Post on 18-Mar-2022
Open Science Journal of Statistics and Application 2018; 5(2): 5-12
http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/osjsa
ISSN: 2381-4950 (Print); ISSN: 2381-4969 (Online)
Therapeutic Effects of Yoga and Meditation on Overall Performance of University Students
Ravindra Bhardwaj1, Jyotikumar Arora
2, Shailendra Pratap Singh
3
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India 2Department of Humanities & Applied Sciences, Technical College, Agra, India 3Department of Mathematics, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India
Email address
To cite this article Ravindra Bhardwaj, Jyotikumar Arora, Shailendra Pratap Singh. Therapeutic Effects of Yoga and Meditation on Overall Performance of
University Students. Open Science Journal of Statistics and Application. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2017, pp. 5-12.
Received: November 6, 2017; Accepted: November 30, 2017; Published: June 5, 2018
Abstract
“yoga” comes from a Sanskrit root “yuj” which means union, or yoke, to join, and to direct and concentrate one's attention. A
continuous practice of yoga enhances strength, endurance, flexibility and facilitates which is characterized by friendliness,
compassion, and greater self-control, while cultivating a sense of calmness and in form of overall performance i.e. well-being.
Overall performance of the students is based on the quantity and quality of learning attained in a subject or group of subjects after
along time period of instruction, extra co-curricular activities like cultural, sorts, general awareness, etc. Excessive stress affects
students overall performance. Improvement in academic performance and alertness has been investigated in various yogic
studies. The present paper is specifically aimed to assess the effect of yoga and meditation on overall performance of the students
through fundamentals of ethical lifestyle [Physical, Work Ethics, Community Work and Spiritual] on the development of
consciousness. For creating a feel of better well being and life satisfaction among the society through scientific justifications
based on alteration of pattern of psychological and medical parameters. The Statically results are very optimistic in yoga and
meditation practice can alter an individual ’s social, self, physical and emotional well being. It also indicates that practitioners
yoga with spiritual intentions reported significantly high erpsychological well being compared with practitioners doing yoga
alone. Results suggest that yoga with meditation is a positive addition which can be an effective way to help students cope with
stress and focus on concentration for specific task.
Keywords
Therapeutic Effects, Meditation, Consciousness, Academic Performance
1. Introduction
In present scenario the students Problem are expected to
take on more responsibilities among the society other than the
college performance as compared to students in the past.
Overall performance of the students based on extracurricular
activities, community service, and any other activity that
looks in form of complete man. Due to this competitive
behavior, students are felling stress at a higher level earlier in
life. Today’s as per medical science stress can because of
multiple health risks and can also inhibit. Conscious is our
subjective understanding of both the environment around us
and our private internal world unobservable to outsiders.
Consciousness is generally divided in to two broad states:
waking consciousness and altered states of consciousness.
Although the boundary between the two types is not always
clear. In waking consciousness, we are aware of our thoughts,
emotions and perceptions. When we enter altered state of
consciousness, our mental state differs significantly from
waking consciousness. Some altered state of consciousness
such as sleeping and dreaming occur naturally. Others such as
those induced by drug or hypnosis are triggered by deliberate
attempts to alter one’s state of consciousness; meditation Is an
altered state of consciousness characterized by sense of deep
relaxation and loss of self-awareness the mind from thinking
clearly. If students are stressed it is unable to achieve the goal
in life.
6 Ravindra Bhardwaj et al.: Therapeutic Effects of Yoga and Meditation on Overall Performance of University Students
Yoga, which is away of life, is characterized by balance,
health, harmony, and bliss. Meditation, being part of yoga,
which is the seventh limb of Ashtanga Yoga-a state of alert
rest as stated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who founded a new
technique of meditation, popularly known as transcendental
meditation Well-being, as pecial case of attitude Is a general
term for the condition of an individual or group for their social,
economic, psychological, spiritual or medical state, ultimately
leading to the satisfaction of life. Life satisfaction is the
cognitive component of subjective well being and plays an
important role in positive development of any person. Low
life satisfaction is found to be associated it hpsychological,
social and behavioral problems while high life satisfaction is
related to good adaption and optimum mental health.
