Post on 20-Jun-2020
The Women’s Health Initiative Recruitment Methods and Results
JENNIFER HAYS, PHD, JULIE R. HUNT, PHD, F. ALLAN HUBBELL, MD, MSPH,GARNET L. ANDERSON, PHD, MARIAN LIMACHER, MD, CATHERINE ALLEN, PHD,AND JACQUES E. ROSSOUW, MD
Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:S18–S77. � 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KEY WORDS: Clinical Trial, Cohort Study, Disease Prevention, Recruitment, Women’s Health,Postmenopausal Women.
INTRODUCTION
One of the most challenging aspects of the Women’s HealthInitiative (WHI) was the recruitment of more than 161,000women for this long-term prevention trial and observationalstudy. The WHI had many enrollment goals that maderecruitment efforts formidable (1). These included therecruitment of postmenopausal women, a group seldom tar-geted for clinical trials; enrolling minority groups in at leastthe same proportion as they existed in the general popula-tion; and enrolling women willing to participate in along-term (8–12 year) study. The success of the WHI inmeeting these goals can be attributed to several factors: theexperience gained from prior studies, such as the NationalCancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored Women’s Health Trial(2), the subsequent Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Studyin Minority Populations (3), and the Postmenopausal Estro-gen/Progestin Interventions Trial (4); detailed planning bythe WHI investigators; the dedication of recruiters, staff,and investigators at the clinical centers; and, a social andpolitical climate that enhanced women’s interest inhealth research.
Prior to the WHI, few large-scale prevention or clinicaltrials focused on postmenopausal women. Indeed, until re-cently, relatively little emphasis was placed on the recruit-ment of women of any age into such studies (5). However,during the last decade, a number of forces have cometogether to change this situation. The stance that women
From the WHI Clinical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,TX (J.H.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson CancerResearch Center, Seattle, WA (J.R.H., G.L.A.); Department of Medicine,University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA (A.H.); Department ofCardiology, University of Florida, Gainseville, FL (M.L.); Departmentof Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI(C.A.); and WHI Project Office, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute,Bethesda, MD (J.E.R.)
Address correspondence to: Jennifer Hayes, PhD, Baylor College ofMedicine, Center for Women’s Health, 6535 Fannin, A701, Houston, TX77030. Tel.: (713) 798-5770; Fax: (713) 798-5585; E-mail: jhays@whi.org
Received June 13, 2002; accepted February 14, 2003.
� 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010
should be “protected” from biomedical research (6,7) hasgiven way to the requirement that they be included so thatmore can be learned about their health care needs (8).
Likewise, there have been increased efforts to recruitmembers of racial/ethnic minorities into clinical and pre-vention trials. The barriers that have limited the participa-tion of minorities in biomedical research have beenreviewed in detail elsewhere (9–11). To ensure that theWHI findings would be as generalizable as possible to U.S.postmenopausal women, the study had to find ways to over-come these barriers and recruit a representative sample ofminority women in this age group.
This article reviews the WHI study population andscreening process, recruitment methods, and the results ofthe recruitment efforts. We describe the common and uniquestrategies developed by individual clinics to enroll womenin their local communities and the national framework thatsupported these efforts. The implications of the success ofthese methods for future studies are also discussed.
STUDY POPULATION
Eligibility was defined generally for all WHI componentswith component-specific exclusion criteria. All women en-rolled in the WHI were between 50 and 79 years old andwere postmenopausal at the time of enrollment. Inclusioncriteria were liberal in order to facilitate recruitment andenhance generalizability. In addition to age and menopausalstatus, eligibility criteria for the clinical trial (CT) andobservational study (OS) included ability and willingnessto provide written informed consent and an agreement toreside in the area for at least 3 years after enrollment.
A partial factorial design enhanced the efficiency of re-cruitment by allowing women to enroll in the postmeno-pausal therapy (PHT) component, the dietary modification(DM) component, or both. The observational study cohortwas comprised primarily of women screened for the clinicaltrial who were found to be ineligible or unwilling to berandomized to either the PHT or DM component, but
1047-2797/03/$–see front matterdoi:10.1016/S1047-2797(03)00042-5
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were still interested in participating in a long-term researchstudy. Women enrolled in one of the clinical trial compo-nents were screened for eligibility and invited to join thecalcium and vitamin D (CaD) component at their first orsecond annual clinic visits.
Table 1 presents the specific exclusion criteria for thethree trial components and the OS. Eligibility was ascer-tained using a stepped approach. Most women were evalu-ated early in the process to minimize the screening effort andtime spent by ineligible women and clinic staff. Clinicalcenters were allowed to organize and schedule the requireddata collection procedures to fit their own logistical con-straints to improve efficiency. Thus, the order of data collec-tion varied between clinics and the proportions excludedby each reason has limited interpretation.
CLINICAL CENTERS
Participants were recruited from areas surrounding fortyclinical centers established primarily at major academichealth centers in 24 states and the District of Columbia.(See, the appendix in Rossouw’s article for a list of clinicalcenter locations.) Recruitment areas included urban, subur-ban, and rural populations. The original plan anticipated45 clinical centers, each of which was to enroll 1,267trial participants and 2,222 OS participants (total clinicaltrial � 57,000; OS � 100,000). Only 40 clinical centerswere ultimately funded, resulting in a need to enhancerecruitment through some of these existing sites. This addi-tional activity was supported contractually by giving centersthe option to supplement their recruitment goals in incre-ments of 25%. Sixteen clinical centers were formally ap-proved for enhanced recruitment. Others participatedinformally with more modest increases in recruitment ac-tivities.
Though not a probability sample, enrollment of racial/ethnic minority groups proportionate to the total minoritypopulation of women between 50 and 79 years of age (18.2%according to the 1990 U.S. Census) was a high priority ofthe program. To achieve this representation of minorities,10 (out of 40) clinical centers with expertise and access tospecific minority groups (American Indian, Black, AsianAmerican/Pacific Islander, Hispanic) were selected to serveas minority recruitment sites. These identified minority siteswere expected to have a 60% minority enrollment, whileother clinical centers were to enroll minorities in proportionto local demographics.
OVERVIEW OF THE RECRUITMENTAND SCREENING PROTOCOL
For most clinics, initial contact with potential participantswas through a mass mailing of the recruitment brochure,
which provided basic information on the WHI and con-tained a postage-paid return postcard to indicate interestin study participation. Trained telephone interviewers con-ducted additional eligibility screening with age-eligiblewomen who returned cards or called the clinical center. Atotal of three clinic visits were conducted to enroll womenin the clinical trial and at least one visit to enroll in theOS. Prior to the first screening visit, interested womenwere sent materials that included a cover letter, directions tothe clinic, a study logo bag for their current medicationsand dietary supplements, several self-administered question-naires, and instructions to prepare for a fasting blood draw.
At the beginning of the first screening visit, each womanwas given general information about the WHI componentsand viewed an introductory video providing an overviewof the study. An informed consent form was signed to coverinitial screening activities, including processing of question-naire data, drawing blood, and obtaining medical records.Questionnaires were briefly reviewed (including dietaryintake, behavioral measures, and medical, reproductive, andfamily histories) and brief physical examinations were con-ducted (anthropometric data). As the screening processcontinued, women received written materials and viewedvideos about the components they were interested in joiningand were asked to sign a consent form specific to each ofthese components. For those women progressing towardenrollment in the clinical trial, additional examinationsand procedures were conducted as needed (including breastexams, food records for the DM, and a pelvic exam withendometrial aspiration and a placebo run-in for the PHT).At the final screening visit, eligible women were randomizedby computer to intervention or control groups for each trialcomponent they were joining.
Women could be found to be ineligible or unwilling forclinical trial enrollment at any point in the screening pro-cess. These women were offered the opportunity to partici-pate in the OS and, if willing to join, completed OSenrollment activities at that time. In addition to thoseunable to join the clinical trial, several clinics recruitedspecifically for the OS toward the end of the recruitmentperiod. Throughout the screening process, women had theopportunity to discuss the study and the specific componentswith clinic staff and to ask related questions. A more thor-ough description of the flow of screening activities used torecruit participants has been published (12).
RECRUITMENT METHODS
Local Clinical Center Activities
The responsibility for recruitment rested in the hands ofthe individual clinical centers. Each was given the latitude to
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TABLE 1. WHI inclusion and exclusion criteria
Component Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
Clinical trial andobservational study 50–79 years of age
PostmenopausalIf age �55, no menstrual
period for at least 6 monthsIf age 50–54, no menstrual
period for at least 12 monthsAbility and willingness to provide
written informed consent(component specific)
Intention to reside in areafor at least 3 years
Clinical trial andobservational study Competing risk:
Any medical condition with predicted survival of �3 yAdherence or retention reasons:
Alcohol or drug dependencyMental illness, including severe depressionDementiaActive participation in other randomized intervention trial
Clinical trial Competing risk:Any invasive cancer in previous 10 yBreast cancer at any timeMammogram or CBE findings suspicious of breast cancerMI in previous 6 monthsStroke or TIA in past 6 monthsChronic hepatitis or severe cirrhosis
Safety reasons:Severe hypertension (systolic BP � 200 mm Hg or diastolic
BP � 105 mm Hg)Severely underweight (BMI �18 kg/m2)Hematocrit �32%Platelets �75,000 cells/mlCurrent use of oral daily corticosteroids
Adherence or retention reasons:Unwilling to participate in baseline or follow-up examination components
Dietary modification (DM) Adherence or retention reasons:Special dietary requirements incompatible with the intervention
(e.g., celiac sprue)On a diabetic or low salt dietGastrointestinal conditions contraindicating a high fiber dietType 1 diabetesColorectal cancer at any timeRoutinely eat �10 meals per week prepared out of the homeUnable to keep a 4-day food recordFFQ percent calories from fat �32%FFQ energy intakes �600 or �5000 kcalPrevious bilateral prophylactic mastectomy
Postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT) Safety reasons:Endometrial cancer at any timeEndometrial hyperplasiaMalignant melanoma at any timeHistory of pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosisPrevious osteoporosis-related fracture being treated with hormonesHistory of bleeding disorder requiring transfusionHistory of hypertriglyceridemiaCurrently on anticoagulantsCurrently on tamoxifenAbnormalities in baseline pap smear, pelvic exam, or pelvic ultrasound
Adherence or retention reasons:Severe menopausal symptoms that would make placebo treatment
intolerableInadequate adherence to placebo run-inUnable or unwilling to discontinue use of PHT or testosteroneRefusal to have baseline endometrial aspiration
Calcium and vitamin D (CaD) Safety reasons:History of renal calculi or hypercalcemiaCurrent use of oral corticosteroids or calcitriolIntention to continue taking �600 IUs of vitamin D per day
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CBE, clinical breast exam; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; PHT, postmenopausal hormone therapy; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
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determine their own recruitment strategies, staffing patterns,clinic configuration, and visit flow. This level of flexibilitywas intended to allow each clinic to adapt the protocol tolocal strengths and constraints.
Staffing. Each center had a designated recruitment coor-dinator who served as the primary contact person withinthe study on recruitment-related issues. In most clinics,this person was responsible for local recruitment efforts,including mass mailings, community presentations, andmedia placement, but the training, scope, and level of re-sponsibility varied between sites. At some centers, thisperson served as a supervisor to telephone interviewers,managing some aspects of data collection. Leadership of therecruitment team was clinic-dependent. At some sites,the principal investigator actively participated in all recruit-ment efforts. At others, the clinic manager provided over-sight and direction, while the recruitment coordinatorsometimes had overall decision-making authority.
Recruitment staff were trained to offer a friendly, caring,and nonjudgmental dialogue with potential participants.Designated minority recruitment centers made efforts toassure that the staff, especially those involved in recruit-ment, were configured to reflect the population of inter-est. For those centers recruiting heavily in Hispaniccommunities, access to bilingual recruitment staff wasessential.
Local recruitment strategies. Most clinical centers inthe WHI used multiple recruitment strategies, with massmailings being the primary method of identifying interestedpotential participants for initial screening. The importanceof multiple methods and the effectiveness of mass mailingshave been documented in other studies that have recruitedolder adults to dietary and hormone therapy trials (13–16).Mass mailing represented the backbone of the WHI recruit-ment strategies because of its ability to reach the generalpopulation and its predictable load characteristics. Ad-dresses for mass mailings were obtained from a variety ofsources, including department of motor vehicle registrationlists, voter’s registration lists, driver’s license lists, HMOenrollee lists, Health Care and Financing Administration(currently known as the Centers for Medicare and MedicaidServices) lists, and commercial mailing lists of age-eligiblewomen. Many clinics also used enriched sources of potentialparticipants, such as those participating in or found to beineligible for previous clinical trials at their institutions.Most clinics (90%) used a professional mailing service tolabel, sort, and mail their brochures. Some used the brochureas a stand-alone mailer, while others added a cover letter,prescreening form, or interest survey.
Each clinic mailed an average of 1,000 to 5,000 brochuresper month over a 3- to 5-year period, with some mailing upto 50,000 brochures in each of the final months. Individualclinics determined the frequency and quantity of mailings,
which varied from weekly to quarterly, to maintain a steadyflow of screening visits. Response rates (i.e., the number ofwomen making contact for initial screening) varied acrossclinics and sources of mailing lists from less than 2% toapproximately 20% for initial mailings, with somewhat low-er rates for repeat mailings. Most centers repeated mailingsto the same area several times (2–7 mailings to the samepopulation) over the period of recruitment.
Mailings were supplemented by the following publicawareness and recruitment strategies:
Community presentationsLocal newspaper articlesNewspaper adsPublic service announcements (television and radio)Name-a-friend programs, soliciting referrals from
enrolled participantsIncentives (small gifts)Health fairsNational and local press releasesPhysician/health care provider referralsBrochure placement in community (e.g., pharmacies,
supermarkets, beauty salons, churches)Alliance building (meeting with women’s groups such
as sororities)Establishing community advisory boards for recruitment,
brainstorming, contactsMailings to physicians to request referrals
The strategies employed varied from site to site. Someof the more unusual strategies included providing transpor-tation to screening visits, enlisting the support of local cele-brities, and flying an airplane pulling a WHI recruitmentadvertisement over a college football game. Not all strategieswere equally effective, and no formal evaluations of theseefforts were conducted on a study-wide basis. Nevertheless,anecdotal information may be illuminating. For example,most recruitment coordinators reported that asking physi-cians to make referrals yielded few or no referrals. However,many investigators believed that it was important to contactprimary care physicians in the community to enlist theirsupport of their patients’ participation in the study. Mostclinical centers felt it was important to increase the women’sawareness of the study. They did this through the media(e.g., paid advertisements, public service announcements,feature stories, and interviews) and by speaking at localwomen’s events. Women were not paid to participate inthe study, but a few clinics provided small incentives (e.g.,refrigerator magnet photo frames with the WHI logo) atenrollment and follow-up visits. Women who were enrolledwere encouraged to “enroll a friend” to help spread themessage in hard-to-reach populations.
Strategies used to recruit members of minority groupsincluded presenting information at churches, social gather-ings, and organizations frequented by members of these
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groups, or meeting with tribal leaders to gain access toAmerican Indian women. Emphasis was also placed on con-tacting organizations for seniors and placing ads and bro-chures in places most visible to the target age group.Accommodations were made to ensure that materials andvisits were appropriate for the target populations, such asallowing extra time at screening visits, providing extraassistance for women with physical limitations, and usinglarge-size print for all written materials. Many clinics createdlocal advisory boards to generate support from the localcommunity and provide a ready source of feedback for na-tionally and locally created recruitment materials.
The WHI did not mandate adherence to one recruitmenttechnique, but rather allowed each clinic to determine thebest ways to maximize results in their own communitieswith their own resources and ideas. Clinics also made inde-pendent decisions about clinic hours and locations. Someclinics were open on Saturdays, while others were openduring at least one evening per week to accommodatewomen who worked during weekday hours.
Clinics made efforts to help women overcome obstaclesto participation, including helping to create carpools andproviding bus passes, providing child care for women withprimary responsibility for grandchildren, and reimbursingwomen for all or part of their parking fees. To make partici-pation easier for relatives, women living in the same house-hold, or those living close to one another, clinical centerswere allowed to randomize groups of two or more partici-pants together to a study arm. This was to help overcometransportation difficulties and to make sure that womenliving in the same household were not randomized to differ-ent arms in the DM. Overall, 456 groups of two or morewomen were formed (the maximum number of women ran-domized together was four), resulting in a total of 941 DMparticipants selecting this option.
