Transcript of There is enough in the world for everyone’s need, but not enough for everyone’s greed. ~ Frank...
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- There is enough in the world for everyones need, but not enough
for everyones greed. ~ Frank Buchman As time goes on we get closer
to that American Dream of there being a pie cut up and shared.
Usually greed and selfishness prevent that and there is always one
bad apple in every barrel. ~ Rick Danko
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- The problem of social organization is how to set up an
arrangement under which greed will do the least harm, capitalism is
that kind of a system. ~ Milton Friedman It has always seemed
strange to me... the things we admire in men, kindness and
generosity, openness, honesty, understanding and feeling, are the
concomitants of failure in our system. And those traits we detest,
sharpness, greed, acquisitiveness, meanness, egotism and
self-interest, are the traits of success. And while men admire the
quality of the first they love the produce of the second. ~ John
Steinbeck
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- Altruism: 1. Unselfish concern for the welfare of others;
selflessness
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- Let us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are
born selfish. ~ Richard Dawkins Altruism is innate, but its not
instinctual. Everybodys wired for it, but a switch has to be
flipped. ~ David Rakoff
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- Nice Guys Finish First: The Competitive Altruism Hypothesis
Charlie L. HardyCharlie L. Hardy & Mark Van VugtMark Van Vugt
University of Kent at Canterbury Abstract Three experimental
studies examined the relationship between altruistic behavior and
the emergence of status hierarchies within groups. In each study,
group members were confronted with a social dilemma in which they
could either benefit themselves or their group. Study 1 revealed
that in a reputation environment when contributions were public,
people were more altruistic. In both Studies 1 and 2, the most
altruistic members gained the highest status in their group and
were most frequently preferred as cooperative interaction partners.
Study 3 showed that as the costs of altruism increase, the status
rewards also increase. These results support the premise at the
heart of competitive altruism: Individuals may behave
altruistically for reputation reasons because selective benefits
(associated with status) accrue to the generous.
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- The Russian Revolutions
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- Russian Revolutions - Background Essential Questions: 1). In
what ways was Russia ripe for revolution in 1917?
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- Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union?
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- Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this
impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991?
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- Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this
impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991? 4). How
did Soviet Communism influence international affairs?
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- Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this
impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991? 4). How
did Soviet Communism influence international affairs? 5). Although
Russia is no longer a communist state, what has been the legacy of
the Russian Revolutions both in Russia and the world?
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- Russias ethnic diversity makes it an unlikely candidate as a
country.
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- From 1328, Russia Ruled by a Tsar: The Romanov dynasty: Peter
the Great (1600s) Catherine the Great (1700s) Nicholas I Alexander
II (1800s) Alexander III Nicholas II
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- Feudal system in Russia Serfs continued to work the land of the
lords in Russia, well after feudalism had collapsed in the rest of
Europe. 712 peasant uprisings in Russia b/w 1826 and 1854. Serfs
were emancipated in 1861 by Alexander II. At the time, their
freedom came at a great price; they were able to buy the least
productive piece of land from their lord, in exchange for
significant costs. Most emancipated serfs were not able to make a
profit off their farm land alone. Russias peasantry continued in
destitution, and uprising continued. Background reading on the
Emancipation of the Serfs:
http://www.historytoday.com/michael-lynch/emancipation-russian-serfs-1861-charter-freedom-or-act-betrayal
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- Video clips communism vs. capitalism Smurfs:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qra0hlO6hZ k Captain Capitalism:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nEgjwfX 6s8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nEgjwfX 6s8
- Slide 18 the Communist Manifesto"> the Communist
Manifesto"> the Communist Manifesto" title="Communism - "From
each according to his ability to each according to his needs.
Marxism - Karl Marx/ Engels --> the Communist
Manifesto">
- Communism - "From each according to his ability to each
according to his needs. Marxism - Karl Marx/ Engels --> the
Communist Manifesto
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- The Path to Revolutions in Russia Russia Pre-1917: Social -
class system -very hierarchical Czar Nobility Religious leaders
Peasants -rich/poor Political 1. Autocracy - 1 person rule - not
democratic - Czar Nicholas II 2. Duma (Russian Parliament) -created
1906 -very weak 3. Political Parties Economic 1. High unemployment
2. Starvation 3. Agrarian society trying to industrialize 4.
Inflation 5.Trade Unions/Strikes Religious - Russian Orthodox
Church (led by Czar) - support the Czar -"Religion is the Opium of
the Masses" Military 1. Large but ill- equipped - badly led by
nobility 2. Russo- Japanese War 1906 - Russia lost - this
discredited the Czar
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- Fuelling the Sparks - 1905 - 1917: 1. Bloody Sunday: Jan 22,
1905 Tsarist troops fire on a group of protesters begging the Tsar
for help.