Importance of the impact of fundamentals of ethical lifestyle
[Physical, Work Ethics, Community Work and Spiritual] for
the positive development ultimately leading to consciousnesss
has been highlighted. Each person has enough potential that is
caught up in his routine activities in unskill fulways and its
energy is not used effectively for achieving higher state of life
satisfaction in which attention, thoughts and perception are
improved and refined. It is associated with exceptional control
over one's mind for intellectual, moral and personal growth.
There a lgoal should be the spiritual up liftment from one
hierarchy of spirituality to a higher level with for complete
release from bondage of body and mind attend and full
benefits can be secured only by the methods of Trancedental
Meditation, which in which spiritentity gets absorbed with the
internal sound, sitting in a natural posture. Many studies have
been conducted in past for ESP (Radin 1987, Tanousand
Donnelly 2009) The first laboratory experiment forth etrance–
telepathy ESP was conduct in gby (Radin 2003). (Lewis CS
2008) have investigated to ‘fix’ illnesses, injuries, and
remedial conditions. Nurturing these beliefs, promotional leaf
lets which are distributed by local club soften describe yoga as
a practice which“ can be helpful to correct muscular skeletall
imbalances, develop core strength and flexibility,
improvement of breathing patterns, release stress and tension,
increase energy and vitality. Implicit measurement of positive
and negative future thinking as a predictor of depression
symptoms and hopelessnesss consciousness and Cognition,
have given by (LivKosnes et al. 2013). Whilst some
practitioners consider asana to constitute an alternative form
of exercise, others are drawn to this postural yoga as they
believe it to offer an effective form of physical therapy
(Ullman, Krippner & Feldstein 1966) have investigated
experimentally induced telepathic dreams conducted two
studies using EEG – REM monitoring. long-term yoga
practitioners in the United States investigated muscular–
skeletal and mental health improvements (Birdee et al. 2008).
(Moliver NS, et al.) have suggested about Yoga experience as
a predictor of psychological wellness in women over 45 years.
The hierarchy of biological neural network satsub-cellular
microtubular cytoskeleton level lead to a kind of interface of
neural and quantum level shown by Hameroff 1994
In it the attention is focused on an object in the environment
such as flower or a figure, arrhythmic physical motion of the
body (such as breathing) or a mantra (a chant or phrase that
media to repeats). Various forms of meditation practices are
prevalent concentrative meditation, opening up meditation,
mind fullness meditation has given by Feldman, (2002).
The psycho-physiological correlates of several techniques
includes altering states of consciousness, demons trating more
or less characteristic features in Meridian (Psycho) Therapies,
Microwave Resonance Relaxation, Autogenic Training,
Transcendental Meditation, Musicogenic States,
Healer/Healee Interactions, and Alertness/Drowsiness have
given by Arora 2015.
Such a tool might be useful in evaluating the effectiveness
of different techniques for stress reduction and for altering
expressions of consciousness. Fundamental field-related
macroscopic Hopfield-like quantum-informational basis of
the underlying quantum-holographic paradigm were
considered, with implication that whole psycho somatic might
be considered as a quantum hologram, both on the level of
individual and collective consciousness. This enables
quantum-holographic hierarchical fractal coupling of various
hierarchical level sin Nature [Rakovic et al 2009].
Saxena T et al. has investigated “The effect of various
breathing exercises (pranayama) inpatients with bronchial
asthma of mild to moderate severity” International J Yoga,
2009.
Meditative and non-meditative spiritual experiences of 31
practitioners following different spiritual traditions were
explored and identified. Spiritual experiences from 16
subjects are collected by semi-structured interview method
and the remaining data are collected from published literature.
Both types of data are subjected to the mathematic analysis.
An attempt was made to segregate various aspects of a
spiritual experience and termed as ‘Issues’. Ninety three
spiritual issues were traced from the data. In order to facilitate
better understanding of the type and range of spiritual
experiences, these ‘issues’ are combined and categorized in to
themes (Kandi 2012).