Clinics routinely called to remind participants of sched-uled appointments, and follow-up calls were made if ap-pointments were missed. Logs were maintained of allcontacts and outcomes. Regular strategy meetings were heldto review outcomes from previous activities and makeadjustments or take new directions. Although much effortwas placed on meeting recruitment goals, the long-termnature of the WHI and the expectation for active studyparticipation made it very important to recruit women whowould be likely to stay with the study through the endof the intervention and follow-up period. The ambitiousrecruitment goals and the need to enroll women withoutsubstantial barriers to long-term adherence created a naturaltension within the clinics. This was addressed with varyinglevels of success across clinics, but was most effectivelymanaged in clinics where there was active leadership inplace from someone with broad responsibility for the successof the overall program.
Activities at the National Level
Numerous activities at the national level supported andmonitored local clinic efforts and enhanced visibility andbonding study-wide. These efforts, provided by the NationalInstitutes of Health (NIH), the Clinical CoordinatingCenter (CCC), the Clinical Facilitation Center (CFC, sub-contractor to the CCC for many aspects of performancemonitoring), and various study-wide committees, includedcentrally produced recruitment and screening materials,central training workshops and support for local recruitmentstaff, a national public awareness campaign, a toll-free re-cruitment telephone line, and input from advisory groupswith expertise in select areas.
Central development of materials. Recruitment materi-als were developed and produced centrally for study-wideuse at the local level. These materials included a recruitmentbrochure with a postage-paid postcard customized for eachclinic; a consent video providing an overview of study re-quirements shown at initial screening visits; a recruitmentvideo featuring interviews with study participants; screen-ing, eligibility, and consent forms; and recruitment posters,flyers, and postcards. All study-wide recruitment materialsincluded the WHI logo (a stylized depiction of the profiles ofthree womens’ faces and the study title), the study colors(dark blue and bright purple), the toll-free telephonenumber, and the catch phrase (“Be part of the answer”) toenhance visibility and identification of the study. Most ofthe printed materials could be customized and supplementedwith local information.
Spanish versions of all recruitment materials, includingthe videos and study logo, were available. Women of variousethnic backgrounds were included in videos, posters, andbrochures. Special materials were developed to address spe-cific study needs as they arose. For example, when recruit-ment goals for the younger age groups and the DM trialwere met, special recruitment materials were developed spe-cifically for the PHT and CaD trials targeting women overage 65. These included component-specific brochures anda letter from the director of the NIH.
Central training and support of local staff. Standardscreening, consent, and eligibility procedures were devel-oped at the national level and used across all clinics. Study-wide workshops were held annually for lead clinic recruit-ment staff during the recruitment period. These sessionsprovided the staff with an opportunity to share recruitmentprocedures and strategies and ensure that eligibility andscreening procedures were consistent across clinics.
A full-time clinic recruitment staff liaison at the CCCprovided general support for clinic recruitment activities bypreparing recruitment progress reports, distributing materi-als and media placement information, assisting with ob-taining mailing lists from the Health Care and Financing
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Administration, and serving as a daily resource. Clinics hadaccess to study-wide networking and support via monthlyregional and national conference calls with recruitment stafffrom other clinics and the CCC recruitment liaison. Thepurpose of these calls was to disseminate information,share successful recruitment strategies, review recruitmentprogress reports, and provide moral support and encourage-ment. The WHI wide-area network provided a forum forongoing e-mail communication and the dissemination ofrecruitment tips, strategies, and study updates in the formof a biweekly recruitment staff newsletter.
National public awareness campaign. During thesecond year of recruitment, a national public relations firm(Porter-Novelli) was enlisted to enhance study visibilityand aid with national media placement and materials devel-opment. Over the course of 3 years, the firm developedEnglish and Spanish print, radio, and television public ser-vice announcements (PSAs); distributed PSAs to nationalmedia outlets, resulting in placements in several widelycirculated national magazines; assisted in the developmentof recruitment brochures, posters, and “invite a friend”postcards; produced consent and recruitment videos; distrib-uted press kits and instructions to clinics for local mediaplacement; and enlisted well-known celebrities (e.g.,Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Ferraro) to serve as spokesper-sons and appear in recruitment materials. They also con-ducted focus groups and surveys of older women,incorporating these findings into materials and strategies.Altruism and the genuine desire to help other womenseemed to be a theme that women identified with, sincethey understood that while study participation might notbenefit them directly, the results would be helpful to futuregenerations. This need to help other women and developanswers to women’s health questions was reinforced in re-cruitment materials. The catch phrase “Be part of theanswer” emphasized the idea that participants would be animportant part of a group of women working together tofind the answers to health questions facing all women.
Recruitment telephone line. A national toll-free tele-phone recruitment line (1-800-54-WOMEN) was estab-lished and maintained throughout the recruitment period.Women calling the number were automatically linked tothe clinic nearest them. The CCC support person main-tained the telephone line by collecting area code routinginformation from clinics. Women living outside of clinicalcenter catchment areas were routed to the CCC and re-ceived a letter thanking them for their interest and abrochure listing the clinics and their locations.
Advisory groups. Early in the recruitment period, sev-eral committees comprised of WHI Investigators and staffmembers with specific expertise in areas such as specialpopulations, clinic operations, and recruitment were formed.These committees were charged with identifying potential
national recruitment efforts, reviewing all strategies andstudy materials, providing input on local recruitment strate-gies, managing the related clinical and operational aspectsof recruitment, and providing recommendations toward in-creasing minority enrollment, including issues of culturalsensitivity.
Recruitment Monitoring
Recruitment progress was monitored centrally and locallythroughout the recruitment period. To monitor overall re-cruitment progress and individual clinic performance, theCCC generated and distributed monthly reports depictingthe expected and actual cumulative enrollment by studycomponent in a graphical format (Figure 1). The CCC alsoprovided graphical reports showing enrollment by age, andby uterus status (for PHT trial), as well as detailed tabulardata of monthly and cumulative enrollment by age and race/ethnicity for each of the study components, for each clinic,and for all clinics combined. These reports identified recruit-ment deficits as they arose, so that special efforts couldbe made to achieve goals for all components, age, and racial/ethnic groups.
A Performance Monitoring Committee (PMC), con-sisting of representatives from the CCC, the CFC, the NIH,and the clinical centers, monitored recruitment progressthroughout the enrollment period. The PMC reviewed eachclinic several times per year to assess the clinic’s progressin reaching their overall goals, as well as those for the agecategories, study components, and minority groups.
Clinical centers that did not meet their goal after areasonable interval were provided with varying levels ofguidance and intervention to assist the center in achievinggoals. A recruitment spreadsheet and associated catch-upplan was developed and provided to each clinic. This toolallowed them to estimate the level of mailings required toachieve their goals based on the clinic-specific recruitmentrecord to date and other local level parameters such as stage-specific yields. For centers experiencing continuing difficult-ies in meeting recruitment goals, the PMC conducted con-ference calls and, in some cases, team visits to assess thelocal efforts and provide guidance. These were followed upwith written reports that included specific action plans. Aconsistent theme in these interactions was the need toestablish a mass-mailing program with adequate trackingto estimate yields, and to feed this information back intothe mailing program.
Recruitment Data Collection
Most clinics used a tracking system to calculate the yieldsfrom their mailings and other recruitment efforts, but thetypes of system and information tracked varied widely acrosssites. No study-wide system was implemented because of
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FIGURE 1. Projected and actual recruitment into WHI.
the clinic interests in maintaining as much local flexibilityas possible. Therefore, total mailing numbers and responserates from mailings are not available across clinics. In addi-tion, because each site could organize the screening processaround their own strengths and constraints, the interpreta-tion of step-by-step yields is not meaningful across sites.However, estimates of the yields from initial mailings andscreening visits could be made for each center individually,based on their own mailing and enrollment numbers duringthe early months of recruitment. Using this information,clinics projected the number of mailings and screening visitsneeded per month to meet their specific goals by the end of
the recruitment period. Based on overall estimates providedby clinics, approximately 3.2% of the recruitment mailingsresulted in a contact with a potential participant to conductinitial screening activities.
In the context of initial screening, either by telephoneor a self-administered questionnaire, potential participantswere asked how they heard about the study and asked toselect from one of the following: mailed letter/brochure, TV,radio, newspaper/magazine, meeting, friend/relative, other.These data were collected for all women screened, but clinicswere not required to enter information for women who weredetermined to be clearly ineligible. Therefore, the total
TABLE 2. Study component recruitment by age and ethnicity
Completed Randomized Enrolledscreening form to clinical trial Percentage in observational Percentage(N � 373,092) (N � 68,133) of screened study (N � 93,676) of screened
Age at screening�50 96150–54 52,539 9,190 17.5 12,386 23.655–59 71,347 14,663 20.6 17,319 24.360–69 159,321 31,390 19.7 41,197 25.970–79 88,280 12,890 14.6 22,774 25.8�79 100Missing 544
Race/ethnicityAmerican Indian 1,909 293 15.4 422 22.1Asian 8,954 1,521 17.0 2,671 29.8Black 34,578 6,988 20.2 7,639 22.1Hispanic 15,116 2,889 19.1 3,623 24.0White 300,445 55,521 18.5 78,013 26.0Unknown 12,090 921 7.6 1,308 10.8
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number of women screened for the WHI is not known, andtotal yields of each method based on the number screened areoverestimated; however, because most women aged 50 to79 were eligible for the OS, most clinics routinely enteredthese data.
RESULTS
The number of women with WHI screening data and theproportion of those randomized or enrolled in the clinicaltrial and OS by age and ethnic group are provided in Table2. A total of 373,092 women completed the initial screeningform. Of those, 68,133 (18%) went through the subsequentscreening visits to be randomized into the clinical trial, and93,676 (25%) were enrolled in the OS. Women in the oldestage group (70–79 years of age) had the lowest proportion ofwomen randomized to the clinical trial after completinginitial screening. There was little variability across agegroups in the proportion of those screened that enrolled inOS. There was little racial variability in the proportion ofwomen who were randomized to the clinical trial after com-pleting an initial screening form, with 20% of Black, 19%of Hispanic, and 18% of Caucasian women completing therandomization process. Asian women (30%) were the mostlikely to be enrolled in the OS after entering the screen-ing process.
Source of Information about WHI
Table 3 shows the reasons for initial contact with the WHIby enrollment status, and the age, race, and regional break-downs for women who were enrolled or randomized in oneof the study components. The majority of women (66.7%overall) indicated that they heard about the WHI througha mailed letter or brochure. Reading about the WHI in apaper or magazine was the next most common source ofinformation about WHI (14.0% overall), followed by hear-ing about the study from a friend or relative (8.3%). Therewere no major differences between women who enrolled inthe clinical trial versus the OS versus those who were notenrolled in either component.
There were several variations in sources of informationabout WHI by age group, race, and region. While a mailedletter or brochure was the most frequent response for allage groups, a higher percentage of women in the 70–79category (70.3%) selected this source of information com-pared with women in the younger age groups (65.3% forthose 60–69 and 55.1% for those 50–59). Women in theyoungest age group were more likely to mention a TV orradio advertisement than were women in the two olderage groups.
The media selected most often by women of all racialbackgrounds was a mailed letter/brochure, while the second
TAB
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ith
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ting
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51.9
OS
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lled
(25.
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62.1
23.6
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22.9
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24.2
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35.3
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ed(1
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.217
.83.
721
.01.
320
.615
.019
.81.
021
.08.
919
.85.
919
.1A
ge50
–59
(33.
6%)b
55.1
28.9
4.6
46.2
1.7
49.1
18.6
39.8
1.2
33.6
11.0
37.9
7.8
40.9
60–6
9(4
2.8%
)65
.346
.52.
939
.61.
038
.514
.441
.91.
143
.29.
544
.25.
841
.570
–79
(23.
6%)
70.3
24.6
2.1
14.2
0.7
12.4
12.8
18.3
1.2
23.2
7.8
17.9
5.0
17.6
Rac
eA
mer
ican
Indi
an(0
.5%
)56
.10.
44.
20.
61.
30.
513
.80.
44.
71.
810
.50.
59.
50.
7A
sian
/Pac
ific
Isla
nder
(2.5
%)
74.7
3.1
1.2
1.0
0.3
0.6
10.7
1.8
0.9
2.0
6.8
1.8
5.5
2.3
Bla
ck(9
.3%
)60
.48.
63.
910
.60.
86.
48.
14.
71.
612
.810
.69.
914
.520
.6H
ispa
nic
(4.1
%)
52.9
3.4
7.1
8.8
3.3
11.3
12.6
3.3
1.3
4.7
17.2
7.2
5.6
3.6
Whi
te(8
2.2%
)63
.483
.43.
178
.01.
180
.216
.688
.91.
177
.89.
379
.85.
471
.1U
nkno
wn
(1.3
%)
65.2
1.2
3.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
13.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
7.2
0.8
9.3
1.7
Reg
ion
inU
.S.
Nor
thea
st(2
1.1%
)68
.725
.01.
510
.51.
224
.216
.224
.11.
325
.47.
217
.13.
914
.2So
uth
(23.
5%)
51.3
20.9
5.7
44.4
1.2
27.1
14.8
26.2
1.4
31.2
12.6
33.5
12.0
49.1
Mid
wes
t(2
1.8%
)65
.423
.03.
523
.41.
630
.415
.422
.00.
917
.58.
920
.54.
315
.2W
est
(33.
7%)
67.0
31.1
2.4
21.7
0.7
18.3
14.6
27.7
1.0
25.8
9.5
29.0
4.6
21.5
CT
,clin
ial
tria
l;O
S,ob
serv
atio
nal
stud
y.a O
vera
ll,in
itia
lsc
reen
ing
info
rmat
ion
was
data
ente
red
for
373,
092
wom
en.O
fth
ose,
364,
720
(97.
8%)
answ
ered
aqu
esti
onas
king
wha
tpr
ompt
edth
emto
cont
act
WH
I.b Pe
rcen
tof
all
who
had
resp
onde
dto
the
ques
tion
.
S26 Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
TABLE 4. Reasons for exclusion from WHI studycomponentsa
Percentage ofComponent Criterion for exclusion total ineligibleb
PHT No consent/not interested in PHT 81.2Clinic impression of ineligibility 4.8Stratum full or closed 4.6History of breast cancer 4.5
DM No consent/not interested in DM 50.3FFQ percent calories from fat/energy 41.9
intakesStratum full or closed 11.010� meals away from home per week 5.3History of breast cancer 4.8
CaD Not willing to limit use of vitamin D 73.0No consent/not interested in CaD 44.3History of kidney stones 13.1Clinic impression of ineligibility 5.8
OS No consent/not interested in OS 76.6Stratum full or closed 9.9
CaD, calcium and vitamin D; DM, dietary modification; FFQ, food frequency ques-tionnaire; OS, observational study; PHT, postmenopausal hormone therapy.aOnly includes reasons with �4% of total ineligible.bA participant may be ineligible for more than one reason.
most frequent category varied. There were also slight re-gional variations in the source of information cited.Because each site determined their own mix of recruitmentefforts based on their judgment of the potential effectivenessof the methods in the local population, this variation is afunction of both the choice of approaches used in thesepopulations as well as their effectiveness.
The age, race, and regional variations in reasons forcontacting the WHI for the sample of women who ulti-mately enrolled in the clinical trial or OS were similar towomen who were screened for, but did not join, the WHI(data not shown).
Reasons for Exclusion from Study Components
Table 4 presents the most common reasons for exclusionfrom each of the study components for women withscreening data. For all components, lack of interest and/or signed consent was the primary reason women did notjoin that particular part of the study (50.3% for DM, 81.2%for PHT, and 76.6% for OS). For DM, almost 42% wereineligible based on initial dietary assessment; about 10% ofwomen screened were ineligible for DM due to competingrisk and fewer than 3% were ineligible for safety reasons.For PHT, ineligibility due to competing risk factors overallwas around 10%; exclusion for safety reasons overall wasalso about 10%.
There are limitations to these data, including the factthat screening data were not entered for all women deter-mined to be ineligible during initial screening. For those
that were entered, further eligibility data were not collectedonce a woman was determined to be ineligible for a particu-lar component; criteria screened late in the process aretherefore lower than they might have been had they beenscreened at an earlier stage. Because there were variationsacross clinics in the timing of screening activities, theserates are an approximation.
Characteristics of the Recruited Population
Table 5 presents the demographic and personal characteris-tics of women who enrolled in each component of the WHI.The final clinical trial enrollment was 27,347 for PHT (99%of the goal), 48,836 for DM (102% of the goal), and 36,282for CaD (81% of the goal); final enrollment in the OS was93,676 (94% of the goal). Randomization goals were metor exceeded for each of the age categories in both the PHTand DM arms of the clinical trial with the exception of the70–79 age group, which proved to be the most challengingrecruitment task.
