw, 1979
Pqsse˛sk]v‰w_¿, e°w 1, hmeyw 5, ]pdw 45.
41 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 147, 2000
42 sI.]n.A∏≥, apJhpc, Ddq_ns‚ kºq¿ÆIrXnIƒ, 2000
43 Furthermore such characters do not develop in the course of
action. As a consequence of the restriction of qualities and the
absense of development flat characters are easity recognized and
easily remembered by the reader - Schlomith Rimmon Kenan,
Narrative Fiction, p.40, 2002
44 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 87, 1999
45 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 253, 2000
46 In an experience of fiction, the attitude we develop towards the
events presented, and our understanding of those events, will
unusually be controlled by the author through his or her technical
management of point of view - Robert Scholes, Nancy R Comely,
Carl H. Klaus, Michael Silverman (eds), Perspective and Lan-
guage : Elements of Literature, p.133, 1997
47 Un. cm[mIrjvW≥ \mb¿, BJym\hn⁄m\w, ]pdw 58, 2000
48 hneyw sl≥dn lUvk¨, kmlnXy]T\Øn\v Hcp BapJw
(]cn. Fkv.sI.hk¥≥), ]pdw 30, 1993
49 sI.]n.A∏≥, kab]hmlhpw kmlnXyIebpw, ]pdw 119,
1996
50 _meNµ≥ hSt°SØv, hmb\bpsS D]\njØv, ]pdw 113,
1999
51 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 36, 2000
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137137
52 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 444, 2000
53 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 178, 2000
54 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 34, 2000
55 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 28, 2000
56 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 177, 2000
57 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 215, 2000
58 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 111, 2000
59 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 116, 2000
60 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 126, 2000
61 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 135, 2000
62 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 285, 2000
63 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 437, 2000
64 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 213, 2000
65 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 397, 2000
66 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 27, 2000
67 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 261˛2, 2000
68 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 209, 2006
69 I like reflector because it conveys, both a visual dierction and a
congnitive component. Thus it works for external narration, fea-
turing the start of a character or the internal report of a character's
interior both can fit one piece of metaphor of reflector - Suzanne
Keen, Narrative Form, p.45, 2003
70 The flashback method can also be described as the instrument of
interpretting and also probing the past in terms of the present -
Shakkeel Ahmmed, Theoretical Viability of Flashbackmethod as a
technique of fiction, p.33, 1991
71 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 3, 2006
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138138
72 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 79, 2006
73 Shakkeel Ahmmed, Theoretical Viability of Flashbackmethod as a
technique of fiction, p.34, 1991
74 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 197, 2006
75 Ddq_v, BapJw, AΩnWn, ]pdw 18, 2006
76 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 26, 2006
77 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 17, 2006
78 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 8, 2006
79 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 161, 2006
80 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 196, 2006
81 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 37, 2006
82 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 158, 2006
83 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 12, 2006
84 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 73, 2006
85 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 214, 2006
86 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 17, 2006
87 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 102, 2006
88 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 8, 2006
89 ""F√mw Ign™v Ahƒ Hcp IjWw \nemhv t]mse
ssIØ≠bn¬ InS∂t∏mƒ Fs‚ ssI ISs™SpØ
iwJvt]msebp≈ B IgpØv XShn. Ahƒ ]p©ncnsIm≠p...
Ahƒ \oeØmfpt]mse hmSn°gn™ncp∂p. Xpdn® IÆpIƒ
Rm≥ hnc¬sIm≠pXs∂ AS®p.'' ˛ Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw
214˛5, 2006
90 sI.Fw.XcI≥, A\izc\mb Ddq_v, ]pdw 229, 1986
91 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 6, 2006
92 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 36, 2006
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139139
93 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 39, 2006
94 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 6, 2006
95 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 9, 2006
96 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 11, 2006
97 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 11, 2006
98 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 21, 2006
99 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 7, 2006
.