The biology of meditation reveals that after meditation even
for three months, participants had higher level of
neurotransmitters in their blood, although the exact nature of
the relationship between neurotransmitters and meditation has
yet to be revealed. Increase in alpha rhythm amplitude and
decrease in beta–wave activity are found among mediators.
Similarly decreased heart and respiratory rates, improved
memory, attention and concentration were found among
mediators as compared to then on-mediators as well as before
and after meditation in the same subjects has reported by
(Anand 2013).
Studies have also shown that there is the significant effect
of Yoga and Meditation on different dimensions of
consciousness quotient suggested by Ahuja, 2013.
Research has increasingly focused on the benefits of
meditation in every day life and performance. Mindfulness in
particular improves attention, working memory capacity, and
reading comprehension has investigated by Agarwaletal, 2013.
The meditative effect has wider implications for the use of
mindfulness as an everyday practice and a basis for clinical
Open Science Journal of Statistics and Application 2018; 5(2): 5-12 7
treatment have reported by Kramer et al. 2013
Research using explicit measures has linked decreased
positive future thinking, but not increased negative future
thinking, with clinical depression (LivKosnes et al. 2013).
Q. D Ream Inc 2014 has reported the Effect of Yoga &
Meditation on Consciousness & Mindfulness, Transnational
Exploratory Field REG Investigation and Statistical
Anomalies in a Random Physical System Proximal to
Large-Scale Animal Mortality
Using SQUID (Super Conducting Quantum Interface
Devices) based measurements at the time of
meditation-cum-prayer session at Dayalbagh, Agra reveals
that atmosphere becomes quite focused during meditation and
the magnetic field in the vicinity also arises. Even
immediately after meditation. There is the kind of residual
effect and serenity continues to prevail (Satsangi and Sahni,
2012).
The psychic ability of subject was recorded by examining
him immediately after REM period of sleep have suggested by
Sherwood and Roe, 2002 Using SQUID (Super Conducting
Quantum Interface Devices) based measurements at the time
of meditation cum-prayer session at Dayalbagh, Agra reveals
that atmosphere becomes quite focused during meditation and
the magnetic field in the vicinity also arises. Even
immediately after meditation there is the kind of residual
effect and serenity continues to prevail have reported by
Satsangi and Sahni, 2012. (Arora et al. 2015) have
investigated effect of Meditation and Cognitive Factor for the
measurement of Level of Consciousness: ANN
Computational Model. Effects of meditation on Chakra
Energy and Hemodynamic Parameter have given by (Arora et
al. 2015). (Arora et al. 2015) have seen the impact of Physical
Exercise and Transcendental Meditation on Physiological
parameters: An ANN Modelling.” Impact Of Yoga &
Meditation On Psychological Pattern Of University Students:
A Scientific Paradigm” have given by (Arora et al. 2017)
2. Materials & Method
Aim of present study to exploring the therapeutic effects of
yoga with meditation and its ability to increase quality of life
of the students. Examine the experimental intervention of
yoga and meditation based on Hierarchical Order the data
discretization of level of Consciousness. To establish the
relation between mindfulness and consciousness measure the
impact of intervention on self-reported mindfulness. Thirty
university level students participated in this experimental
study. The participants did yoga and meditation for 3 months
continuously. The age-range of the university students was 16
to 22 years (M=20.0, SD=7.14).