Minority women were recruited into the clinical trial inthe same proportion (18.5%) as is found in the U.S. popula-tion (18.2%) for a total of 12,612 minority women. The OSfell short of the 18.2% goal by less than two percentagepoints (16.7%, n � 15,663). Except for Hispanics, propor-tional representation of minority groups (Black, AmericanIndian, Asian/Pacific Islander) was close to the nationaldistribution. On average, designated minority clinics en-rolled 40% minorities, while nonminority clinics enrolledan average of 10%. Extensive descriptions of all CT and OScohorts by race/ethnicity are provided in the appendix atthe end of this article.
Approximately one third of women in the WHI have atleast a college degree, with an additional 36–40% havingsome education after high school. Minority women wereleast likely to hold a college degree and most likely tohave attended only 0–8 years of school (data shown inappendix at the end of this article). Income was lowest forthe PHT sample and highest for women in the OS. Amajority of women in all components were married or livingas married at the time of enrollment, while nearly one thirdwere divorced/separated or widowed.
Women in the WHI were more likely to be overweight orobese than normal or underweight at the time of enrollment.Based on a body mass index of 25 or greater, three quartersof the women in the clinical trial were overweight or obese,as were nearly 60% of women in the OS. More than 90%of women in each component, however, rated their currenthealth as good or better.
Recruitment efforts were enhanced through the use of apartial factorial design allowing women to enroll in morethan one of the clinical trial components. Overall, 53.3%of women in the clinical trial were enrolled in CaD,
S27Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
TABLE 5. Baseline characteristics of WHI final enrollment participants
PHT DM CaD OSN � 27,347 N � 48,836 N � 36,282 N � 93,676
N % N % N % N %
Age at screening (y)50–54 3425 12.5 6958 14.2 5157 14.2 12,386 13.255–59 5402 19.8 11,041 22.6 8264 22.8 17,319 18.560–69 12,364 45.2 22,714 46.5 16,521 45.5 41,197 44.070–79 6156 22.5 8123 16.6 6340 17.5 22,774 24.3
Race/ethnicityAmerican Indian 131 0.5 203 0.4 149 0.4 422 0.5Asian/Pacific Islander 527 1.9 1107 2.3 722 2.0 2671 2.9Black 2741 10.0 5266 10.8 3317 9.1 7639 8.2Hispanic 1543 5.6 1854 3.8 1507 4.2 3623 3.9White 22,027 80.5 39,760 81.4 30,153 83.1 78,013 83.3Unknown 378 1.4 646 1.3 434 1.2 1308 1.4
Education0–8 years 708 2.6 576 1.2 527 1.5 1560 1.7Some high school 1459 5.4 1639 3.4 1375 3.8 3288 3.5High school diploma/GED 5643 20.8 8518 17.6 6673 18.5 15,121 16.3School after high school 11,036 40.7 19,308 39.8 14,372 39.9 33,933 36.5College degree or higher 8296 30.6 18,488 38.1 13,098 36.3 39,002 42.0
Family income�$10,000 1721 6.7 1783 3.9 1465 4.3 3916 4.5$10,000–$19,999 4337 16.8 5294 11.5 4353 12.6 10,100 11.7$20,000–$34,999 7315 28.3 11,315 24.6 8911 25.9 20,226 23.3$35,000–$49,999 5276 20.4 9822 21.3 7302 21.2 17,429 20.1$50,000–$74,999 4220 16.3 9549 20.8 6849 19.9 17,486 20.2$75,000� 2941 11.4 8242 17.9 5546 16.1 17,608 20.3
Marital statusNever married 1023 3.8 1970 4.1 1437 4.0 4390 4.7Divorced/Separated 4812 17.7 7704 15.8 5724 15.8 14,727 15.8Widowed 5453 20.0 7646 15.7 6012 16.6 16,290 17.5Presently married/Living as married 15,929 58.5 31,293 64.4 22,962 63.5 57,805 62.0
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2
Underweight (�18.5) 157 0.6 154 0.3 148 0.4 1107 1.2Normal (18.5–24.9) 7107 26.1 12,503 25.7 9430 26.1 36,687 39.6Overweight (25.0–29.9) 9533 35.1 17,387 35.8 12,955 35.9 31,463 34.0Obesity I (30.0–34.9) 6183 22.7 11,198 23.0 8203 22.7 14,578 15.8Obesity II (35.0–39.9) 2807 10.3 5048 10.4 3644 10.1 5451 5.9Obesity III (�40) 1405 5.2 2322 4.8 1715 4.8 3282 3.6
Perceived health statusExcellent 4314 15.9 7616 15.7 6274 17.4 16,577 17.8Very good 11,197 41.2 19,968 41.1 15,482 42.9 37,686 40.5Good 9234 34.0 17,081 35.2 11,942 33.1 29,670 31.9Fair 2259 8.3 3675 7.6 2271 63.3 8210 8.8Poor 155 0.6 240 0.5 125 0.3 882 1.0
CaD, calcium and vitamin D; DM, dietary modification; OS, observational study; PHT, postmenopausal hormone therapy.
11.8% were enrolled in both DM and PHT, and 7.4% ofclinical trial participants were enrolled in all three trials(data not shown). Table 6 displays the percent overlapacross the three clinical trials. Nearly 30% of PHT partici-pants were also in the DM and close to 59% were in CaD.In the DM trial, 16.5% were also in PHT and just over50% were in CaD.
DISCUSSION
The WHI met recruitment goals, including reaching a di-verse population of postmenopausal women. The recruit-ment experience of the WHI may provide several usefullessons for investigators undertaking randomized clinicaltrials with older women.
S28 Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
At the clinic level, several factors may have contributedto successful recruitment. First, making the clinic as accessi-ble as possible to older women was crucial. For many clinics,this involved staffing a satellite clinic part- or full-time andproviding parking and/or reimbursement for transportationcosts. Having convenient clinic hours was also perceivedto be important, as was making sure that the clinic waswell-managed and staffed by competent and friendly staffmembers. Second, weekly monitoring of clinic recruitmentgoals was necessary, including close review of reports distrib-uted from the CCC and yields from mailings and otherrecruitment activities. Third, while multiple recruitmentmethods were employed, the use of mass mailings was criticalto reach the large numbers of women needed for WHI.Although most clinics tried other strategies, in the longrun, all clinics relied on mass mailings as their primaryrecruitment method.
In addition to frequent internal and external monitoring,sharing recruitment strategies among and between clinicswas also helpful. Although clinics often differed in thecharacteristics and responses of potential participants intheir areas, many strategies were useful across regions andclinics. A recruitment brochure that targeted the PHT armof the trial, for example, proved to elicit a good responserate in one clinic, and was shared on the monthly calls andfrequent e-mails between recruitment coordinators in thelocal clinics and with liaison staff at the CCC. In addition,the second group of clinical centers was able to learn fromthe experience of the vanguard group, which had startedrecruiting 18 months earlier. When the second round ofclinical centers was funded, they were assigned a vanguardcenter to provide advice and assistance to help them “rampup” quickly to the recruitment task.
One of the potentially overlooked reasons for the WHI’ssuccessful recruitment was the women’s awareness of theneed for this research and their eagerness to participate. Par-ticipants repeatedly mentioned that they did not feel enoughwas known about women’s health. Many of them experi-enced a need for answers to their own health questions(e.g., whether or not to take hormones), and they wantedtheir daughters and granddaughters to be better informed inthe future.
All WHI materials were printed with the WHI logo usingthe WHI colors. Marketing experts commonly refer to thisas branding, the development of an easily identifiable imageassociated with a product or service. The consistent use ofvisual images and verbal messages helped to create a WHIbrand that was easily recognizable. The use of multiple andvaried channels to communicate the WHI recruitmentmessage helped participants identify with the idea thatthey were “part of the answer” to questions aboutwomen’s health.
TABLE 6. WHI clinical trials: percent overlap betweencomponents
In all threeComponent N PHT DM CaD components
PHT 27,347 100% 29.4% 58.8% 18.4%DM 48,836 16.5% 100% 51.6% 10.3%CaD 36,282 44.3% 69.5% 100% 13.8%Total CT 68,133
The partial factorial design allowed a large cost savingsince there was overlap in many of the study procedures forthe three trials. Women who were unwilling or ineligiblefor the clinical trial were invited to participate in the OS,which allowed this additional resource to be developed atvery modest additional cost. In addition, the packaging ofthese components into one large program brought attentionto the effort.
Not all efforts and clinics achieved equal success. Becausethe focus of study was not on the comparison of variousrecruitment strategies, it is not known whether the differ-ences in recruitment success among the 40 clinics is due toclinic characteristics, their various recruitment strategies,or the unique characteristics of the clinic’s community andregion. Clinics varied on a multitude of categories, includ-ing sociodemographic characteristics of participants; urban,rural, or suburban settings; ethnic and minority makeup ofparticipants; and the experience of the clinic in conductinglarge trials. Women differed by clinic and region on ratesof exclusion. For example, women were more likely to al-ready be on hormones in some regions, making them lesslikely to be interested in that arm of the study (whichinvolved a 3-month wash-out, with only a 50% chance ofbeing put on active hormones again). Women of someethnic groups were less likely to be interested in the DMbecause of their own cultural dietary practices, while otherswere already following low-fat diets and were thereforeineligible.
The WHI encountered several challenges during the re-cruitment process, many of which were addressed on boththe study-wide and local level. Early on, it became apparentthat OS enrollment was exceeding that for the clinical trial,prompting a temporary hold on OS enrollment. Projectionsof end numbers for each trial component by age stratumnecessitated early closure of younger age cells that werelikely to become overrepresented and focused clinic effortson the older age groups and the PHT trial component.For example, toward the end of recruitment, clinics usedenriched mailing lists (such as Medicare lists) and placedstories in magazines with an older audience to target olderwomen. To help compensate for lower accrual rates inthe PHT trials, PHT-only mailings were used, especially
S29Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
in areas with low current hormone use, and clinic staffmembers were encouraged to spend more time briefing po-tential PHT participants before asking them to make adecision.
Minority recruitment was somewhat more difficult andcostly than anticipated for several reasons. Because minoritywomen often have lower income levels, they may face moreobstacles to participation than middle-class majoritywomen. For example, minority women may have transpor-tation difficulties, be caregivers for grandchildren or otherfamily members, move more frequently, or have interruptedtelephone service. If they are living at or below the povertylevel, they may experience additional stresses and be lessinclined to give their time and efforts for research pur-poses. Minority women may be less familiar with the medicalestablishment and the idea of research volunteerism, or theymay be suspicious of the research process.
To meet the special challenges in recruiting women fromminority populations, designated minority clinics were se-lected in geographic areas with large minority populations.Clinics that enrolled large proportions of minority partici-pants required an average of 2.5 more staff members thanthe remaining clinics. The average staffing level across thestudy was approximately 15 full-time equivalents for a clinicenrolling 1,700 clinical trial participants and 2,200 OS par-ticipants. Overall, WHI clinics used about 0.5 additionalstaff/100 participants for every 10% minority participantsenrolled. In addition, mailing volumes and costs were higherin minority clinics. Incentives were offered to clinics tocompensate for additional effort needed to succeed in minor-ity enrollment, and enrollment of minorities was extendedby 6 months for the OS.
All clinics found it to be more difficult to recruit womenin the 70–79 year age group than those in the younger agegroups. Many of the issues facing minority participants alsoaffected women in the older age groups because womentend to have less income and more obstacles to participatingin research studies as they age. Women in the oldest agecategory were more likely to have health problems thatlimited either their eligibility or their ability to participate,to have transportation or other mobility problems, or tofeel that they were too old to be of value to the study.Successful efforts to recruit older women included obtainingmailing lists of older women, contacting retirement andother groups with a high proportion of older members,and asking older women to recommend a friend. In addition,a campaign specifically targeting older women, including aspecial invitational letter to join the WHI from the directorof the NIH, was conducted toward the latter part of therecruitment period.
Finally, recruitment for the CaD trial, into which partici-pants were enrolled at their 1- or 2-year annual visit, provedmore difficult than originally envisioned. Reasons for thisincluded a feeling they were doing enough for WHI already;a reluctance to take an additional pill (for those in thePHT); an unwillingness to take pills (mostly DM partici-pants) and/or reluctance to taking additional supplements(for those already taking supplements); and the perceptionthat the CaD trial was not as exciting as the other two trials.To address these difficulties, additional emphasis was madeto clinic staff regarding the importance of this component,a special CaD recruitment brochure was developed, andparticipants were given a second opportunity to join at thesecond annual clinic visit, resulting in an improvement inrecruitment rates.
SUMMARY
The recruitment of women into the WHI stands as animportant accomplishment in clinical research history. Thisstudy demonstrated that postmenopausal women of variedethnic groups could be recruited in large numbers acrossthe U.S. More than 161,000 enrolled in one or more compo-nents of the study. The complex study design included threenested clinical trials and an observational study, and allowedeach woman to choose how she participated, from takingstudy pills to enrolling in a dietary modification programto participating at an observational level only. Study partici-pation required at least a 3-year commitment of all par-ticipants, and participants are urged to stay with the studyfor the full follow-up period of 8–10 years. Multiple, intense,and overlapping recruitment strategies at the national andlocal levels were essential for achieving the recruitmentgoals of the study. Recruitment also required significantcommitments of financial and personnel resources. Severalstrategies proved indispensable, especially mass and repeatedmailings to potential participants. Other strategies wereused to recruit older women and women from a variety ofracial and ethnic groups. Many of the strategies developedand used in this study are applicable for future preventiontrials.
APPENDIX: COMPREHENSIVE DISPLAYOF INFORMATION BY RACE AND ETHNICITYFOR THE CLINICAL TRIAL ANDOBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Tables 1–20
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
1.B
asel
ine
dem
ogra
phic
and
gene
ral
heal
thch
arac
teri
stic
sof
WH
IEs
trog
en�
Prog
esti
npa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
56)
Isla
nder
(N�
363)
(N�
1124
)(N
�88
8)(N
�13
,945
)(N
�16
,608
)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
Age
atsc
reen
ing
(y)
5660
.5�
6.8
363
63.2
�7.
411
2460
.9�
6.9
888
59.6
�6.
413
,945
63.7
�7.
116
,608
63.3
�7.
150
–59
2748
.213
236
.453
547
.649
155
.342
5430
.555
2233
.260
–69
2137
.515
342
.144
539
.632
036
.064
7146
.475
1045
.270
–79
814
.378
21.5
144
12.8
778.
732
2023
.135
7621
.5Ed
ucat
ion
0–8
year
s*
**
*33
3.0
218
25.2
107
0.8
379
2.3
Som
ehi
ghsc
hool
**
143.
911
910
.710
111
.748
23.
573
54.
5H
igh
scho
oldi
plom
a/G
ED*
*63
17.4
176
15.8
148
17.1
2778
20.0
3222
19.5
Scho
olaf
ter
high
scho
ol26
46.4
155
42.8
446
40.0
270
31.2
5434
39.2
6415
38.9
Col
lege
degr
eeor
high
er16
28.6
123
34.0
342
30.6
129
14.9
5073
36.6
5753
34.9
Fam
ilyin
com
e�
$10,
000
**
144.
113
112
.421
928
.247
03.
585
75.
5$1
0,00
0–$1
9,99
913
24.1
4713
.620
519
.419
124
.618
5114
.023
4815
.0$2
0,00
0–$3
4,99
916
29.6
6719
.426
525
.017
122
.037
3528
.243
1627
.5$3
5,00
0–$4
9,99
910
18.5
7421
.419
718
.688
11.3
2924
22.1
3329
21.2
$50,
000–
$74,
999
**
8123
.516
315
.468
8.8
2421
18.3
2773
17.7
$75,
000�
**
6218
.097
9.2
405.
118
4813
.920
7513
.2O
ccup
atio
nM
anag
eria
l/Pro
fess
iona
l17
32.7
115
33.8
385
39.6
154
20.3
4790
38.8
5524
37.6
Tec
hnic
al/S
ales
/Adm
inis
trat
ive
1325
.013
038
.222
122
.715
320
.238
7131
.344
5430
.3Se
rvic
e/La
bor
1630
.870
20.6
285
29.3
271
35.8
2413
19.5
3108
21.2
Hom
emak
eron
ly6
11.5
257.
