Post on 05-Jan-2016
the world in motion
Net Migration – EU25 (000s) (Eurostat)
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NETHERLANDS
LATVIA
ESTONIA
POLAND
SLOVAKIA
GERMANY
DENMARK
FINLAND
FRANCE
HUNGARY
SWEDEN
GREECE
BELGIUM
UK
LUXEMBOURG
CZECH
SLOVENIA
EU TOTAL
PORTUGAL
MALTA
ITALY
AUSTRIA
IRELAND
SPAIN
CYPRUS
Net migration per 1000 population (2005, Migration Policy Institute)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SLOVENIA
MALTA
FINLAND
HUNGARY
ITALY
CZECH
LITHUANIA
BELGIUM
DENMARK
PORTUGAL
SLOVAKIA
SPAIN
EU TOTAL
GREECE
UK
NETHERLANDS
FRANCE
GERMANY
SW EDEN
CYPRUS
IRELAND
AUSTRIA
ESTONIA
LATVIA
LUXEMBOURG
Foreign-born as % of total population (2005, Migration Policy Institute)
the challenge
to Europe’s cities
European cities, 200,000+ population (2004, Eurostat)
how different countries manage diversity
No policy
Guest worker policy
Assimilation policy
Multicultural policy
Intercultural policy
Intercultural policy
Intercultural policy
Intercultural policy
NON-POLICY
GUESTWORKER POLICY
ASSIMIL- ATIONIST POLICY
MULTI- CULTURAL POLICY
INTER- CULTURAL POLICY
Minority group organi-sations
State ignores them
Informal co-operation on limited issues
States does not recognise them
State supports them as agents of empowerment
State supports them as agents of integration
Labour Market
Ignore. Turn a blind eye to black market activity
Minimal regulation – limited vocational assistance
General vocational support – non-ethnic criteria
Anti-discrimination policy; Affirmative action on training and hiring
Anti-discrimination policy; intercultural competence and linguistic skills emphasised
Housing Ignore migrant housing. React to crisis with temporary shelters
Short-term housing solutions; minimal regulation of private rental sector
Equal access to social housing – non-ethnic criteria. Ignore discrimination in housing market
Anti-discriminatory lettings policy. Affirmative access to social housing
Anti-discriminatory lettings policy. Ethnic monitoring. Encouragement for ethnic housing mix
Education Ad hoc recognition of migrant children
Enrol migrant children in schools
Emphasis on national culture. State ignores supplementary schooling
Mother tongue language support. Religious and cultural education.
National and mother tongue/ culture teaching. Intercultural competence for all. Desegregation.
Urban Diversity Policy Indicators
How do we think of migration and diversity?
A threat?
An opportunity?
A nuisance?
How might diversity UNDERMINE a city?
•Complexity
•Loss of cohesion
•Low civic commitment
•Job displacement
•Exploitation/exclusion/crime
•Indigenous backlash
diversity advantage
You get a richer environment, you have more insights, because people reason from their own background.
I’m sure of this because we’ve reaped the rewards. We have an absolute advantage from having many cultures
Stefano MarzanoCEO, Philips Design
How can cities make diversity their advantage?
How might diversity ENHANCE a city?
•Complementary skills
•Access to markets and capital
•Aspiration & entrepreneurship
•Cosmopolitan brand
•Creativity & innovation
Londoners believe the capital’s mix of cultures, languages and ethnicities is one of the best things about living in it. This enormous increase in the range of possibilities open to people will lead to more exchange and interaction as people choose from what is best in different cultures. This is increasingly important for Londoners’ jobs and incomes.
Ken LivingstoneMayor of London
the intercultural
approach
“…goes beyond equal opportunities and respect
for existing cultural differences, to the pluralist
transformation of public space, institutions and
civic culture….