Yoga module flow chart as
(yoga asana ==> pranyam ==> orientation program ==>
prayer ==> meditation)
The practice sessions were held on week days (six days) in
the morning hours for forty minutes continuously under the
guidance of experienced practitioner. Over All performance of
the students based on Academic performance (AP),
extraco-curricular activities performance (ECCAP), social
awareness Index (SII) & Aptitude & Reasoning (AR) were
collected through questionnaire while other related
physio-psychological parameters of the subjects were
recorded through various test like advanced ESP test,
Precognition test, Psi-Q test. Bisht Battery Stress scale was
used to measure different levels of stress among the students
in our Biomedical lab of the institute. This was done before
the start of experiment. All the practitioners were initially
given a warm up light exercise for 5 minutes daily before the
yoga. Then practitioners performed yogic asanas (postures)
such as Surya namaskar, Anulom-Vilom, KapalBharti,
Bhujangasana, Vajrasana, Siddhasana and Shavasana for 20
minutes during morning hours. The shavasana was
intermittently practiced for about 2 minutes after completing
five asanas in this sequence under the supervision of two
qualified instructors. And then they were approaching for
Transdental Meditation (TM) 30 minutes daily. It was
performed by concentrating first on breath, so as to divert
senses away from the physical world. The eyes could be kept
closed. The students were concentrating on God, Guru, Sound,
Name or any particular Object. Students can follow their own
religious beliefs for considering object of concentration to
achieve higher level of consciousness. Completion of one and
half month quantitative and qualitative parameters were
recorded namely as middle data. After completion o of three
months again all quantitative and qualitative were collected
namely as post data. (Table 1) Data forth is study was
collected via hard copies of the questionnaire and an online e
survey replicating test. The questionnaire was distributed as a
hard copy to yoga practitioners.
Table 1. Parameters for overall Parameters.
Name Academic Extra Co-Curricular
Activities Social awareness Logic & Reasoning
M. Mebin P. S. 11 59 62 24 18 51 2.7984 1.7932 4.7081 2.25658 2.34525 3.8237
Manoj 16 51 57 20 24 34 1.8973 0.8973 4.9231 1.76578 1.97623 2.7365
Suresh 10 47 47 28 31 35 2.9124 2.4124 4.8933 0.86859 0.93451 4.0376
S Mohit 25 54 62 23 30 37 1.7999 1.7932 4.9137 1.58866 1.90423 2.9964
Karunesh 21 52 54 52 49 66 2.0456 1.7764 3.8238 0.87578 1.06732 4.9137
Harsh 20 49 49 49 50 55 0.8068 0.8838 3.7089 0.57654 1.87213 3.8235
Adil 16 56 60 56 60 62 1.8346 1.2463 4.7999 0.87764 1.74513 3.7089
Hirdesh 12 40 40 40 45 48 -0.6763 0.7823 4.9023 1.75345 2.34515 4.7999
Kamal 17 58 61 58 60 62 2.8045 2.7545 3.6031 0.88576 0.67823 4.9023
Sumit 11 55 55 55 59 60 0.6617 0.6301 3.9126 0.88575 0.90132 4.7081
S. Surya 26 47 54 47 51 55 3.8992 4.8974 3.7632 0.36788 1.06123 4.9231
8 Ravindra Bhardwaj et al.: Therapeutic Effects of Yoga and Meditation on Overall Performance of University Students
Name Academic Extra Co-Curricular
Activities Social awareness Logic & Reasoning
Anuraj Chetan 19 53 57 53 57 60 4.1081 1.3421 3.9903 0.25868 0.80313 4.8933
Arpit 29 44 51 44 48 49 4.6203 3.0312 4.9053 0.78655 0.01364 3.7632
Aarat 8 59 66 59 60 63 3.8933 0.9834 4.9979 0.56778 0.47038 4.8933
Ratan 15 56 55 56 59 63 4.0961 0.6254 2.7365 1.56459 1.30413 4.9137
K. Kantikonda 20 54 54 54 57 60 3.9923 0.7324 4.0376 0.55467 0.99013 3.8237
Vimal 21 51 54 51 58 62 3.8079 0.1253 2.9964 1.86778 2.12271 3.7089
Gabbar 10 52 68 52 57 59 4.2345 0.8817 3.9764 1.59099 1.60291 4.7999
Praveen 18 46 53 46 49 54 3.9023 0.7634 3.9126 2.12566 2.33522 4.9023
Ram Lal 28 42 48 42 44 49 3.6031 1.8324 3.7632 0.25668 0.67301 4.7999
Figure 1. Measurements of Physiological parameters in Bio Medical Lab.