481
8.3
179
23.6
1279
10.4
1600
10.9
Bod
ym
ass
inde
x(B
MI)
,kg/
m2
5629
.8�
6.3
363
25.2
�4.
511
1831
.0�
6.7
882
29.5
�5.
713
,870
28.3
�5.
816
,520
28.5
�5.
9U
nder
wei
ght
(�18
.5)
00.
07
1.9
**
50.
610
20.
711
80.
7N
orm
al(1
8.5–
24.9
)12
21.4
198
54.5
191
17.1
178
20.2
4295
31.0
4940
29.9
Ove
rwei
ght
(25.
0–29
.9)
2239
.311
130
.634
931
.233
838
.349
2535
.558
2635
.3O
besi
tyI
(30.
0–34
.9)
1221
.435
9.6
305
27.3
229
26.0
2825
20.4
3467
21.0
Obe
sity
II(3
5.0–
39.9
)7
12.5
102.
816
414
.789
10.1
1190
8.6
1475
8.9
Obe
sity
III
(�40
)*
**
*10
59.
443
4.9
533
3.8
694
4.2
Mar
ital
stat
usN
ever
mar
ried
**
174.
766
5.9
404.
655
24.
068
64.
1D
ivor
ced/
Sepa
rate
d23
41.1
4713
.036
632
.922
325
.720
7714
.927
7416
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idow
ed6
10.7
5314
.723
721
.313
615
.726
5619
.131
3719
.0Pr
esen
tly
mar
ried
/Li
ving
asm
arri
ed26
46.4
244
67.6
445
39.9
470
54.1
8625
62.0
9945
60.1
Hei
ght
(cm
)56
160.
6�
6.2
363
154.
7�
6.6
1120
162.
5�
6.7
886
156.
8�
6.5
13,9
0216
2.1
�6.
316
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161.
6�
6.6
Wei
ght
(kg)
5676
.7�
15.9
363
60.4
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.211
2482
.3�
18.9
886
72.7
�15
.213
,924
74.5
�16
.316
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74.7
�16
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aist
/hip
rati
o(W
HR
)55
0.84
�0.
136
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82�
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1120
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13,8
810.
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0.1
Wai
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ving
alon
eN
o45
81.8
306
84.8
802
73.1
729
83.9
10,3
0074
.312
,359
75.0
Yes
1018
.255
15.2
295
26.9
140
16.1
3561
25.7
4115
25.0
U.S
.reg
ion
Nor
thea
st6
10.7
195.
222
419
.910
511
.834
3124
.638
3423
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8.8
531
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446
50.2
2936
21.1
4011
24.2
Mid
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14.3
174.
725
222
.422
2.5
3868
27.7
4195
25.3
Wes
t23
41.1
295
81.3
117
10.4
315
35.5
3710
26.6
4568
27.5
Smok
ing
Nev
ersm
oked
2647
.323
464
.851
947
.156
464
.567
1148
.781
7749
.8Pa
stsm
oker
1832
.798
27.1
412
37.4
235
26.9
5676
41.2
6519
39.7
Cur
rent
smok
er11
20.0
298.
017
215
.676
8.7
1405
10.2
1718
10.5
Alc
ohol
inta
keN
ever
drin
ker
**
134
37.1
185
16.6
208
23.8
1343
9.7
1910
11.6
Past
drin
ker
1628
.666
18.3
325
29.1
190
21.8
2160
15.6
2807
17.0
�1
drin
kpe
rm
o*
*56
15.5
161
14.4
113
12.9
1924
13.9
2291
13.9
�1
drin
kpe
rw
k16
28.6
5214
.421
519
.318
020
.627
0719
.632
2319
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�7
drin
kspe
rw
k10
17.9
3910
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816
.915
317
.537
1726
.941
5125
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drin
kspe
rw
k*
*14
3.9
413.
729
3.3
1992
14.4
2096
12.7
Phys
ical
acti
vity
No
acti
vity
1018
.963
17.8
262
24.8
196
24.0
2199
17.2
2783
18.2
Som
eac
tivi
ty26
49.1
165
46.6
505
47.9
384
46.9
5377
42.1
6556
42.9
2–�
4ep
isod
espe
rw
kof
611
.349
13.8
137
13.0
110
13.4
2087
16.3
2415
15.8
mod
erat
e�
acti
vity
4�ep
isod
espe
rw
kof
mod
erat
e�
acti
vity
1120
.877
21.8
151
14.3
128
15.6
3103
24.3
3512
23.0
Tot
alex
pend
itur
e/w
kfr
omph
ysic
alac
tivi
ty(M
ETs)
0–1.
512
22.6
8323
.434
833
.026
832
.830
8024
.138
5525
.3�
1.5–
819
35.8
101
28.5
325
30.8
232
28.4
3510
27.5
4244
27.8
�8–
1913
24.5
9727
.422
020
.919
123
.334
0026
.639
8126
.1�
199
17.0
7320
.616
215
.412
715
.527
7621
.731
8620
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otal
calc
ium
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g)0–
�40
015
28.3
6519
.027
125
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215
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097.
415
219.
540
0–�
800
1120
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834
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437
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636
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5729
.148
3230
.180
0–�
1000
917
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10.5
123
11.8
102
12.6
1906
14.0
2203
13.7
1000
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009
17.0
298.
580
7.7
8310
.316
0011
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2811
.412
00�
917
.094
27.5
177
16.9
205
25.4
5109
37.6
5665
35.3
Any
supp
lem
ent
use
No
3053
.611
130
.657
851
.446
652
.548
9535
.161
7037
.2Y
es26
46.4
252
69.4
546
48.6
422
47.5
9050
64.9
10,4
3862
.8M
ulti
vita
min
use
(wit
hor
wit
hout
min
eral
s)N
o46
82.1
233
64.2
863
76.8
701
78.9
8715
62.5
10,7
1764
.5Y
es10
17.9
130
35.8
260
23.2
187
21.1
5230
37.5
5890
35.5
Vit
amin
Cas
sing
lesu
pple
men
tN
o49
87.5
280
77.1
956
85.1
768
86.5
10,8
1077
.513
,041
78.5
Yes
712
.583
22.9
168
14.9
120
13.5
3135
22.5
3567
21.5
Vit
amin
Eas
sing
lesu
pple
men
tN
o46
82.1
263
72.5
931
82.8
739
83.2
10,4
0974
.612
,564
75.7
Yes
1017
.910
027
.519
317
.214
916
.835
3625
.440
4424
.3C
alci
umas
sing
lesu
pple
men
t(i
nclu
ding
anta
cids
)N
o52
92.9
268
73.8
996
88.6
764
86.0
10,5
0775
.312
,776
76.9
Yes
**
9526
.212
811
.412
414
.034
3824
.738
3223
.1Si
ngle
supp
lem
ent
(not
Vit
amin
C,E
,or
calc
ium
)N
o46
82.1
222
61.2
874
77.8
664
74.8
9212
66.1
11,1
7067
.3Y
es10
17.9
141
38.8
250
22.2
224
25.2
4733
33.9
5438
32.7
Any
supp
lem
ent
(exc
ludi
ngsi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
calc
ium
)N
o32
57.1
126
34.7
617
54.9
498
56.1
5513
39.5
6887
41.5
Yes
2442
.923
765
.350
745
.139
043
.984
3260
.597
2158
.5a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
own
ethn
icit
y.*D
ata
wit
hhel
dfr
omce
llsw
here
N�
5(�
10w
here
data
are
sens
itiv
e).
AP
PE
ND
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AB
LE
2.B
asel
ine
dem
ogra
phic
and
gene
ral
heal
thch
arac
teri
stic
sof
WH
IEs
trog
en-A
lone
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
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ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cB
lack
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pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
75)
Isla
nder
(N�
164)
(N�
1617
)(N
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5)(N
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82)
(N�
10,7
39)
Cha
ract
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tic
N%
Mea
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N%
Mea
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SDN
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ean
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Age
atsc
reen
ing
(y)
7562
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6.7
164
63.2
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716
1761
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7.1
655
59.7
�6.
580
8264
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7.2
10,7
3963
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7.3
50–5
928
37.3
5231
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541
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851
.621
7927
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1030
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–69
3546
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44.5
699
43.2
263
40.2
3722
46.1
4852
45.2
70–7
912
16.0
3923
.825
315
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8.2
2181
27.0
2577
24.0
Educ
atio
n0–
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**
**
603.
816
225
.195
1.2
329
3.1
Som
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**
**
181
11.4
7912
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85.
572
46.
8H
igh
scho
oldi
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17.6
4024
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416
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317
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7024
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2122
.8Sc
hool
afte
rhi
ghsc
hool
4054
.162
38.0
692
43.6
212
32.9
3551
44.2
4621
43.4
Col
lege
degr
eeor
high
er13
17.6
5131
.340
025
.279
12.2
1971
24.6
2543
23.9
Fam
ilyin
com
e�
$10,
000
1115
.510
6.3
253
16.8
143
25.0
439
5.7
864
8.5
$10,
000–
$19,
999
1419
.720
12.6
332
22.0
157
27.4
1431
18.7
1989
19.7
$20,
000–
$34,
999
1622
.537
23.3
421
27.9
129
22.5
2360
30.8
2999
29.7
$35,
000–
$49,
999
1723
.929
18.2
238
15.8
7813
.615
6420
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4719
.3$5
0,00
0–$7
4,99
9*
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22.0
174
11.5
488.
411
5815
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4714
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5,00
0�*
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17.6
895.
918
3.1
717
9.3
866
8.6
Occ
upat
ion
Man
ager
ial/P
rofe
ssio
nal
1827
.354
35.1
452
32.7
103
18.4
2339
33.3
3006
32.2
Tec
hnic
al/S
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/A
dmin
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ativ
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25.8
5938
.336
926
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323
.823
2933
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4731
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rvic
e/La
bor
2740
.936
23.4
433
31.3
176
31.5
1632
23.2
2346
25.1
Hom
emak
eron
ly*
*5
3.2
130
9.4
147
26.3
734
10.4
1035
11.1
Bod
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inde
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MI)
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m2
7331
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5.1
163
26.8
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516
0432
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6.8
647
30.5
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780
4029
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6.0
10,6
7230
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8422
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6720
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verw
eigh
t(2
5.0–
29.9
)26
35.6
4930
.150
231
.323
536
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3235
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besi
tyI
(30.
0–34
.9)
2331
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18.4
450
28.1
186
28.7
2001
24.9
2716
25.4
Obe
sity
II(3
5.0–
39.9
)12
16.4
116.
726
316
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12.2
951
11.8
1332
12.5
Obe
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6.8
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436.
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16.
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925.
811
1.7
211
2.6
337
3.2
Div
orce
d/Se
para
ted
1317
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15.4
499
31.3
154
23.9
1316
16.3
2038
19.1
Wid
owed
1824
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17.9
425
26.6
105
16.3
1712
21.3
2316
21.7
Pres
entl
ym
arri
ed/
Livi
ngas
mar
ried
4054
.196
59.3
580
36.3
375
58.1
4816
59.8
5984
56.1
Hei
ght
(cm
)74
161.
2�
6.5
163
154.
7�
6.0
1606
162.
4�
6.2
650
156.
7�
6.5
8055
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6.3
10,6
9316
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t(k
g)74
81.2
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464
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15.7
1615
85.1
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16.2
8073
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aist
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(cm
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ving
alon
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o61
82.4
129
80.1
1108
69.8
537
83.8
5849
73.0
7794
73.4
Yes
1317
.632
19.9
479
30.2
104
16.2
2166
27.0
2829
26.6
U.S
.reg
ion
Nor
thea
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16.0
74.
321
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22.5
2118
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7529
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est
2938
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58.
323
435
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9828
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2027
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Smok
ing
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ersm
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3650
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766
.078
449
.539
661
.140
3150
.354
2851
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stsm
oker
3041
.744
27.2
590
37.2
190
29.3
3168
39.6
4075
38.4
Cur
rent
smok
er6
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116.
821
013
.362
9.6
807
10.1
1113
10.5
Alc
ohol
inta
keN
ever
drin
ker
1418
.953
32.7
306
19.2
161
25.1
891
11.1
1455
13.7
Past
drin
ker
1824
.348
29.6
543
34.0
157
24.5
1741
21.7
2547
23.9
�1
drin
kpe
rm
o14
18.9
2314
.220
112
.610
115
.711
7414
.615
3314
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1dr
ink
per
wk
**
2616
.027
917
.511
217
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0720
.020
5019
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�7
drin
kspe
rw
k13
17.6
**
201
12.6
8513
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8522
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1819
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drin
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4.1
264.
081
910
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8Ph
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alac
tivi
tyN
oac
tivi
ty10
14.1
2918
.537
725
.017
529
.015
0920
.721
2421
.7So
me
acti
vity
3752
.180
51.0
713
47.2
291
48.2
3286
45.0
4485
45.8
2–�
4ep
isod
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rw
kof
mod
erat
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acti
vity
79.
924
15.3
203
13.4
6410
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0715
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2814
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epis
odes
per
wk
ofm
oder
ate
�ac
tivi
ty17
23.9
2415
.321
814
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12.3
1398
19.2
1747
17.9
Tot
alex
pend
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kfr
omph
ysic
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tivi
ty(M
ETs)
0–1.
517
23.9
4428
.052
234
.523
438
.720
7528
.429
2529
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1.5–
819
26.8
4528
.746
030
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029
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2730
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8230
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8–19
2028
.241
26.1
331
21.9
126
20.9
1781
24.4
2331
23.8
�19
1521
.127
17.2
198
13.1
6410
.612
1716
.715
4615
.8T
otal
calc
ium
inta
ke(m
g)0–
�40
08
11.9
3623
.743
229
.010
316
.982
810
.614
3714
.040
0–�
800
2232
.851
33.6
585
39.3
206
33.7
2536
32.5
3452
33.7
800–
�10
0012
17.9
2013
.214
09.
475
12.3
1075
13.8
1342
13.1
1000
–�12
007
10.4
159.
912
08.
165
10.6
855
11.0
1077
10.5
1200
�18
26.9
3019
.721
114
.216
226
.525
0232
.129
4228
.7A
nysu
pple
men
tus
eN
o27
36.0
5936
.087
554
.134
452
.531
3038
.744
9141
.8Y
es48
64.0
105
64.0
742
45.9
311
47.5
4952
61.3
6248
58.2
Mul
tivi
tam
inus
e(w
ith
orw
itho
utm
iner
als)
No
5370
.711
268
.312
5977
.950
777
.452
6965
.273
0168
.0Y
es22
29.3
5231
.735
822
.114
822
.628
1334
.834
3832
.0V
itam
inC
assi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
No
5776
.012
073
.214
0586
.955
284
.363
8879
.086
3680
.4Y
es18
24.0
4426
.821
213
.110
315
.716
9421
.021
0319
.6V
itam
inE
assi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
No
6181
.311
771
.314
0486
.855
785
.061
9976
.784
4478
.6Y
es14
18.7
4728
.721
313
.298
15.0
1883
23.3
2295
21.4
Cal
cium
assi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
(inc
ludi
ngan
taci
ds)
No
6485
.312
978
.714
7491
.256
486
.163
7978
.987
3781
.4Y
es11
14.7
3521
.314
38.
891
13.9
1703
21.1
2002
18.6
Sing
lesu
pple
men
t(n
otV
itam
inC
,E,o
rca
lciu
m)
No
4864
.010
362
.812
6378
.149
976
.255
4168
.675
5570
.4Y
es27
36.0
6137
.235
421
.915
623
.825
4131
.431
8429
.6A
nysu
pple
men
t(e
xclu
ding
sing
lesu
pple
men
tca
lciu
m)
No
3242
.765
39.6
940
58.1
368
56.2
3448
42.7
4914
45.8
Yes
4357
.399
60.4
677
41.9
287
43.8
4634
57.3
5825
54.2
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
*Dat
aw
ithh
eld
from
cells
whe
reN
�5
(�10
whe
reda
taar
ese
nsit
ive)
.
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
3.B
asel
ine
dem
ogra
phic
and
gene
ral
heal
thch
arac
teri
stic
sof
WH
ID
ieta
ryM
odifi
cati
onpa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
203)
Isla
nder
(N�
1107
)(N
�52
66)
(N�
1854
)(N
�39
,760
)(N
�48
,836
)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
Age
atsc
reen
ing
(y)
203
61.0
�6.
611
0761
.0�
7.1
5266
60.8
�6.