Interculturalism
…cities should promote cross-fertilisation across all
boundaries, between ‘majority’ and ‘minorities’, ‘dominant’ and
‘sub’ cultures, localities, classes, faiths, disciplines and
genres, as the source of cultural, social, civic and economic innovation.“Intercultur
al innovation
= Diversity advantage
preconditions and
ingredients for an
intercultural city
Diversity alone is not a guarantor of prosperity
There need to be:
•Reasons to interact
•Incentives to interact
•Places, institutions and
agents of interaction
•A framework of rights and
equalities
•Openness
•Cultural literacy
•The intercultural lens
•Intercultural leaders
Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
Openness
•Movement
•Residence
•Trade
•Faith
•Creative expression
Cultural literacy
•Seeing the city
through others’ eyes
•Telling the story of
the city in diverse
ways
Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
Seeing…
•Education
•City planning
•Transport
•Wealth creation
…through an intercultural lens
Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
City planning through an intercultural lens
If greater intercultural engagement was one of our priorities, how would we plan things differently?
•An open space
•A housing estate
•A downtown quarter
•A school?
The importance of Intercultural Places and Spaces
•Libraries
•Parks
•Children’s playgrounds
•Community centres
•Open markets
•Arts centres
All the places we risk losing as life becomes more privatised, commercial
and security conscious
The importance of Intercultural Places and Spaces
The importance of Intercultural Places and Spaces
The importance of Intercultural Leaders and Innovators
•Politicians
•Business people
•Inter-faith activists
•Social entrepreneurs
•Artists
•Sports people
INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
Cross boundaries
Go where others don’t go
INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
Build bridges
At great personal risk!
INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
Get
people working
together
INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
cities being intercultural
Palo AltoSingapore
Innovation
Toronto
City Strategy
Madrid
Citizenship
Torino
Conflict management
RotterdamConviviality
Leicester
Inter-faith
New institutionsLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets
Ideas Store
New institutionsLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets
Ideas Store
Werkstatt der Kulturen
New institutions
New institutionsBerlin
UndervaerketRandersDenmark
Undervaerket
New institutions
Randers, Denmark
Being intercultural…• Recognise difference – seek out similarities
• Highlight hybridity – downplay purity
• A single, diverse public sphere
• Resource the places where cultures meet
• Resource bridge-builders not gate-keepers
• Don’t avoid conflict – embrace it, manage it
NB. Small cities - 200-400,000 population; Medium cities - 0.4-1m; Large cities - 1m+
Declining city growth rates
(Turok, I. & Mykhnenko, V. (2006) Resurgent European Cities? http://www.cppr.ac.uk/media/media_5167_en.pdf
Signs of revival?
(Turok, I. & Mykhnenko, V. (2006) Resurgent European Cities? http://www.cppr.ac.uk/media/media_5167_en.pdf
NON-POLICY
GUESTWORKER POLICY
ASSIMIL- ATIONIST POLICY
MULTI- CULTURAL POLICY
INTER- CULTURAL POLICY
Policing Migrants as security problem
Police as agents of migrant regulation, monitoring, deportation
High profile policing of migrant areas
Police as social workers. Proactive anti-racism enforcement
Police as agents of inter-ethnic conflict management
Public awareness
Migrants as a potential threat
Migrants as economically useful but of no political, social or cultural significance
Encourage tolerance of minorities, but intolerance of those not assimilating
‘Celebrate diversity’ festivals and city branding campaigns
Campaigns to emphasise intercultural togetherness
Urban development
Ignore ethnic enclaves – disperse if crisis arises
Ethnic enclaves tolerated but considered temporary
Ethnic enclaves considered an urban problem. Dispersal policy
Recognise enclaves and ethnic leadership. Area-based regeneration
Encouragement of ethnically mixed neighbourhoods and public space
Governance and citizenship
No rights or recognition
No rights or recognition
Facilitate naturalisation. No ethnic consultative structures
Leadership, consultation and resource allocation ethnically-based
Cross-cultural leadership, asso- ciation and cons- ultation. Ackno- wledgement of hybridity.
Urban Diversity Policy Indicators
New institutionsLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets
New institutionsLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets
Rich Mix