Through the advance sand development of recent scientific
instruments, today, it is possible to measure the alteration of
overall performance level through various psycho- physio,
Aptitude, Working memory (WM) & Logic Reaso ing (LR)
online test.
a) Working Memory was measured through intelligence
and cognitive ability in Students by The Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS, David Wechsler 1955).
b) Physiological parameters like pulse rate, blood pressure,
were recorded in Bio–Medical lab of the Institute and
analysed through lab charts of tware for initial, middle
and post
3. Result and Discussion
Results Data was analysed using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences, Version 23.0.
A. Experimental intervention of yoga and meditation based
on Hierarchical clustering Analysis to identify relatively
homogenous groups of subjects on selected characteristic
using HCA Algorithm Considering Divisive, Resulting to a
construction of a Hierarchical Structure (dendogram) which is
depicting in Figure 1a, b (respectively) formation of clusters
through the straight forward method.
Figure 2. Dendrogram using Centroid linkage.
Open Science Journal of Statistics and Application 2018; 5(2): 5-12 9
Figure 3. Numbers of Clusters of Parameters.
B. Impact of yoga and meditation on overall performance of
the student which is based on the factors (AP, ECCAP, SI, AR)
of the subjects were statistically analysed the data through
ANOVA with Tukey’s Test for Non additivity to estimate the
power to which observations must be raised. To achieve
optimum solution of the experiment before the process,
middle data (after one and half month) the npost data after
three months were gathered and analysed
Table 2. ANOVA Turkey’s test for non aditivity.
SumofSquares Df MeanSquare F Sig.
Equation 1
Regression 357.243 7 35.501 2.080 .141
Residual 188.113 11 17.421
Total 602.126 18
Results were obtained for the given data Mean square
(22.625 to 57.092), Sum of squares (135.75 to 956.25) for 6
to 19 dfofeach input factor evaluating value lying between 1.5
to 1.9 while t-value (-1.575 to 1.619) at P<0.005 level of
significance.
C. Paired t-tests were applied for this study due to its robust
features to evaluate the degree of effectiveness of the input
variables (AP, ECCAP, SI, AR) to the resultant out put over
all performance, in order to assess the quality of the results.
The null hypothesis assumes that the true mean difference
between the paired samples were zero. All observable
differences were explained by random variation, as a
parametric procedure to estimate psychological parameters i.e.
ESP, PSI-Q, Working memory while Physiological
parameters Stress, pulse rate, blood pressure, was recorded.
Paired t-test was applied under the following assumptions
a) The dependent variable must be continuous
(interval/ratio).
b) The observations are independent of one another.
c) The dependent variable should be approximately
normally distributed.
N=number of participants; d=Cohen’s deffect size, *p<0.01,
one-tailed, **p<0.001, one-tailed
Table 3. Paired Samplest-tests looking at Initial and Continued, Spiritual and Physical Intentions.
SeriesVAR0000 N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
VAR00001 >=5.00 0a
19.5500 6.11910 1.47231 <5.00 20
VAR00002 >=5.00 0a 55.7000 6.03300 1.37321
10 Ravindra Bhardwaj et al.: Therapeutic Effects of Yoga and Meditation on Overall Performance of University Students
SeriesVAR0000 N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
<5.00 20
VAR00003 >=5.00 0a
.7670 1.57584 .27473 <5.00 20
VAR00004 >=5.00 0a
.6765 1.05557 .23652 <5.00 20
Data showed the following: the difference between the
means (M=-2.53 to 1.80), (Std. Devi. 1.20 to 19.87) for df19
at the level of 95% confidence of the PRE sessions of Yoga
and Meditation process was not significant. In the POST
session (after completing 3 months) data were significantly
different (P=0.005), with the group showing a lower value
[Table 3]. The overall personality of the practitioners showed
a significant decrease (P=0.05) after 3 months while the after
one and half months of the process did not show prominent
significant change. Because this analysis was on the
normalised units overall personality depends on the
considering factors the T values (-20.907 to 13.339) variation
after completing 3 months practice were effective as
compared to intervention period at the level of 95%
confidence for 19 degree of freedom.