818
5459
.7�
6.3
39,7
6062
.6�
6.8
48,8
3662
.3�
6.9
50–5
989
43.8
496
44.8
2386
45.3
972
52.4
13,8
0634
.718
,003
36.9
60–6
991
44.8
461
41.6
2267
43.0
739
39.9
18,8
7747
.522
,713
46.5
70–
7923
11.3
150
13.6
613
11.6
143
7.7
7077
17.8
8120
16.6
Educ
atio
n0–
8y
**
**
100
1.9
258
14.2
200
0.5
576
1.2
Som
ehi
ghsc
hool
136.
524
2.2
367
7.0
163
8.9
1039
2.6
1639
3.4
Hig
hsc
hool
dipl
oma/
GED
3517
.616
515
.169
913
.431
117
.171
8618
.285
1817
.6Sc
hool
afte
rhi
ghsc
hool
105
52.8
381
34.8
2146
41.2
683
37.5
15,7
1939
.719
,308
39.8
Col
lege
degr
eeor
high
er44
22.1
520
47.4
1901
36.5
407
22.3
15,4
1239
.018
,488
38.1
Fam
ilyin
com
e�
$10,
000
199.
725
2.4
499
10.1
263
15.5
951
2.5
1783
3.9
$10,
000–
$19,
999
3517
.968
6.4
808
16.4
308
18.2
3982
10.6
5294
11.5
$20,
000–
$34,
999
4724
.116
015
.212
2424
.943
525
.792
9824
.811
,315
24.6
$35,
000–
$49,
999
4322
.119
718
.794
419
.229
517
.482
2021
.998
2221
.3$5
0,00
0–$7
4,99
937
19.0
308
29.2
892
18.1
251
14.8
7959
21.2
9549
20.8
$75,
000�
147.
229
728
.255
811
.314
08.
371
3319
.082
4217
.9O
ccup
atio
nM
anag
eria
l/Pro
fess
iona
l66
36.9
488
46.0
2013
43.7
450
28.4
14,5
7042
.617
,790
42.1
Tec
hnic
al/S
ales
/A
dmin
istr
ativ
e50
27.9
373
35.2
1178
25.5
452
28.5
11,1
5232
.613
,404
31.8
Serv
ice/
Labo
r51
28.5
146
13.8
1106
24.0
394
24.8
5248
15.4
7079
16.8
Hom
emak
eron
ly12
6.7
535.
031
46.
829
018
.332
119.
439
349.
3B
ody
mas
sin
dex
(BM
I),k
g/m
220
230
.4�
5.9
1103
26.1
�4.
952
3432
.1�
6.5
1842
29.8
�5.
739
,587
28.8
�5.
748
,612
29.1
�5.
9U
nder
wei
ght
(�18
.5)
00.
019
1.7
120.
2*
*11
80.
315
40.
3N
orm
al(1
8.5–
24.9
)41
20.3
500
45.3
600
11.5
353
19.2
10,8
7227
.512
,503
25.7
Ove
rwei
ght
(25.
0–29
.9)
5929
.239
936
.215
7930
.268
137
.014
,456
36.5
17,3
8735
.8O
besi
tyI
(30.
0–34
.9)
5828
.713
111
.915
4529
.548
926
.587
9422
.211
,198
23.0
Obe
sity
II(3
5.0–
39.9
)28
13.9
403.
691
117
.421
911
.937
819.
650
4810
.4O
besi
tyII
I(�
40)
167.
914
1.3
587
11.2
965.
215
664.
023
224.
8M
arit
alst
atus
Nev
erm
arri
ed6
3.0
585.
328
95.
676
4.2
1512
3.8
1970
4.1
Div
orce
d/Se
para
ted
4924
.512
411
.315
8130
.439
921
.954
3313
.777
0415
.8W
idow
ed29
14.5
127
11.5
1072
20.6
232
12.7
6093
15.4
7646
15.7
Pres
entl
ym
arri
ed/
Livi
ngas
mar
ried
116
58.0
793
72.0
2264
43.5
1115
61.2
26,6
0167
.131
,293
64.4
Hei
ght
(cm
)39
,647
161.
8�
6.0
5241
155.
5�
5.8
1846
162.
7�
6.5
203
157.
4�
6.2
1103
162.
5�
6.4
48,6
8516
2.1
�6.
5W
eigh
t(k
g)39
,724
79.5
�15
.952
6363
.4�
13.9
1853
85.2
�18
.420
274
.3�
15.6
1107
76.1
�16
.048
,795
76.7
�16
.5W
aist
/hip
rati
o(W
HR
)39
,639
0.85
�0.
152
490.
82�
0.1
1844
0.82
�0.
120
20.
82�
0.1
1104
0.82
�0.
148
,682
0.82
�0.
1W
aist
(cm
)39
,659
93.7
�15
.852
5581
.2�
11.1
1845
93.6
�13
.720
288
.7�
13.4
1104
88.6
�13
.748
,711
89.0
�13
.8Li
ving
alon
eN
o15
376
.196
587
.637
7672
.815
4284
.930
,719
77.7
37,6
7677
.7Y
es48
23.9
137
12.4
1411
27.2
275
15.1
8817
22.3
10,8
0922
.3U
.S.r
egio
nN
orth
east
3416
.745
4.1
917
17.4
177
9.5
10,1
0825
.411
,417
23.4
Sout
h50
24.6
534.
825
3348
.190
548
.891
0422
.912
,745
26.1
Mid
wes
t19
9.4
282.
512
2823
.370
3.8
8539
21.5
9962
20.4
Wes
t10
049
.398
188
.658
811
.270
237
.912
,009
30.2
14,7
1230
.1
Smok
ing
Nev
ersm
oked
8844
.777
170
.025
1948
.711
6063
.420
,064
51.0
24,9
4851
.7Pa
stsm
oker
9447
.729
226
.520
8640
.354
629
.916
,839
42.8
20,1
0141
.6C
urre
ntsm
oker
157.
639
3.5
566
10.9
123
6.7
2457
6.2
3250
6.7
Alc
ohol
inta
keN
ever
drin
ker
178.
433
330
.277
815
.028
915
.832
698.
347
639.
8Pa
stdr
inke
r57
28.2
250
22.7
1707
32.8
412
22.5
6358
16.1
8900
18.4
�1
drin
kpe
rm
o22
10.9
184
16.7
735
14.1
259
14.2
5302
13.4
6604
13.6
�1
drin
kpe
rw
k44
21.8
195
17.7
1034
19.9
433
23.7
8804
22.3
10,6
5722
.01–
�7
drin
kspe
rw
k46
22.8
113
10.3
744
14.3
353
19.3
11,5
0729
.112
,914
26.6
7�dr
inks
per
wk
167.
927
2.5
205
3.9
824.
542
7110
.846
509.
6Ph
ysic
alac
tivi
tyN
oac
tivi
ty46
24.3
204
18.9
1301
26.5
425
25.2
6519
18.5
8621
19.7
Som
eac
tivi
ty82
43.4
476
44.1
2267
46.1
760
45.1
15,3
3143
.419
,164
43.8
2–�
4ep
isod
espe
rw
kof
mod
erat
e�
acti
vity
2613
.820
619
.167
313
.722
913
.662
7017
.875
2317
.24�
epis
odes
per
wk
ofm
oder
ate
�ac
tivi
ty35
18.5
194
18.0
673
13.7
272
16.1
7171
20.3
8454
19.3
Tot
alex
pend
itur
e/w
kfr
omph
ysic
alac
tivi
ty(M
ETs)
0–1.
562
32.8
275
25.5
1717
34.9
580
34.4
9155
25.9
11,9
5827
.3�
1.5–
845
23.8
297
27.5
1541
31.4
489
29.0
10,3
7929
.412
,920
29.5
�8–
1951
27.0
292
27.0
1038
21.1
374
22.2
9493
26.9
11,4
0526
.1�
1931
16.4
216
20.0
618
12.6
243
14.4
6264
17.7
7479
17.1
Tot
alca
lciu
min
take
(mg)
0–�
400
2813
.818
216
.513
2625
.324
313
.226
496.
745
319.
340
0–�
800
5828
.632
429
.421
0940
.258
431
.711
,408
28.8
14,6
6730
.280
0–�
1000
3517
.214
413
.158
911
.224
613
.356
6214
.367
5313
.910
00–�
1200
2210
.814
313
.037
57.
120
711
.247
8512
.156
0411
.512
00�
6029
.631
028
.184
616
.156
430
.615
,071
38.1
17,0
5935
.1A
nysu
pple
men
tus
eN
o76
37.4
325
29.4
2674
50.8
842
45.4
13,1
0933
.017
,266
35.4
Yes
127
62.6
782
70.6
2592
49.2
1012
54.6
26,6
5167
.031
,570
64.6
Mul
tivi
tam
inus
e(w
ith
orw
itho
utm
iner
als)
No
135
66.5
732
66.1
4070
77.3
1371
73.9
24,7
5662
.331
,497
64.5
Yes
6833
.537
533
.911
9622
.748
326
.115
,003
37.7
17,3
3835
.5V
itam
inC
assi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
No
158
77.8
819
74.0
4433
84.2
1512
81.6
30,0
8475
.737
,503
76.8
Yes
4522
.228
826
.083
315
.834
218
.496
7624
.311
,333
23.2
Vit
amin
Eas
sing
lesu
pple
men
tN
o15
877
.878
470
.844
4784
.414
6879
.229
,099
73.2
36,4
4774
.6Y
es45
22.2
323
29.2
819
15.6
386
20.8
10,6
6126
.812
,389
25.4
Cal
cium
assi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
(inc
ludi
ngan
taci
ds)
No
160
78.8
803
72.5
4672
88.7
1516
81.8
29,4
1274
.037
,074
75.9
Yes
4321
.230
427
.559
411
.333
818
.210
,348
26.0
11,7
6224
.1Si
ngle
supp
lem
ent
(not
Vit
amin
C,E
,or
calc
ium
)N
o13
566
.566
660
.240
0276
.013
1971
.125
,658
64.5
32,1
9865
.9Y
es68
33.5
441
39.8
1264
24.0
535
28.9
14,1
0235
.516
,638
34.1
Any
supp
lem
ent
(exc
ludi
ngsi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
calc
ium
)N
o85
41.9
383
34.6
2883
54.7
918
49.5
15,0
2337
.819
,558
40.0
Yes
118
58.1
724
65.4
2383
45.3
936
50.5
24,7
3762
.229
,278
60.0
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
*Dat
aw
ithh
eld
from
cells
whe
reN
�5
(�10
whe
reda
taar
ese
nsit
ive)
.
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
4.B
asel
ine
dem
ogra
phic
and
gene
ral
heal
thch
arac
teri
stic
sof
WH
IC
alci
uman
dV
itam
inD
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
149)
Isla
nder
(N�
722)
(N�
3317
)(N
�15
07)
(N�
30,1
53)
(N�
36,2
82)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
Age
atsc
reen
ing
(y)
149
61.5
�6.
772
261
.4�
7.1
3317
60.6
�6.
815
0759
.3�
6.4
30,1
5362
.7�
6.9
36,2
8262
.4�
7.0
50–5
961
40.9
309
42.8
1572
47.4
844
56.0
10,4
6934
.713
,422
37.0
60–6
968
45.6
301
41.7
1354
40.8
546
36.2
14,0
5746
.616
,520
45.5
70–7
920
13.4
112
15.5
391
11.8
117
7.8
5627
18.7
6340
17.5
Educ
atio
n0–
8y
**
**
672.
025
917
.417
50.
652
71.
5So
me
high
scho
ol10
6.8
233.
228
08.
514
39.
689
53.
013
753.
8H
igh
scho
oldi
plom
a/G
ED26
17.6
105
14.7
476
14.5
273
18.4
5713
19.1
6673
18.5
Scho
olaf
ter
high
scho
ol72
48.6
267
37.3
1389
42.4
538
36.2
11,9
2139
.814
,372
39.9
Col
lege
degr
eeor
high
er37
25.0
315
44.1
1064
32.5
272
18.3
11,2
8537
.613
,098
36.3
Fam
ilyin
com
e�
$10,
000
117.
624
3.5
330
10.6
281
20.5
790
2.8
1465
4.3
$10,
000–
$19,
999
3020
.763
9.1
553
17.7
273
19.9
3365
11.7
4353
12.6
$20,
000–
$34,
999
3322
.812
017
.479
825
.632
023
.375
4426
.389
1125
.9$3
5,00
0–$4
9,99
929
20.0
133
19.2
586
18.8
215
15.7
6250
21.8
7302
21.2
$50,
000–
$74,
999
3020
.717
825
.852
616
.918
013
.158
6620
.468
4919
.9$7
5,00
0�12
8.3
173
25.0
326
10.5
102
7.4
4876
17.0
5546
16.1
Occ
upat
ion
Man
ager
ial/P
rofe
ssio
nal
5238
.830
043
.411
6240
.432
724
.910
,837
41.1
12,8
1340
.3T
echn
ical
/Sal
es/
Adm
inis
trat
ive
3526
.123
433
.977
026
.836
727
.985
7332
.510
,102
31.8
Serv
ice/
Labo
r40
29.9
118
17.1
723
25.1
356
27.1
4485
17.0
5815
18.3
Hom
emak
eron
ly7
5.2
395.
622
07.
726
520
.224
959.
530
699.
7B
ody
mas
sin
dex
(BM
I),k
g/m
214
930
.8�
6.0
720
26.0
�4.
832
9631
.9�
6.7
1495
29.8
�5.
630
,002
28.7
�5.
836
,095
29.0
�5.
9U
nder
wei
ght
(�18
.5)
00.
011
1.5
70.
2*
*12
60.
414
80.
4N
orm
al(1
8.5–
24.9
)25
16.8
335
46.5
415
12.6
279
18.7
8278
27.6
9430
26.1
Ove
rwei
ght
(25.
0–29
.9)
4731
.524
834
.410
3031
.358
038
.810
,907
36.4
12,9
5535
.9O
besi
tyI
(30.
0–34
.9)
4228
.289
12.4
926
28.1
392
26.2
6639
22.1
8203
22.7
Obe
sity
II(3
5.0–
39.9
)22
14.8
324.
454
316
.516
110
.828
349.
436
4410
.1O
besi
tyII
I(�
40)
138.
75
0.7
375
11.4
795.
312
184.
117
154.
8M
arit
alst
atus
Nev
erm
arri
ed*
*39
5.4
194
5.9
624.
211
203.
714
374.
0D
ivor
ced/
Sepa
rate
d40
26.8
102
14.2
1014
30.9
327
22.0
4158
13.8
5724
15.8
Wid
owed
2214
.892
12.8
684
20.9
203
13.6
4939
16.4
6012
16.6
Pres
entl
ym
arri
ed/
Livi
ngas
mar
ried
8557
.048
467
.513
8742
.389
660
.219
,853
66.0
22,9
6263
.5H
eigh
t(c
m)
149
161.
7�
6.1
720
155.
2�
5.8
3301
162.
6�
6.4
1498
157.
3�
6.3
30,0
6216
2.4
�6.
336
,163
162.
0�
6.5
Wei
ght
(kg)
149
80.6
�16
.272
263
.0�
13.5
3314
84.5
�18
.415
0774
.2�
15.9
30,1
1276
.0�
16.1
36,2
3876
.4�
16.6
Wai
st/h
ipra
tio
(WH
R)
147
0.83
�0.
172
00.
82�
0.1
3301
0.83
�0.
115
000.
82�
0.1
30,0
480.
82�
0.1
36,1
490.
82�
0.1
Wai
st(c
m)
147
92.8
�13
.872
081
.1�
11.0
3307
93.2
�13
.615
0188
.7�
13.2
30,0
7088
.5�
13.7
36,1
7988
.9�
13.7
Livi
ngal
one
No
121
82.9
613
85.1
2391
73.1
1249
84.6
23,2
2677
.427
,952
77.6
Yes
2517
.110
714
.988
126
.922
715
.467
6622
.680
8522
.4U
.S.r
egio
nN
orth
east
2718
.130
4.2
537
16.2
161
10.7
7189
23.8
8019
22.1
Sout
h39
26.2
425.
815
4546
.672
047
.862
1920
.686
3123
.8M
idw
est
1610
.730
4.2
921
27.8
583.
877
5025
.788
2824
.3W
est
6745
.062
085
.931
49.
556
837
.789
9529
.810
,804
29.8
Smok
ing
Nev
ersm
oked
6846
.950
069
.515
9248
.994
363
.415
,424
51.6
18,7
5352
.2Pa
stsm
oker
6242
.818
125
.212
7539
.144
329
.812
,262
41.1
14,3
8840
.1C
urre
ntsm
oker
1510
.338
5.3
391
12.0
101
6.8
2180
7.3
2761
7.7
Alc
ohol
inta
keN
ever
drin
ker
1711
.423
532
.651
315
.628
219
.126
498.