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- Fuelling the Sparks cont. 2. General strike: Oct. 20-30 >
All of Russia on strike. Tsar must do something Result: October
Manifesto -promises: 1. To provide some civil liberties 2. Create a
Duma: a legislative assembly (turn Russia into a Constitutional
Monarchy). Reality: By 1906, Tsar goes back on many promises >
Held power to call/dismiss the Duma, and rarely called it.
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- Fuelling the Sparks cont. 3. World War I: More strikes in 1914
than 1905, but Nicholas II saw war as an opportunity to rally the
country. People were initially enthusiastic about the war, but this
feeling quickly faded: WHY? > people realized Tsarist govt could
not organize an efficient war effort. Troops totally ineffective:
pathetic equipment, poor medical situation.
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- -August 1915: Nicholas II leaves for the front to take charge
of troops. Result: > major mistake: 1. Russian troops continue
to lose battles blamed on Tsar. 2. Leaves Alexandra (Tsarina) in
charge. gov't power to Rasputin, a peasant monk Fuelling the Sparks
cont.
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- I believe in miracles, since you came along... You sexy
thing....
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- Rasputin Background... Name: Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin From:
Siberia, Russia Born: 22 January, 1869
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- Hemophilia is hereditary passed through royal families of
Europe from Queen Victoria
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- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgRZMn- UGg4
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- Ra Ra Rasputin....
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- Rasputin by Boney M There lived a certain man in Russia long
ago He was big and strong, in his eyes a flaming glow Most people
looked at him with terror and with fear But to Moscow chicks he was
such a lovely dear He could preach the bible like a preacher Full
of ecstasy and fire But he also was the kind of teacher Women would
desire
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- RA RA RASPUTIN Lover of the Russian queen There was a cat that
really was gone RA RA RASPUTIN Russia's greatest love machine It
was a shame how he carried on
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- He ruled the Russian land and never mind the czar But the
kasachok he danced really wunderbar In all affairs of state he was
the man to please But he was real great when he had a girl to
squeeze For the queen he was no wheeler dealer Though she'd heard
the things he'd done She believed he was a holy healer Who would
heal her son
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- But when his drinking and lusting and his hunger for power
became known to more and more people, the demands to do something
about this outrageous man became louder and louder.
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- "This man's just got to go!" declared his enemies But the
ladies begged "Don't you try to do it, please" No doubt this
Rasputin had lots of hidden charms Though he was a brute they just
fell into his arms Then one night some men of higher standing Set a
trap, they're not to blame "Come to visit us" they kept demanding
And he really came
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- RA RA RASPUTIN Lover of the Russian queen They put some poison
into his wine RA RA RASPUTIN Russia's greatest love machine He
drank it all and he said "I feel fine"
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- RA RA RASPUTIN Lover of the Russian queen They didn't quit,
they wanted his head RA RA RASPUTIN Russia's greatest love machine
And so they shot him till he was dead (Spoken:) Oh, those
Russians...
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- "If I am killed by common men, you and your children will rule
Russia for centuries to come; if I am killed by one of your stock,
you and your family will be killed by the Russian people!"
Rasputin
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- Prince Felix Yusupov Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Politician
Vladimir Purishkevich
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- -August 1915: Nicholas II leaves for the front to take personal
charge of troops. Result: > major mistake: 1. Russian troops
continue to lose battles blamed on Tsar. 2. Leaves Alexandra
(Tsarina) in charge. gov't power to Rasputin, a peasant monk R.
replaces cabinet ministers with his incompetent friends, continual
scandals > brings shame upon the royals Fuelling the Sparks
cont.
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- -As war progressed, more men needed for Russian army. Over 15
million peasants conscripted. Results: > agricultural production
drops (men leave farms) > shortages of food lead to rapid
inflation (prices up 700% b/w 1914-1917) Fuelling the Sparks -
World War I cont.
