Post on 14-Jan-2016
“The world would be happier if men had the same capacity to be silent that they have to speak”Baruch Spinoza
The Invisible Component
Yoram M Kalman
Research carried out under the supervision of professor Sheizaf Rafaeli, The Center for the Research of the Information Society
Silence in online education
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
tau
nu
mb
er
of
me
ss
ag
es
Expectancy
Evaluation
Explanations
Uncertainty
Hurt feelings
Snapshot
The Power of Enron e-mails
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2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Days
Nu
mb
er
Google answers
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Hours
Nu
mb
er
University forums
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Days
Nu
mb
er
Dataset Average response latency ()
Percentile rank of
Percentile rank of 10
Enron emailsn=15,815
28.76 hours
86% 97%
Google answersn=40,072
1.58 hours 84% 97%
University forum n=115,416
23.52 hours
80% 99%
The Power of Enron e-mails
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Days
Nu
mb
er
Google answers
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Hours
Nu
mb
er
University forums
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Days
Nu
mb
er
Dataset Average response latency ()
Percentile rank of
Percentile rank of 10
Enron emailsn=15,815
28.76 hours
86% 97%
Google answersn=40,072
1.58 hours 84% 97%
University forum n=115,416
23.52 hours
80% 99%
Chronemic Expectancy Violations
Evaluation
0
1
2
3
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5
6
High Valence Low Valence
1-day
2-w eeks
never
1
1.5
2
2.5
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3.5
4
4.5
5
Expectedness Evaluation
One-day
Two- weeks
Never
Social attraction - high valence
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1-day
2-weeks
never
Silence Tales
When?Hot spots
Why?Not seenIntention to respondNo intention to
respondWhat?
Hurt feelingsUncertaintyFurther attempts
Towards a Model of Online Responsiveness and Silence
Three chronemic zonesChronemic expectanciesCauses of silence
Sender modelIntended recipient model
Towards a Model cont.
Pause: period of time between message and its response (Tannen, 1985)
Delay, Silence: No response
Expected: typical, majority of the casesAcceptable: untypical but still within norms
The Sender Model
The Intended Recipient Model
Limitations of the Model
More descriptive, less explanatoryDyadic, emailOrganizational contextFirst order interactions
Implications for Online Education
Make the implicit, explicit Focus on the silence hotspots Focus on causes of online silence Create better rapport with online learnersUnderstand:
SilenceLurkingPausesSilencing
Thanks!
www.kalmans.com
yoram@kalmans.com