837
5410
.4Pa
stdr
inke
r41
27.5
148
20.6
1039
31.7
337
22.8
4748
15.8
6401
17.8
�1
drin
kpe
rm
o18
12.1
119
16.5
453
13.8
226
15.3
4165
13.9
5049
14.0
�1
drin
kpe
rw
k29
19.5
125
17.4
659
20.1
299
20.2
6417
21.4
7621
21.2
1–�
7dr
inks
per
wk
3020
.175
10.4
492
15.0
271
18.3
8435
28.1
9389
26.1
7�dr
inks
per
wk
149.
418
2.5
122
3.7
654.
435
5611
.938
1010
.6Ph
ysic
alac
tivi
tyN
oac
tivi
ty28
20.3
126
17.8
792
25.5
343
24.7
4938
18.1
6324
19.2
Som
eac
tivi
ty69
50.0
319
45.0
1420
45.7
651
46.8
11,6
9142
.914
,312
43.4
2–�
4ep
isod
espe
rw
kof
mod
erat
e�
acti
vity
1813
.013
218
.644
714
.417
312
.446
9417
.255
3416
.84�
epis
odes
per
wk
ofm
oder
ate
�ac
tivi
ty23
16.7
132
18.6
451
14.5
223
16.0
5920
21.7
6824
20.7
Tot
alex
pend
itur
e/w
kfr
omph
ysic
alac
tivi
ty(M
ETs)
0–1.
541
29.7
176
24.8
1050
33.8
463
33.3
6855
25.2
8709
26.4
�1.
5–8
4331
.218
225
.795
630
.740
228
.979
0229
.095
8929
.1�
8–19
3525
.420
528
.966
721
.432
223
.272
8326
.786
0926
.1�
1919
13.8
146
20.6
437
14.1
203
14.6
5203
19.1
6087
18.4
Tot
alca
lciu
min
take
(mg)
0–�
400
2014
.012
117
.279
424
.920
514
.320
336.
832
489.
140
0–�
800
3423
.822
431
.812
5439
.345
331
.585
5228
.810
,635
29.9
800–
�10
0036
25.2
8512
.136
511
.419
213
.443
0214
.550
3014
.110
00–�
1200
1812
.686
12.2
238
7.5
162
11.3
3617
12.2
4170
11.7
1200
�35
24.5
188
26.7
539
16.9
424
29.5
11,1
8937
.712
,500
35.1
Any
supp
lem
ent
use
No
5436
.221
229
.416
6650
.269
646
.210
,090
33.5
12,8
7835
.5Y
es95
63.8
510
70.6
1651
49.8
811
53.8
20,0
6366
.523
,404
64.5
Mul
tivi
tam
inus
e(w
ith
orw
itho
utm
iner
als)
No
9966
.448
266
.825
7177
.511
2274
.518
,791
62.3
23,3
5464
.4Y
es50
33.6
240
33.2
745
22.5
385
25.5
11,3
6237
.712
,927
35.6
Vit
amin
Cas
sing
lesu
pple
men
tN
o11
577
.253
674
.228
1885
.012
5583
.323
,034
76.4
28,0
9477
.4Y
es34
22.8
186
25.8
499
15.0
252
16.7
7119
23.6
8188
22.6
Vit
amin
Eas
sing
lesu
pple
men
tN
o11
476
.550
169
.427
8383
.911
9579
.322
,297
73.9
27,2
2475
.0Y
es35
23.5
221
30.6
534
16.1
312
20.7
7856
26.1
9058
25.0
Cal
cium
assi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
(inc
ludi
ngan
taci
ds)
No
124
83.2
534
74.0
2911
87.8
1263
83.8
22,4
4274
.427
,626
76.1
Yes
2516
.818
826
.040
612
.224
416
.277
1125
.686
5623
.9Si
ngle
supp
lem
ent
(not
Vit
amin
C,E
,or
calc
ium
)N
o96
64.4
435
60.2
2501
75.4
1073
71.2
19,7
5665
.524
,147
66.6
Yes
5335
.628
739
.881
624
.643
428
.810
,397
34.5
12,1
3533
.4A
nysu
pple
men
t(e
xclu
ding
sing
lesu
pple
men
tca
lciu
m)
No
6040
.324
934
.518
0954
.575
450
.011
,551
38.3
14,6
0040
.2Y
es89
59.7
473
65.5
1508
45.5
753
50.0
18,6
0261
.721
,682
59.8
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
*Dat
aw
ithh
eld
from
cells
whe
reN
�5
(�10
whe
reda
taar
ese
nsit
ive)
.
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
5.B
asel
ine
dem
ogra
phic
and
gene
ral
heal
thch
arac
teri
stic
sof
WH
IO
bser
vati
onal
Stud
ypa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
422)
Isla
nder
(N�
2671
)(N
�76
39)
(N�
3623
)(N
�78
,013
)(N
�93
,676
)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�D
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
Age
atsc
reen
ing
(y)
422
61.7
�7.
926
7163
.8�
7.6
7639
62.1
�7.
336
2360
.6�
7.1
78,0
1363
.9�
7.3
93,6
7663
.6�
7.4
50–5
917
842
.286
132
.229
7839
.017
6148
.623
,565
30.2
29,7
0531
.760
–69
161
38.2
1102
41.3
3256
42.6
1399
38.6
34,6
7744
.541
,197
44.0
70–7
983
19.7
708
26.5
1405
18.4
463
12.8
19,7
7125
.322
,774
24.3
Educ
atio
n0–
8y
4611
.065
2.5
277
3.7
630
17.7
518
0.7
1560
1.7
Som
ehi
ghsc
hool
4611
.095
3.6
726
9.6
318
8.9
2032
2.6
3288
3.5
Hig
hsc
hool
dipl
oma/
GED
6916
.541
615
.710
4713
.956
415
.912
,784
16.5
15,1
2116
.3Sc
hool
afte
rhi
ghsc
hool
166
39.7
891
33.6
2789
37.0
1249
35.1
28,3
3236
.633
,933
36.5
Col
lege
degr
eeor
high
er91
21.8
1185
44.7
2692
35.7
796
22.4
33,7
8143
.639
,002
42.0
Fam
ilyin
com
e�
$10,
000
6717
.684
3.4
967
13.9
544
17.1
2175
3.0
3916
4.5
$10,
000–
$19,
999
7820
.524
19.
712
5218
.063
920
.177
0410
.610
,100
11.6
$20,
000–
$34,
999
9625
.249
820
.116
3523
.574
523
.416
,953
23.4
20,2
2623
.3$3
5,00
0–$4
9,99
955
14.4
464
18.7
1228
17.6
531
16.7
14,9
3220
.617
,429
20.1
$50,
000–
$74,
999
5113
.455
522
.411
4916
.540
912
.915
,092
20.8
17,4
8620
.2$7
5,00
0�34
8.9
637
25.7
732
10.5
311
9.8
15,7
1321
.717
,608
20.3
Occ
upat
ion
Man
ager
ial/P
rofe
ssio
nal
119
30.2
1094
42.1
2908
41.4
863
25.9
33,1
7644
.538
,622
43.3
Tec
hnic
al/S
ales
/A
dmin
istr
ativ
e98
24.9
835
32.1
1729
24.6
858
25.7
21,5
8328
.925
,480
28.6
Serv
ice/
Labo
r11
930
.248
018
.518
0925
.890
627
.211
,847
15.9
15,4
7017
.3H
omem
aker
only
5814
.719
17.
357
58.
270
621
.280
3010
.896
5810
.8B
ody
mas
sin
dex
(BM
I),k
g/m
240
929
.7�
6.8
2654
24.2
�4.
375
3930
.7�
6.8
3570
28.6
�5.
977
,107
27.0
�5.
792
,568
27.3
�5.
9U
nder
wei
ght
(�18
.5)
51.
211
94.
552
0.7
150.
490
31.
211
071.
2N
orm
al(1
8.5–
24.9
)11
227
.415
6559
.013
9418
.510
1228
.332
,134
41.7
36,6
8739
.6O
verw
eigh
t(2
5.0–
29.9
)11
628
.475
828
.625
5133
.813
6638
.326
,202
34.0
31,4
6334
.0O
besi
tyI
(30.
0–34
.9)
100
24.4
154
5.8
1899
25.2
751
21.0
11,4
6614
.914
,578
15.7
Obe
sity
II(3
5.0–
39.9
)44
10.8
361.
492
812
.328
37.
940
805.
354
515.
9O
besi
tyII
I(�
40)
327.
822
0.8
715
9.5
143
4.0
2322
3.0
3282
3.5
Hei
ght
(cm
)41
216
0.4
�7.
326
5715
4.8
�6.
075
7516
2.3
�6.
835
7615
7.2
�6.
277
,406
162.
1�
6.6
92,9
2016
1.7
�6.
8W
eigh
t(k
g)42
078
.0�
20.8
2666
58.3
�12
.276
0381
.4�
19.3
3610
71.2
�16
.677
,605
71.2
�16
.393
,204
71.7
�16
.9W
aist
/hip
rati
o(W
HR
)42
10.
84�
0.1
2662
0.81
�0.
176
070.
82�
0.1
3610
0.82
�0.
177
,568
0.80
�0.
193
,167
0.81
�0.
1W
aist
(cm
)42
191
.8�
15.7
2666
77.4
�10
.376
1890
.8�
14.4
3613
85.9
�12
.777
,659
84.4
�13
.593
,279
84.8
�13
.7M
arit
alst
atus
Nev
erm
arri
ed19
4.6
157
5.9
493
6.5
180
5.0
3473
4.5
4390
4.7
Div
orce
d/Se
para
ted
8620
.730
211
.422
7930
.179
922
.411
,024
14.2
14,7
2715
.8W
idow
ed87
20.9
422
15.9
1803
23.8
541
15.1
13,1
7417
.016
,290
17.5
Pres
entl
ym
arri
ed/
Livi
ngas
mar
ried
224
53.8
1776
66.8
2990
39.5
2051
57.4
50,0
3464
.457
,805
62.0
Livi
ngal
one
No
310
74.0
2192
82.6
5012
66.7
2800
79.6
57,0
8673
.668
,310
73.5
Yes
109
26.0
461
17.4
2499
33.3
717
20.4
20,4
3626
.424
,603
26.5
U.S
.reg
ion
Nor
thea
st49
11.6
138
5.2
1292
16.9
460
12.7
19,0
6724
.421
,273
22.7
Sout
h94
22.3
172
6.4
3543
46.4
1360
37.5
19,0
2824
.424
,459
26.1
Mid
wes
t39
9.2
112
4.2
1897
24.8
138
3.8
18,2
1923
.420
,607
22.0
Wes
t24
056
.922
4984
.290
711
.916
6546
.021
,699
27.8
27,3
3729
.2
Yea
rsliv
edin
curr
ent
stat
e�
520
4.8
582.
224
03.
215
64.
428
043.
633
223.
65–
919
4.6
762.
923
13.
117
04.
830
353.
935
843.
910
–19
338.
024
29.
145
56.
036
010
.362
198.
074
408.
020
�34
382
.722
8385
.966
1287
.728
2580
.565
,550
84.5
78,6
8084
.6B
orn
inth
eU
.S.
No
143.
472
327
.224
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568
027.
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egio
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hN
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U.S
.14
3.4
723
27.2
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Nor
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st59
14.4
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est
139
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gN
ever
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3663
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49.6
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.9Pa
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157
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22.6
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Cur
rent
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582
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76.
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916.
3Y
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asa
child
lived
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oker
Nev
erliv
edw
ith
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126
31.4
1008
39.4
3153
43.0
1437
42.3
26,8
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1.3
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91–
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3.2
763.
027
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710
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220
932.
726
022.
85–
933
8.2
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510
7.0
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6.7
4217
5.5
5246
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822
155
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6349
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4944
.315
6646
.142
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55.9
49,6
3654
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asad
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lived
wit
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Nev
erliv
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ith
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9823
.996
436
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4523
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25.8
24,3
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428
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177
5110
.091
559.
95–
929
7.1
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10.1
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10.7
288
8.3
7094
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968
16.6
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13.8
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6415
.814
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15.8
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11,7
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324
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11.9
10,7
6811
.640
�44
10.7
165
6.2
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10.5
274
7.9
7741
10.0
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Yea
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dw
ith
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erN
ever
wor
ked
wit
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er12
931
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229
.914
9020
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6636
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25.1
23,3
4325
.3�
115
3.6
101
3.8
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3.2
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5.2
2792
3.6
3377
3.7
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5713
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015
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610
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214
.912
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16.3
14,5
1715
.75–
955
13.3
339
12.8
973
13.0
493
14.1
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5415
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,304
15.5
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971
17.2
435
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15.1
14,5
5418
.917
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12.6
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Alc
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8019
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8140
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Past
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inks
per
wk
297.
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340
4.5
177
5.0
10,9
6214
.111
,709
12.6
Phys
ical
acti
vity
No
acti
vity
8019
.235
113
.216
1421
.369
519
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0912
.612
,637
13.6
Som
eac
tivi
ty18
845
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7044
.133
0943
.715
6344
.828
,879
37.4
35,6
4838
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�4
epis
odes
per
wk
ofm
oder
ate
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tivi
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12.5
448
16.9
1183
15.6
498
14.3
14,6
8519
.017
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18.5
4�ep
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mod
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9723
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425
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6019
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221
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,936
31.0
27,2
5129
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tinue
d)
AP
PE
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Am
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6428
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827
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327
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124
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32.9
1185
17.6
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31.5
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Any
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lem
ent
use
No
183
43.4
650
24.3
3522
46.1
1452
40.1
19,3
7324
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27.3
Yes
239
56.6
2021
75.7
4117
53.9
2171
59.9
58,6
4075
.268
,109
72.7
Mul
tivi
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ith
orw
itho
utm
iner
als)
No
304
72.0
1684
63.0
5593
73.2
2594
71.6
43,8
4256
.254
,840
58.5
Yes
118
28.0
987
37.0
2046
26.8
1029
28.4
34,1
7143
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,836
41.5
Vit
amin
Cas
sing
lesu
pple
men
tN
o33
779
.918
1467
.962
8382
.229
2380
.754
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69.6
66,5
9471
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es85
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857
32.1
1356
17.8
700
19.3
23,7
0130
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amin
Eas
sing
lesu
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men
tN
o31
674
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4180
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2878
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64.7
62,3
3266
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625
.197
136
.414
9819
.679
521
.927
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35.3
31,3
4433
.5C
alci
umas
sing
lesu
pple
men
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nclu
ding
anta
cids
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o33
980
.318
6970
.065
9186
.328
2878
.154
,391
69.7
66,9
9071
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es83
19.7
802
30.0
1048
13.7
795
21.9
23,6
2230
.326
,686
28.5
Sing
lesu
pple
men
t(n
otV
itam
inC
,E,o
rca
lciu
m)
No
286
67.8
1470
55.0
5607
73.4
2468
68.1
44,1
1056
.554
,698
58.4
Yes
136
32.2
1201
45.0
2032
26.6
1155
31.9
33,9
0343
.538
,978
41.6
Any
supp
lem
ent
(exc
ludi
ngsi
ngle
supp
lem
ent
calc
ium
)N
o19
846
.977
328
.937
3148
.816
1344
.522
,100
28.3
28,8
4430
.8Y
es22
453
.118
9871
.139
0851
.220
1055
.555
,913
71.7
64,8
3269
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otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
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ethn
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y.*D
ata
wit
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N�
5(�
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are
sens
itiv
e).
AP
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asel
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med
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Estr
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part
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byra
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Rac
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Am
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Asia
n/Pa
cific
Isla
nder
Blac
kH
ispan
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hite
Tot
ala
(N�
56)
(N�
363)
(N�
1124
)(N
�88
8)(N
�13
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)(N
�16
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)
Med
ical
Hist
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N%
Mea
n�
SDN
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N%
Mea
n�
SDN
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N%
Mea
n�
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Age
atm
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(y)
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61.
747
4.6
263.
429
72.
338
42.
540
–49
1633
.311
733
.337
136
.333
143
.243
5633
.852
7134
.550
�31
64.6
228
65.0
604
59.1
410
53.5
8216
63.8
9617
63.0
Bila
tera
loo
phor
ecto
my
No
5598
.236
110
0.0
1108
99.6
872
99.7
13,8
4999
.716
,474
99.7
Yes
**
00.
0*
**
*43
0.3
530.