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- Causes: 1. Disasters of WWI - lost all battles, millions died
2. Role of Rasputin - destroyed Czar's prestige 3. Czar's mistake -
left Petrograd - led troops lost = decrease prestige 4. Political
Discontent: Rise of political parties 1. March Revolution
(1917)
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- March Revolution cont. 4. Political Discontent: Rise of
political parties - Zemstovs: based on Western parliamentary
traditions. Democratic liberals, included doctors, lawyers,
teachers - Kadets: youth, naive, liberal/democratic, want to
overthrow Czar - Social Revolutionaries: peasants, violent, killed
Czar Alexander (Nicholas's father) - Social Democrats / Marxists: 2
factions: > Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
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- Mensheviks - Marxist - Terror -Proletariat (factory workers)
Bolsheviks - Marxist - Terror - small # of committed, "professional
revolutionaries -led by Lenin & Trotsky
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- 5. Economic Crisis Famine Strikes - 1917: Shortage of bread -
March. 1917 most of the workers in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and
Moscow were striking and rioting for higher food rations.
-Disturbances in food lines of freezing, frustrated shoppers in St.
Petersburg (now Petrograd) erupted in violence - workers clash with
police Causes Review cont.
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- Female demonstrators, protesting cost of bread were joined on
the streets by striking factory workers
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- Alexandra Romanov to Nicholas: "This is a hooligan movement,
young people run and shout that there is no bread, simply to create
excitement...
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- ... If the weather were very cold, they would all probably stay
home. But all this will pass... if the Duma will behave itself."...
If the weather were very cold, they would all probably stay home.
But all this will pass... if the Duma will behave itself."
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- 6. Cossacks stopped supporting Czar - Ordered to fire on
protesters they refuse and instead join them Causes cont.
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- Action: - Czar & son abdicate Result: *Political Vacuum *
Who is to seize power?
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- ABDICATION DOCUMENT
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- Possible leaders: 1. The Duma 2. Soviets/ "Petrograd Soviets"
3. The Bolsheviks
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- -After Czar abdicated, the Duma took power and formed the
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
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- KERENSKY PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT - Duma - Provisional Government
(temporary); Parliament. -led by Alexandr Kerensky: -democratic,
believed in freedom, liberty. - dominated by "western" thought -
not a lot of power
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- KERENSKY PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT Failure to: 1. End Russias
involvement in the war 2. Give land to the peasants 3. Fix food
shortages/inflation 4. Hold elections for a representative
legislative assembly - *He did not offer "Peace, Bread, and Land *
But someone else did....
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- - Kerensky's flaw was like others in the government; he wanted
to postpone reforms until Russia had had some success on the battle
front. It was never to occur.
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- - July 1917, another Russian offensive ended in failure.
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- Who were Lenin & Trotsky?
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- Lenin Background: Name: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin = Man
of the Lena River 1914-1917: Had been in exile in Switzerland for
his revolutionary ideas.
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- Lenin cont. March 1917: Germans smuggle him back into Russia on
a sealed train to Petrograd. Believed he would cause trouble for
their Russian enemy perhaps even assist in stopping the Russian war
effort.
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- Promise/ Slogan: Peace, Bread, and Land - spoke to the most
serious of Russias problems. Lenin cont.
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- -Peace: end war with Germany immediately (achieved after Lenin
takes power: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
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- - Bread: sort of did - peasants produce it, Lenin takes bread
for industrial workers
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- - Land: peasants take it after Bolshevik Revolution, until
Stalin's Kolkhoz
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- Trotsky Background: Name: Lev Davidovich Bronshtein 1914-1917:
Had been in exile in Switzerland for his revolutionary ideas.
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- 2. July Days (1917) Massive, spontaneous protest against the
Provisional Govt by soldiers, joined by workers Bolsheviks
attempted to seize control > led the protests
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- 2. July Days (1917) cont. Provisional Government brutally
dispersed demonstrators and strikers > arrested Bolsheviks,
workers and soldiers > Lenin flees to Finland (exile) to avoid
arrest
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- Lived in a haystack wore a wig...
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- PG keeps Russia in the war Czarist General Kornilov appointed
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army (July 31 st 1917) 3.
