Post on 23-Feb-2016
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Theory of MindTheory of MindGallagher, H. L., & Frith, C. D. (2003)
Theory of MindTheory of Mind
Our ability to explain and predict other people’s behavior by attributing to them independent mental states
Theory of MindTheory of Mind
Our ability to explain and predict other people’s behavior by attributing to them independent mental states
This enables us to deceive, cooperate, and empathize with others
Also aids in predicting the behaviors of others
Theory of MindTheory of Mind
How can we study the mechanisms involved in having a theory of mind?◦Autism Studies
Autism StudiesAutism Studies
A characteristic of Autism is a selective impairment in theory of mind◦This accounts for deficits in communication,
socialization, and imagination
Autism StudiesAutism Studies
A characteristic of Autism is a selective impairment in theory of mind◦This accounts for deficits in communication,
socialization, and imagination
◦Sabotage/Deception Task
Leslie’s Model of MentalizingLeslie’s Model of Mentalizing
The theory of mind mechanism depends on a representation of imaginary circumstances ‘decoupled’ from reality
Ice Cream!
What informs our expectations?What informs our expectations?
General knowledge of the world
What informs our expectations?What informs our expectations?
General knowledge of the world
Specific knowledge of this person
What informs our expectations?What informs our expectations?
General knowledge of the world
Specific knowledge of this person
Observations of what he or she is doing
General Knowledge of the WorldGeneral Knowledge of the World
Scripts record the particular goals and activities which take place in a particular setting at a particular time.
◦Such as the ‘restaurant script’
NeuroimagingNeuroimaging
NeuroimagingNeuroimaging
Anterior paracingulate cortex
NeuroimagingNeuroimaging
Anterior paracingulate cortex
Superior temporal sulcus
NeuroimagingNeuroimaging
Anterior paracingulate cortex
Superior temporal sulcus
Temporal poles
NeuroimagingNeuroimaging
Anterior paracingulate cortex
Superior temporal sulcus
Temporal poles
Amygdala
NeuroimagingNeuroimaging
Anterior paracingulate cortex
Superior temporal sulcus
Temporal poles
Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Anterior Paracingulate CortexAnterior Paracingulate Cortex
Gallagher et al. (2002)
Anterior Paracingulate CortexAnterior Paracingulate Cortex
Gallagher et al. (2002)◦The anterior paracingulate cortex lit up in the
“mentalizing group”
Anterior Paracingulate CortexAnterior Paracingulate Cortex
Gallagher et al. (2002)◦The anterior paracingulate cortex lit up in the
“mentalizing group”
McCabe et al. (2001)
Anterior Paracingulate CortexAnterior Paracingulate Cortex
Gallagher et al. (2002)◦The anterior paracingulate cortex lit up in the
“mentalizing group”
McCabe et al. (2001)◦The anterior paracingulate cortex lit up for the
group playing “trust and reciprocity games” with human counterparts
Off-line vs. On-line MentalizingOff-line vs. On-line Mentalizing
Off-line mentalizing◦Mentalizing outside of a situation
Off-line vs. On-line MentalizingOff-line vs. On-line Mentalizing
Off-line mentalizing◦Mentalizing outside of a situation
On-line mentalizing◦Mentalizing in real time
Anterior Paracingulate CortexAnterior Paracingulate Cortex
Anterior Paracingulate CortexAnterior Paracingulate Cortex
Lesion Studies◦People with lesions on the right side of their
frontal lobe have difficulty detecting deception in others
Anterior Paracingulate CortexAnterior Paracingulate Cortex
Lesion Studies◦People with lesions on the right side of their
frontal lobe have difficulty detecting deception in others
Duncan and Owen (2001)◦The dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex
activated with increased task difficulty, but the anterior paracingulate activated during mentalizing
Superior Temporal SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus
Superior Temporal SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus
Gallagher et al (2000)◦The right superior temporal sulcus is associated
with understanding the meaning of stories and cartoons involving people without having to necessarily mentalize
Superior Temporal SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus
Causality and intentionality in settings involving people
Attribution of intentions and movements of geometric shapes
Taking the self-perspective
Superior Temporal SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus
Biological Motion
Superior Temporal SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus
Biological Motion
◦Hand actions
◦Body movements
◦Mouth movements and lip reading
◦Eye movements and gaze direction
Superior Temporal SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus
Narumoto et al. (2001)◦The right superior temporal sulcus is part of a
network of face-responsive brain regions.
Temporal PolesTemporal Poles
Temporal PolesTemporal Poles
Recollection of familiar faces and scenes
Recognition of familiar voices
Emotional memory retrieval
Autobiographical memory retrieval
AmygdalaAmygdala
AmygdalaAmygdala
Makes quick, automatic judgments in socially salient situations
Orbitofrontal CortexOrbitofrontal Cortex
Orbitofrontal CortexOrbitofrontal Cortex
Responds to aversive reactions of others, particularly anger
Orbitofrontal CortexOrbitofrontal Cortex
Stone et al. (1998)◦Patients with bilateral damage to the
orbitofrontal cortex were impaired in a ‘faux pas test’
Theory of MindTheory of Mind
Involves a network of several brain areas which work together to help us