3Ev
erpr
egna
ntN
o*
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9.9
625.
658
6.6
1110
8.0
1288
7.8
Yes
5394
.632
790
.110
5494
.482
593
.412
,819
92.0
15,2
9192
.2A
geat
first
birt
h(y
)b
Nev
erha
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rmpr
egna
ncy
00.
05
1.8
606.
919
3.1
312
2.7
400
2.9
�20
1839
.116
5.8
280
32.1
173
28.3
1708
14.6
2236
16.4
20–2
923
50.0
209
76.0
462
53.0
355
58.0
8513
72.9
9670
70.8
30�
510
.945
16.4
697.
965
10.6
1142
9.8
1344
9.8
Num
ber
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rths
Nev
erpr
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9.9
625.
658
6.6
1110
8.0
1288
7.8
Non
e0
0.0
**
655.
821
2.4
327
2.4
422
2.6
1*
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10.5
164
14.7
799.
010
787.
813
898.
42–
427
48.2
235
64.9
599
53.9
507
57.8
8994
64.7
10,5
0363
.55�
1933
.948
13.3
222
20.0
212
24.2
2383
17.2
2928
17.7
Num
ber
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sN
ever
preg
nant
**
369.
962
5.6
586.
611
108.
012
887.
81
**
267.
291
8.2
485.
488
26.
310
706.
52–
426
46.4
7620
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635
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639
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5927
.847
8128
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2341
.122
562
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950
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948
.780
5257
.994
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nyin
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orti
onsb
Preg
nant
,ne
ver
had
abor
tion
4491
.727
388
.174
678
.960
885
.611
,030
92.5
12,8
7991
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neor
mor
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**
3711
.920
021
.110
214
.489
47.
512
588.
9N
umbe
rof
mon
ths
brea
stfe
dN
ever
brea
stfe
d27
48.2
116
32.4
535
48.6
355
40.9
6354
46.0
7482
45.6
1–6
1425
.010
429
.132
429
.423
627
.234
9225
.342
3925
.87–
125
8.9
6417
.912
511
.410
712
.315
5211
.218
8211
.513
–23
**
4111
.559
5.4
819.
314
2210
.316
279.
924
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14.3
339.
258
5.3
8910
.398
27.
111
857.
2A
geat
tuba
llig
atio
n(y
)N
ever
had
tuba
llig
atio
n34
63.0
267
74.2
778
70.5
635
72.2
11,3
1181
.413
,207
80.0
�30
**
113.
143
3.9
384.
332
62.
342
62.
630
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256.
988
8.0
596.
765
04.
784
35.
135
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**
4311
.912
711
.590
10.2
908
6.5
1190
7.2
40–4
4*
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3.1
585.
351
5.8
561
4.0
694
4.2
45�
00.
0*
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0.9
**
133
1.0
157
1.0
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
6.C
ontin
ued
Age
last
had
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stru
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ng(y
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*36
3.6
223.
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01.
524
61.
740
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714
.623
6.7
787.
976
10.4
862
7.0
1071
7.3
45–4
98
16.7
8625
.126
026
.321
028
.728
9323
.534
9723
.950
–54
2756
.317
150
.042
242
.733
545
.860
0848
.870
4948
.255
–59
612
.550
14.6
165
16.7
7510
.219
7916
.123
1915
.960
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*8
2.3
282.
814
1.9
385
3.1
442
3.0
Cur
rent
heal
thca
repr
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erN
o9
16.1
349.
415
113
.828
032
.214
3210
.419
3511
.8Y
es47
83.9
327
90.6
947
86.2
590
67.8
12,3
8989
.614
,501
88.2
Mam
mog
ram
inla
st2
yN
o18
34.6
107
30.0
271
25.6
345
42.1
3810
28.2
4624
28.9
Yes
3465
.425
070
.078
674
.447
557
.996
9171
.811
,386
71.1
Pap
smea
rin
last
3y
No
1122
.469
20.5
146
16.1
215
29.8
2297
19.8
2781
20.1
Yes
3877
.626
779
.575
983
.950
670
.293
1880
.211
,048
79.9
Tot
alor
alco
ntra
cept
ive
dura
tion
(y)
Non
-use
r34
60.7
225
62.0
648
57.7
523
58.9
7887
56.6
9466
57.0
�5
1323
.278
21.5
220
19.6
205
23.1
3198
22.9
3765
22.7
5–�
10*
*31
8.5
108
9.6
869.
713
9310
.016
349.
810
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*29
8.0
148
13.2
748.
314
6710
.517
4310
.5H
isto
ryof
PHT
usec
Nev
er46
82.1
266
73.3
891
79.3
667
75.2
10,1
6472
.912
,192
73.4
Past
814
.351
14.0
172
15.3
150
16.9
2702
19.4
3135
18.9
Cur
rent
**
4612
.760
5.3
707.
910
737.
712
737.
7T
otal
PHT
dura
tion
(y)c
Non
user
4682
.126
673
.389
179
.366
775
.110
,164
72.9
12,1
9273
.4�
58
14.3
6217
.118
516
.515
717
.726
5719
.131
1818
.85–
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00.
026
7.2
343.
046
5.2
663
4.8
783
4.7
10–�
14*
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1.4
111.
013
1.5
300
2.2
336
2.0
15�
**
**
**
50.
616
01.
117
81.
1H
isto
ryof
E-al
one
usec
Nev
er52
92.9
343
94.5
1024
91.2
816
92.0
12,3
2388
.414
,756
88.9
Past
**
185.
086
7.7
616.
915
1010
.817
0910
.3C
urre
nt*
**
*13
1.2
101.
110
70.
813
60.
8T
otal
E-al
one
dura
tion
(y)c
Non
user
5292
.934
394
.510
2491
.181
691
.912
,323
88.4
14,7
5688
.9�
5*
*15
4.1
786.
956
6.3
1242
8.9
1416
8.5
5–�
100
0.0
**
181.
611
1.2
209
1.5
250
1.5
10–�
150
0.0
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**
50.
610
70.
811
70.
715
�*
**
*0
0.0
00.
063
0.5
680.
4
His
tory
ofE
�P
usec
Nev
er49
87.5
278
76.6
977
86.9
730
82.2
11,4
0281
.813
,620
82.0
Past
610
.741
11.3
998.
898
11.0
1560
11.2
1833
11.0
Cur
rent
**
4412
.148
4.3
606.
897
97.
011
516.
9T
otal
E�
Pdu
rati
on(y
)c
Non
user
4987
.527
876
.697
786
.973
082
.211
,402
81.8
13,6
2082
.0�
56
10.7
5715
.712
110
.811
112
.518
0412
.921
3312
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00.
021
5.8
171.
534
3.8
487
3.5
568
3.4
10–�
15*
**
*8
0.7
91.
018
21.
320
71.
215
�0
0.0
**
**
**
700.
580
0.5
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
MI
No
2447
.120
761
.158
758
.148
458
.462
8347
.376
8748
.9Y
es27
52.9
132
38.9
424
41.9
345
41.6
6992
52.7
8032
51.1
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
brea
stca
ncer
No
3778
.730
789
.292
088
.076
690
.411
,043
83.5
13,2
5684
.3Y
es10
21.3
3710
.812
612
.081
9.6
2176
16.5
2461
15.7
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
colo
rect
alca
ncer
No
3683
.729
387
.282
685
.172
289
.910
,757
84.0
12,8
1484
.5Y
es7
16.3
4312
.814
514
.981
10.1
2046
16.0
2348
15.5
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
stro
keN
o28
58.3
194
56.2
600
57.4
565
69.1
8120
61.5
9620
61.4
Yes
2041
.715
143
.844
642
.625
330
.950
8138
.560
4738
.6Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofad
ult
diab
etes
No
2854
.920
961
.348
548
.647
557
.391
5968
.610
,488
66.5
Yes
2345
.113
238
.751
351
.435
442
.741
9031
.452
8633
.5Pa
rent
brok
ebo
neaf
ter
age
40N
o32
74.4
235
69.7
758
79.8
566
69.7
7415
57.1
9139
59.6
Yes
1125
.610
230
.319
220
.224
630
.355
7542
.961
9440
.4Sy
stol
icbl
ood
pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
5612
5.5
�16
.936
312
9.0
�19
.411
2413
1.8
�17
.488
812
6.0
�16
.913
,945
127.
4�
17.5
16,6
0812
7.7
�17
.6�
120
2544
.612
434
.232
428
.837
542
.253
4038
.362
7037
.8�
120–
140
2137
.515
241
.949
544
.036
040
.557
5141
.268
7341
.4�
140
1017
.987
24.0
305
27.1
153
17.2
2854
20.5
3465
20.9
Dia
stol
icbl
ood
pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
5675
.0�
9.4
363
77.5
�9.
411
2478
.4�
9.2
888
76.0
�8.
813
,945
75.4
�9.
116
,608
75.7
�9.
1�
9052
92.9
324
89.3
982
87.4
828
93.2
12,9
9793
.215
,385
92.6
�90
**
3910
.714
212
.660
6.8
948
6.8
1223
7.4
His
tory
ofhy
pert
ensi
onN
ever
hype
rten
sive
4584
.923
566
.451
649
.858
472
.890
9771
.710
,609
70.0
Unt
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve*
*40
11.3
111
10.7
789.
710
158.
012
668.
4T
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve6
11.3
7922
.340
939
.514
017
.525
7120
.332
7121
.6T
reat
eddi
abet
es(p
ills
orsh
ots)
No
5090
.933
291
.599
088
.182
693
.013
,451
96.5
15,8
6495
.6Y
es5
9.1
318.
513
411
.962
7.0
487
3.5
734
4.4
Tre
ated
hype
rcho
lest
erol
emia
(pill
s)N
o46
90.2
280
80.0
865
84.8
673
85.7
11,0
6187
.813
,107
87.3
Yes
59.
870
20.0
155
15.2
112
14.3
1530
12.2
1906
12.7
Dep
ress
ion
(sho
rten
edC
ES-D
/DIS
�0.
06)
No
4483
.033
192
.292
388
.061
679
.612
,412
91.1
14,5
1890
.3Y
es*
*28
7.8
126
12.0
158
20.4
1210
8.9
1563
9.7
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
6.C
ontin
ued
Ben
ign
brea
stdi
seas
eN
o43
82.7
311
88.1
880
83.9
708
88.7
10,4
9382
.812
,618
83.3
Yes
,1bi
opsy
815
.432
9.1
132
12.6
718.
916
7913
.219
4812
.9Y
es,2
�bi
opsi
es*
*10
2.8
373.
519
2.4
500
3.9
578
3.8
His
tory
ofca
rdio
vasc
ular
dise
ased
No
5089
.334
896
.710
0291
.283
295
.012
,940
93.7
15,3
8693
.7Y
es6
10.7
123.
397
8.8
445.
086
86.
310
406.
3H
isto
ryof
MI
No
5394
.636
299
.710
9497
.388
299
.313
,694
98.2
16,3
1298
.2Y
es*
**
*30
2.7
60.
725
11.
829
61.
8H
isto
ryof
CA
BG
/PT
CA
No
5510
0.0
357
99.2
1081
98.5
871
99.5
13,6
0598
.616
,191
98.7
Yes
00.
0*
*17
1.5
**
189
1.4
215
1.3
His
tory
ofC
HF
No
5610
0.0
361
99.4
1112
98.9
881
99.2
13,8
8699
.616
,528
99.5
Yes
00.
0*
*12
1.1
70.
859
0.4
800.
5H
isto
ryof
angi
naN
o53
94.6
354
97.8
1070
96.1
866
98.1
13,5
1297
.216
,080
97.1
Yes
**
82.
244
3.9
171.
939
42.
847
22.
9H
isto
ryof
caro
tid
enda
rter
ecto
my/
angi
opla
sty
No
5510
0.0
361
100.
010
9599
.787
510
0.0
13,7
6499
.816
,374
99.8
Yes
00.
00
0.0
**
00.
031
0.2
340.
2H
isto
ryof
DV
TN
o56
100.
036
310
0.0
1122
99.8
884
99.5
13,8
3499
.216
,490
99.3
Yes
00.
00
0.0
**
**
111
0.8
118
0.7
His
tory
ofPE
No
5610
0.0
362
99.7
1122
99.8
888
100.
013
,920
99.8
16,5
7999
.8Y
es0
0.0
**
**
00.
025
0.2
290.
2H
isto
ryof
PAD
No
5598
.236
299
.711
0398
.587
198
.513
,815
99.3
16,4
3799
.2Y
es*
**
*17
1.5
131.
510
30.
713
50.
8H
isto
ryof
stro
keN
o54
96.4
361
99.4
1106
98.4
880
99.1
13,8
3999
.216
,470
99.2
Yes
**
**
181.
68
0.9
106
0.8
138
0.8
His
tory
ofpo
lyp
rem
oval
No
5196
.232
492
.696
393
.976
096
.311
,615
92.6
13,9
1192
.9Y
es*
*26
7.4
636.
129
3.7
928
7.4
1068
7.1
His
tory
offr
actu
reat
age
55�
e
No
3988
.627
289
.878
693
.056
292
.09,
492
83.4
11,3
1784
.6Y
es5
11.4
3110
.259
7.0
498.
018
8916
.620
5715
.4H
isto
ryof
hip
frac
ture
atag
e55
�e
No
4410
0.0
302
99.7
844
99.9
609
99.7
11,3
0199
.313
,289
99.4
Yes
**
10.
31
0.1
20.
380
0.7
850.
6
Num
ber
offa
llsin
last
12m
oN
one
3870
.427
276
.671
667
.657
270
.085
8666
.210
,340
66.8
19
16.7
5716
.122
621
.315
819
.327
0420
.831
8820
.62
**
195.
489
8.4
496.
011
178.
612
968.
43�
**
72.
028
2.6
384.
756
54.
465
24.
2H
isto
ryof
canc
erf
No
5598
.235
798
.310
8998
.086
598
.213
,567
98.0
16,1
5698
.0Y
es*
*6
1.7
222.
016
1.8
274
2.0
325
2.0
His
tory
ofco
lore
ctal
canc
erN
o55
98.2
362
99.7
1121
99.7
888
100.
013
,898
99.7
16,5
5699
.7Y
es*
**
**
*0
0.0
470.
352
0.3
His
tory
ofm
elan
oma
canc
erN
o56
100.
036
310
0.0
1124
100.
088
810
0.0
13,9
4410
0.0
16,6
0710
0.0
Yes
00.
00
0.0
00.
00
0.0
**
**
His
tory
ofce
rvic
alca
ncer
No
5610
0.0
363
100.
011
1099
.788
199
.913
,799
99.8
16,4
3899
.8Y
es0
0.0
00.
0*
**
*33
0.2
370.
2H
isto
ryof
ovar
ian
canc
erN
o56
100.
036
199
.711
1210
0.0
881
100.
013
,823
99.9
16,4
6210
0.0
Yes
00.
0*
*0
0.0
00.
07
0.1
80.
0H
isto
ryof
lung
canc
erN
o56
100.
036
210
0.0
1112
100.
088
210
0.0
13,8
2610
0.0
16,4
6710
0.0
Yes
00.
00
0.0
00.
00
0.0
50.
05
0.0
His
tory
ofos
teop
oros
isN
o53
98.1
342
95.3
1052
96.8
809
94.4
13,0
5995
.015
,532
95.1
Yes
**
174.
735
3.2
485.
668
75.
079
94.
9H
isto
ryof
arth
riti
sN
oar
thri
tis
3259
.324
367
.959
655
.555
867
.179
6359
.795
2560
.0R
heum
atoi
dar
thri
tis
611
.116
4.5
817.
533
4.0
514
3.9
667
4.2
Oth
erar
thri
tis
1629
.699
27.7
396
36.9
241
29.0
4855
36.4
5682
35.8
Tot
alhi
pB
MD
(WH
Ocr
iter
ia)
Nor
mal
6970
.428
45.9
414
49.1
511
51.0
Ost
eope
nic
2828
.631
50.8
377
44.7
436
43.5
Ost
eopo
roti
c*
**
*52
6.2
555.
5H
ipsc
an(g
/cm
2 )12
0.89
�0.
08*
*98
0.97
�0.
1561
0.84
�0.
1384
30.
82�
0.12
1024
0.84
�0.
13Sp
ine
scan
(g/c
m2 )
120.
93�
0.11
**
991.
08�
0.19
610.
92�
0.14
822
0.93
�0.
1510
040.
95�
0.16
Who
lebo
dysc
an(g
/cm
2 )12
1.00
�0.
09*
*99
1.08
�0.
1161
1.02
�0.