September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy
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- > right wing > pro- authoritarianism > wants to
overthrow PG and replace with military govt get rid of
revolutionaries > marches on Petrograd > attempts coup detat
against PG 3. September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy cont.
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- Problem: - PG too weak to overthrow him Solution: - PG turns to
Bolsheviks to help fight Kornilov Results: - Lenin agrees -
Bolsheviks/ Red Guard under Trotsky receive weapons &
LEGITIMACY - attempted coup detat fails - Kerensky & PG appear
weak / Lenin decisive 3. September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy
cont.
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- Events: 1.Trotsky and Military Revolutionary Committee plan
successful coup d'etat > gain control of telegraph office,
bridges, train stations 4. November Revolution, 1917
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- 2. Kerensky & PG lose power Why ? - PG already weak a)
Economics: - inflation - refusal of Kerensky to transfer land b)
"Red Guards" c) Soviet Order #1 d) Bolshevik propaganda says war
only benefits rich 4. November Revolution, 1917 Events cont.
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- Result: - K. lived in Winter Palace (Czar's former home -
assoc. him with Czar) - PG members arrested - K. flees to Finland -
little resistance of PG
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- 1.Coup detat 1.Kerensky & PG lose power 3. Lenin &
Bolsheviks in power 4. November Revolution, 1917 Events cont.
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- COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA: Bolsheviks consolidate power: 1918-1920:
1)SOVNARKOM : new Soviet government
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- Bolsheviks consolidate power cont. 2) Treaty of Brest- Litovsk
(1918) - Germany & Russia
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- - To achieve an end to the war, Lenin was willing to sign away
1/4 of Russia's farming areas, 1/2 of her industries and 1/3 of her
G.N.P.
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- BREST-LITOVSK
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- 1)SOVNARKOM 2)Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3) Constituent Assembly
"Democracy for 24 hours" (1917) Bolsheviks consolidate power
cont.
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- When the Constituent Assembly met, it was dissolved by Lenin.
The election had been "a cover for bourgeois
counter-revolution."
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- 1) Establish SOVNARKOM 2) Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3) Call,
then dissolve Constituent Assembly 4) Implement Communism
Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.
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- 4) Implement Communism a)allow peasants to seize land b) no
political opposition (1 party state) c) end private ownership
(Marxist) d) Nationalized banks and confiscated private accounts e)
abolished Russian Orthodox Church f) control of factories to
workers' committees Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.
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- THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
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- After the Bolshevik revolution, anti-Bolshevik governments were
instituted in the south. Fighting broke out and the civil war was
on. Reds vs. Whites Whites
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- Trotsky organized the Bolshevik army called the Red Army - red
being synonymous for beautiful in Russian. Opposing the
Whites.
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- REDS Who: Bolsheviks Wanted: to consolidate power &
continue the communist revolution
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- WHITES Who: Everyone who opposed them - Czarists, Mensheviks,
S.R.'s, Students, Cossacks, army officers, bourgeoisie AND "Western
Interventionists" (Britain, France, USA, Japan, Canada) Wanted:
stop Bolshevism, and angry by Tof B-L
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- Russian Civil War video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzKuwxM
Pbdk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzKuwxM Pbdk
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- - The Bolsheviks slowly gained the upper hand. They instituted
the RED TERROR. Thousands were executed as they captured
territory.
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- * WON - Lenin is in power / Russia becomes U.S.S.R (1922)
Strengths / reasons for victory: 1) Controlled Central Russia
around Moscow - controlled industrial centre/ military supplies 2)
Secret Police - Cheka & "Red Terror" 3) Trotsky's generalship
(tactics) 4) United with a purpose 5)support from lower working
class & peasantry REDS
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- Weaknesses / reasons for loss: 1) often only controlled
countryside (not central areas) 2) huge reprisals against those who
supported Whites 3) fought as independent groups - lacked unity of
command - disorganized 4) Allied intervention less than
half-hearted - whites are disorganized with no real purpose
WHITES
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- He and his family were soon placed under house arrest at the
Alexander Palace. Later they were exiled, first to Tobolsk where
they were still treated with respect and consideration. Many
sympathized with the former tsar and still believed in his
supremacy. But it was when they were moved to Yekaterinburg that
conditions became harder. The house was fenced, large boards
covered the windows and the Romanovs were constantly guarded by
Bolshevik soldiers who humiliated and insulted them. Maria,
Nicholas daughter, writes in her diary during their captivity:
Everyone who comes into the house inspects our rooms... It's
difficult to write about anything cheerful, because there's all too
little cheerfulness here. On the other hand, God doesn't abandon
us. The sun shines, the birds sing, and this morning we heard the
bells sounding matins... About a month after moving there, the
entire imperial family was executed by firing squad in the basement
of the house they lived in.