D. Intra class correlation coefficients using a consistency
definition-the between-measure variance is excluded from the
denominator variance. Two-way mixed effects model where
student’s effects are random while measures effects are fixed.
This estimate is computed assuming the interaction effect is
absent, because it is not estimable otherwise.
Two-way mixed effects model where people effects are
random and measures effects are fixed.
a. The estimator is the same, whether the interaction effect
is present or not.
b. Type Cintra class correlation coefficients using a
consistency definition. The between-measure variance is
excluded from the denominator variance.
I. This estimate is computed assuming the interaction
effect is absent, because it is not stimable otherwise.
Table 4. Intra class correlations coefficient.
Measurement Intraclass
Correlation
95% Confidence Interval F test with true value 0
Lower Bound Upper Bound value df1 df2 Sig
Single Measures 0.40a -0.023 .431 1.412 18 205 0.095
Average Measures .336c -.218 .531 1.422 18 205 0.091
II. Sensitivity Analysis:
A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the
degree of effectiveness of variables during Yoga & Meditation.
Performance of the group of input vectors included AP,
ECCAP, SI, AR, The degree of effectiveness of variables were
found integrated in form of oveall performance of the student.
The developed model was examined for its ability to
performance of experimental data which was not forming the
part of the training program. The comparison results of desired
outputs and inputs are shown in Figure 4
Figure 4. Sensitivity analysis about the variables.
Open Science Journal of Statistics and Application 2018; 5(2): 5-12 11
4. Conclusion
The experimental group improved from pre-test to mid-test
(t=2.400, p=.001, d=0.57). The improvement in this group
was also observed in post-test (t=2.091, p=.002, d=0.52) from
the base line measure (Figure 5). No significant difference
from initial also rest to mid-test measure (t=0.61, p=.4460)
and to post-test measure (t=.0307, p=.849). Pie chart analysis
shows that post intervention there is significant increase in
overall performance of student of pre-initiates (z=1.94,
p=.034, r=.61) and first initiates (z=2.78, p=.012, r=.77).
However there is increase in mean overall performances core
of second initiates but the difference is insignificant, atz =1.38,
p=.18. Analysis reveals that overall performance of the PR
actioner’s scores are positively correlated to all dependent
factors of AP, ECCAP, A Rand SI. There was significant
increase in social index (SI) land Academic performance (AP)
after 6 weeks of intervention where as ECCAP and A
Performance increased significantly post intervention which
was for 8 weeks.
Figure 5. OverallperformancesofparticipantswithTimedevotion.
Figure 6. Stress reducing flow chart with Time intervention.
B: There sultan effect of yoga and meditation ‘to develop
over all personality of student inform of complete man would
be a powerful tool for the society. There salts of this study and
the it explanation would justify the incorporation of yoga and
meditation as part of our life style tore duce the stress level
and improving student overall performance and thereby
preventing many diseases. However it remains to be assessed
whether the salter actioners’ is after resuming positive
performance in every dimension and whether long term
practice should lead to stable modification of overall
performance of the students inform of complete man.
The experimental group improved from pre-test to mid-test
12 Ravindra Bhardwaj et al.: Therapeutic Effects of Yoga and Meditation on Overall Performance of University Students
(t=2.400, p=.001, d=0.57). The Improvement in this group
was also observed in post-test (t=2.091, p=.002, d=0.52) from
the baseline measure (Figure 6). No significant difference
from initials cores to mid-test measure (t=0.61p=.446) and to
post-test measure (t=.0307, p=.849). Pie chart analysis shows
that post intervention the reins significant increase in overall
performance of student of pre-initiates (z=1.94, p=.034, r=.61)
and first initiates (z=2.78, p=.012, r=.77). However the reis
increase in mean overall performances cores of second
initiates but the difference is insignificant, atz=1.38, p=.18.
Analysis reveals that overall performance of the fraction
erases cores are positively correlated to all dependent factors
of AP, ECCAP, AR and SI. There was significant increase in
social index (SI) land Academic performance (AP) after 6
week so fainter vent ion whereas ECCA P and A R
performance increase significantly post intervention which
was for 8 weeks.
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