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- GETTING SOME SUN IN EKATERINBURG
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- EKATERINBURG
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- CZAR AND ALEXIS
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- In 1918, Lenin stated, "We must not leave the Whites a live
banner to rally around." In 1918, Lenin stated, "We must not leave
the Whites a live banner to rally around."
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- Nicholas II, Alexandra, Alexis and his sisters were executed by
the Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg Siberia shortly before the Whites
captured the town.
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- Yakov Yurovsky - Head Executioner
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- DEATH HOUSE
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- ANNA ANDERSON
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- THE MINE SHAFT
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- BONES FOUND - Two Bodies missing
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- CZAR NICOLAS
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- Party control of the State (1922-1924): A). Dictatorship of the
Proletariat - Soviets / Councils at all levels - 1 party state >
no political opposition B). Apparachiks Communist Party officials
controlled all aspects of society C). Religion outlawed D). Secret
Police - Cheka = TOTALITARIAN
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- Lenin's Cheka Lenin's Cheka (secret police) played a dominant
role in the state. Headed by DZERZHINSKY
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- Economy Under Lenin: War Communism: (1918-1921) * MARXIST
Purpose: a) Implement comm. principles in the economy b) to feed
the Red Army during Civil War
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- War Communism cont. Terms: Peasants forced to give up all
surplus crops to gov't to feed Red army Workers told where to work
and relocated if necessary Private companies & industry were
nationalized. Private trade suppressed (replaced with rationing
& gov't distribution of food, etc.) Economy Under Lenin
cont.
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- + POSITIVE Result: Army survived Economy Under Lenin cont. War
Communism cont.
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- -NEGATIVE Results: Industrial & agricultural production
levels severely drop Economy Under Lenin - War Communism cont.
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- Famine: Many peasants burn crops/kill livestock in protest;
also, huge amounts of grain taken to feed Red Army Economy Under
Lenin cont. War Communism cont.
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- Kronstadt Mutiny: sailors revolt against War Communism extremes
& one party system. Economy Under Lenin cont. War Communism
cont.
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- Kronstadt Mutiny: sailors revolt against War Communism extremes
& one party system. > crushed by Trotsky & Red Guards
> Lenin recognized need for a change Economy Under Lenin cont.
War Communism cont.
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- Economy Under Lenin: NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: (1921) * CAPITALIST
Purpose: a) Individual economic initiatives b) End the famine
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- NEP cont. Terms: peasants pay a tax on a portion of food
production - get to sell the rest (incentive to produce as much as
possible to create profit -- capitalist) allow some private
businesses - small groups allowed to "purchase" their factory under
a cooperative agreement. Economy Under Lenin cont.
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- Results: a) some improvement in light- industrial production b)
agricultural output improved c) demonstrates that Lenin was
pragmatic: > willing to sacrifice some ideals of Marxism to
improve production > believed transition would be slower to keep
peasants on board. d) large increase in "NEPmen" (small
businessmen) & Kulaks (prosperous peasants) seen as dangerous
by Communists Economy Under Lenin cont. NEP cont.
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- LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES: A.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
B.Comintern (1919) The Communist International -Dedicated to
spreading world communism. C. Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
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- C. Treaty of Rapallo (1922) USSR & Germany Terms: 1)
U.S.S.R manufacture illegal war material for Germany forbidden in T
of Versailles 2) U.S.S.R would receive steel manufacturing tech
from Germany LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES cont.
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- Significance: 1) beginning of German re-armament > goes
against T of V 2) beginning of Soviet industrialization 3)
RAPPROCHEMENT between G. & U.S.S.R LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES
Treaty of Rapallo cont.
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- After a long illness, assassination attempts also having taken
their toll, Lenin died in 1924. After a long illness, assassination
attempts also having taken their toll, Lenin died in 1924.
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