1184
30.
98�
0.09
1025
0.99
�0.
10Le
anbo
dym
ass
�B
MC
(kg)
1239
.8�
4.0
**
9944
.8�
6.5
6139
.0�
5.6
834
39.5
�5.
110
1640
.0�
5.5
Fat
body
mas
s(k
g)12
39.3
�11
.1*
*99
39.0
�13
.461
33.3
�8.
983
431
.7�
10.7
1016
32.5
�11
.1
CA
BG
,co
rona
ryby
pass
surg
ery;
PTC
A,
angi
opla
sty;
WH
O,
Wor
ldH
ealt
hO
rgan
izat
ion;
E�
P,es
trog
en�
prog
esti
n;E-
alon
e,es
trog
enal
one;
BM
C,
bone
min
eral
cont
ent;
PHT
,po
stm
enop
ausa
lho
rmon
eth
erap
y;B
MD
,bo
nem
iner
alde
nsit
y;M
I,m
yoca
rdia
lin
farc
tion
;CH
F,co
nges
tive
hear
tfa
ilure
;DV
T,d
eep
vein
thro
mbo
sis;
PE,p
ulm
onar
yem
bolis
m;P
AD
,per
iphe
ral
arte
rial
dise
ase.
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
b App
lies
only
topa
rtic
ipan
tsw
hoha
veev
erbe
enpr
egna
nt.
c Bas
edon
estr
ogen
and
prog
este
rone
pills
and
patc
hes
only
(cre
ams
and
shot
sex
clud
ed).
Epis
odes
less
than
3m
onth
sar
eex
clud
ed.
d Incl
udes
MI,
stro
ke,C
HF,
angi
na,c
arot
iden
dart
erec
tom
y/an
giop
last
y,D
VT
,PE,
PAD
,and
CA
BG
/PT
CA
.e A
pplie
son
lyto
part
icip
ants
age
55an
dol
der.
f Excl
udin
gno
nmel
anom
ask
inca
ncer
.*D
ata
wit
hhel
dfr
omce
llsw
here
N�
5(�
10w
here
data
are
sens
itiv
e).
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
7.B
asel
ine
med
ical
hist
ory
stat
usof
WH
IEs
trog
en-A
lone
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
75)
(N�
164)
(N�
1617
)(N
�65
5)(N
�80
82)
(N�
10,7
39)
Med
ical
His
tory
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
Age
athy
ster
ecto
my
(y)
Not
hyst
erec
tom
ized
�40
3648
.053
32.3
783
48.8
278
42.8
3045
37.9
4249
39.8
40–4
932
42.7
7847
.665
540
.828
543
.834
3542
.745
5642
.750
�7
9.3
3320
.116
710
.487
13.4
1559
19.4
1872
17.5
Age
atm
enop
ause
(y)
�40
2439
.326
19.3
403
29.5
104
19.8
1550
22.3
2139
23.3
40–4
911
18.0
4533
.335
025
.617
132
.621
4630
.827
5230
.050
�26
42.6
6447
.461
444
.925
047
.632
6946
.942
8146
.7B
ilate
ral
ooph
orec
tom
yN
o34
53.1
8055
.283
859
.839
566
.144
6958
.858
9059
.3Y
es30
46.9
6544
.856
440
.220
333
.931
3141
.240
4940
.7Ev
erpr
egna
ntN
o*
*23
14.0
148
9.2
345.
249
86.
271
36.
7Y
es74
98.7
141
86.0
1459
90.8
618
94.8
7567
93.8
9995
93.3
Age
atfir
stbi
rth
(y)b
Nev
erha
dte
rmpr
egna
ncy
**
54.
094
7.8
132.
812
01.
723
72.
7�
2029
45.3
2217
.552
743
.715
132
.616
6024
.124
1727
.320
–29
3351
.682
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43.9
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2314
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3952
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41.3
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Preg
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6291
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3486
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1411
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213
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10.6
359
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6.9
Num
ber
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fed
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erbr
east
fed
3344
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41.1
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48.8
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31.3
426
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29.5
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28.2
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5575
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281
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9481
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481
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2846
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42.7
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417
28.3
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527
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528
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9425
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9726
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.335
24.3
244
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20.8
1476
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1901
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1812
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13.6
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630.
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alth
care
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ider
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79.
610
6.2
173
11.0
175
27.2
794
9.9
1175
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Yes
6690
.415
293
.814
0689
.046
972
.872
0790
.194
2588
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amm
ogra
min
last
2y
No
2637
.754
34.6
406
27.6
245
40.0
2260
28.9
3035
29.6
Yes
4362
.310
265
.410
6372
.436
760
.055
4771
.172
2070
.4T
otal
oral
cont
race
ptiv
edu
rati
on(y
)N
onus
er47
62.7
110
67.1
1072
66.3
385
58.8
4917
60.8
6634
61.8
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2330
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19.5
286
17.7
167
25.5
1876
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2409
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38.
258
8.9
699
8.6
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137.
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67.
845
6.9
590
7.3
782
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His
tory
ofPH
Tus
ec
Nev
er40
53.3
7445
.197
860
.739
460
.238
9248
.254
4750
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st27
36.0
6036
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027
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523
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1836
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6934
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nt8
10.7
3018
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411
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616
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6215
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.0T
otal
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dura
tion
(y)
Non
user
4053
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45.1
978
60.5
394
60.2
3892
48.2
5447
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5650
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10.7
2917
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711
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215
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1515
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otal
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4053
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62.2
410
62.6
4056
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7510
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Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
MI
No
2636
.174
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779
54.4
337
55.3
3333
43.6
4616
46.0
Yes
4663
.973
49.7
653
45.6
272
44.7
4303
56.4
5414
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Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
brea
stca
ncer
No
5072
.513
587
.712
3983
.954
187
.862
3381
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0982
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es19
27.5
1912
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816
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12.2
1390
18.2
1763
17.5
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
colo
rect
alca
ncer
No
5989
.412
383
.111
1083
.050
586
.260
1482
.179
2182
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es7
10.6
2516
.922
817
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13.8
1313
17.9
1673
17.4
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ilyhi
stor
yof
stro
keN
o39
55.7
9564
.285
558
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266
.345
5360
.160
3360
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es31
44.3
5335
.862
042
.020
433
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1739
.939
7039
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mily
hist
ory
ofad
ult
diab
etes
No
3345
.888
59.9
636
44.6
315
52.4
4919
64.5
6065
60.6
Yes
3954
.259
40.1
789
55.4
286
47.6
2709
35.5
3941
39.4
Pare
ntbr
oke
bone
afte
rag
e40
No
5170
.810
469
.811
0681
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567
.943
7858
.961
1963
.0Y
es21
29.2
4530
.225
919
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732
.130
5541
.136
0037
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stol
icbl
ood
pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
7513
2.7
�18
.416
413
4.7
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.716
1713
4.3
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512
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8212
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017
22.7
4125
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523
.823
235
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7633
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9431
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120–
140
3546
.765
39.6
709
43.8
279
42.6
3505
43.4
4641
43.2
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023
30.7
5835
.452
332
.314
422
.019
0123
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bloo
dpr
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re(m
mH
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465
575
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9.4
8081
75.9
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110
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76.5
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3�
9067
89.3
135
82.3
1372
84.9
605
92.4
7499
92.8
9799
91.3
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810
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17.7
244
15.1
507.
658
27.
293
88.
7H
isto
ryof
hype
rten
sion
Nev
erhy
pert
ensi
ve35
50.0
8553
.559
740
.339
766
.945
6963
.357
6259
.7U
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ated
hype
rten
sive
1115
.716
10.1
177
12.0
7312
.370
09.
799
310
.3T
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve24
34.3
5836
.570
747
.712
320
.719
4827
.029
0330
.1T
reat
eddi
abet
es(p
ills
orsh
ots)
No
6282
.714
689
.013
9786
.759
090
.175
8093
.999
0792
.3Y
es13
17.3
1811
.021
513
.365
9.9
496
6.1
821
7.7
Tre
ated
hype
rcho
lest
erol
emia
(pill
s)N
o60
88.2
117
74.1
1223
83.9
485
84.3
6152
85.3
8147
84.8
Yes
811
.841
25.9
234
16.1
9015
.710
5814
.714
6015
.2D
epre
ssio
n(s
hort
ened
CES
-D/D
IS�
0.06
)N
o60
82.2
138
86.8
1253
82.8
454
78.4
6930
88.0
8959
86.7
Yes
1317
.821
13.2
261
17.2
125
21.6
941
12.0
1375
13.3
Ben
ign
brea
stdi
seas
eN
o60
85.7
130
81.8
1212
81.7
489
83.4
5683
78.6
7681
79.5
Yes
,1bi
opsy
912
.913
8.2
215
14.5
6210
.611
1615
.414
3914
.9Y
es,2
�bi
opsi
es*
*16
10.1
573.
835
6.0
427
5.9
545
5.6
His
tory
ofca
rdio
vasc
ular
dise
ased
No
6182
.415
493
.913
5285
.258
891
.671
5089
.394
3388
.8Y
es13
17.6
106.
123
414
.854
8.4
858
10.7
1184
11.2
His
tory
ofM
IN
o72
96.0
163
99.4
1549
95.8
648
98.9
7828
96.9
10,4
0296
.9Y
es*
**
*68
4.2
71.
125
43.
133
73.
1H
isto
ryof
CA
BG
/PT
CA
No
7297
.316
198
.215
4397
.863
098
.677
9997
.710
,345
97.8
Yes
**
**
352.
29
1.4
182
2.3
234
2.2
His
tory
ofC
HF
No
7510
0.0
164
100.
015
8898
.265
199
.480
1899
.210
,640
99.1
Yes
00.
00
0.0
291.
8*
*64
0.8
990.
9H
isto
ryof
angi
naN
o69
92.0
154
93.9
1498
93.3
625
95.6
7595
94.3
10,0
7994
.3Y
es6
8.0
106.
110
86.
729
4.4
455
5.7
614
5.7
His
tory
ofca
roti
den
dart
erec
tom
y/an
giop
last
yN
o74
100.
016
410
0.0
1572
99.6
639
99.8
7951
99.6
10,5
4399
.6Y
es0
0.0
00.
06
0.4
**
310.
438
0.4
His
tory
ofD
VT
No
7498
.716
410
0.0
1604
99.2
649
99.1
7954
98.4
10,5
9098
.6Y
es*
*0
0.0
130.
86
0.9
128
1.6
149
1.4
His
tory
ofPE
No
7510
0.0
164
100.
016
1299
.765
510
0.0
8055
99.7
10,7
0799
.7Y
es0
0.0
00.
05
0.3
00.
027
0.3
320.
3H
isto
ryof
PAD
No
7498
.716
410
0.0
1567
97.6
640
98.2
7943
98.6
10,5
3198
.5Y
es*
*0
0.0
382.
412
1.8
110
1.4
162
1.5
His
tory
ofst
roke
No
7093
.316
399
.415
7397
.364
598
.579
7998
.710
,571
98.4
Yes
56.
7*
*44
2.7
101.
510
31.
316
81.
6H
isto
ryof
poly
pre
mov
alN
o62
88.6
138
87.3
1330
90.8
547
93.3
6456
90.0
8659
90.3
Yes
811
.420
12.7
134
9.2
396.
771
410
.092
69.
7H
isto
ryof
frac
ture
atag
e55
�e
No
4873
.811
690
.611
0690
.940
390
.053
9082
.871
6884
.5Y
es17
26.2
129.
411
19.
145
10.0
1116
17.2
1319
15.5
His
tory
ofhi
pfr
actu
reat
age
55�
e
No
6510
0.0
127
99.2
1212
99.6
444
99.1
6,46
399
.38,
433
99.4
Yes
**
10.
85
0.4
40.
943
0.7
540.
6N
umbe
rof
falls
inla
st12
mo
Non
e47
65.3
118
73.8
1054
69.4
397
65.8
4815
64.9
6530
65.9
113
18.1
2817
.527
217
.910
116
.715
6221
.119
9920
.22
56.
99
5.6
129
8.5
6310
.468
29.
290
09.
13�
79.
75
3.1
644.
242
7.0
361
4.9
486
4.9
His
tory
ofca
ncer
f
No
7498
.714
992
.515
3096
.062
396
.375
6694
.510
,078
94.8
Yes
**
127.
563
4.0
243.
744
15.
554
95.
2
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
7.C
ontin
ued
His
tory
ofco
lore
ctal
canc
erN
o75
100.
016
298
.816
1599
.965
510
0.0
8052
99.6
10,7
0499
.7Y
es0
0.0
**
**
00.
030
0.4
350.
3H
isto
ryof
endo
met
rial
canc
erN
o75
100.
016
410
0.0
1617
100.
065
499
.880
8110
0.0
10,7
3710
0.0
Yes
00.
00
0.0
00.
0*
**
**
*H
isto
ryof
cerv
ical
canc
erN
o75
100.
015
999
.415
7898
.863
798
.578
0297
.710
,392
97.9
Yes
00.
0*
*19
1.2
101.
518
62.
321
92.
1H
isto
ryof
ovar
ian
canc
erN
o75
100.
015
998
.815
8499
.264
599
.779
4799
.410
,554
99.4
Yes
00.
0*
*12
0.8
**
470.
663
0.6
His
tory
oflu
ngca
ncer
No
7510
0.0
159
99.4
1593
99.8
646
99.8
7984
99.9
10,6
0199
.9Y
es0
0.0
**
**
**
**
90.
1H
isto
ryof
oste
opor
osis
No
6693
.015
796
.914
9495
.856
990
.974
5893
.598
8093
.8Y
es5
7.0
53.
165
4.2
579.
151
96.
565
86.
2H
isto
ryof
arth
riti
sN
oar
thri
tis
3650
.710
163
.570
946
.534
256
.938
2150
.350
9050
.4R
heum
atoi
dar
thri
tis
79.
98
5.0
162
10.6
488.
040
05.
363
16.
3O
ther
arth
riti
s28
39.4
5031
.465
542
.921
135
.133
7744
.443
7343
.3T
otal
hip
BM
D(W
HO
crit
eria
)N
orm
al11
264
.441
63.1
345
50.5
498
54.0
Ost
eope
nic
6135
.120
30.8
286
41.9
367
39.8
Ost
eopo
roti
c*
**
*52
7.6
576.
2H
ipsc
an(g
/cm
2 )7
0.99
�0.
19*
*17
40.
96�
0.13
650.
87�
0.11
683
0.83
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1393
40.
86�
0.14
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esc
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/cm
2 )7
1.04
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22*
*17
11.
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0.15
650.
96�
0.13
663
0.95
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1691
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97�
0.16
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2 )7
1.06
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0.10
661.
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0.10
685
0.99
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1093
71.
01�
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Lean
body
mas
s�
BM
C(k
g)7
42.0
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6*
*17
444
.5�
5.9
6639
.4�
4.8
676
39.9
�5.
692
840
.7�
5.9
Fat
body
mas
s(k
g)7
44.6
�13
.6*
*17
440
.4�
12.6
6635
.9�
9.5
676
34.6
�10
.992
835
.8�
11.4
CA
BG
,co
rona
ryby
pass
surg
ery;
PTC
A,
angi
opla
sty;
WH
O,
Wor
ldH
ealt
hO
rgan
izat
ion;
E�
P,es
trog
en�
prog
esti
n;E-
alon
e,es
trog
enal
one;
BM
C,
bone
min
eral
cont
ent;
PHT
,po
stm
enop
ausa
lho
rmon
eth
erap
y;B
MD
,bo
nem
iner
alde
nsit
y;M
I,m
yoca
rdia
lin
farc
tion
;CH
F,co
nges
tive
hear
tfa
ilure
;DV
T,d
eep
vein
thro
mbo
sis;
PE,p
ulm
onar
yem
bolis
m;P
AD
,per
iphe
ral
arte
rial
dise
ase.
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
b App
lies
only
topa
rtic
ipan
tsw
hoha
veev
erbe
enpr
egna
nt.
c Bas
edon
estr
ogen
and
prog
este
rone
pills
and
patc
hes
only
(cre
ams
and
shot
sex
clud
ed).
Epis
odes
less
than
3m
onth
sar
eex
clud
ed.
d Incl
udes
MI,
stro
ke,C
HF,
angi
na,c
arot
iden
dart
erec
tom
y/an
giop
last
y,D
VT
,PE,
peri
pher
alar
teri
aldi
seas
e,an
dC
AB
G/P
TC
A.
e App
lies
only
topa
rtic
ipan
tsag
e55
and
olde
r.f Ex
clud
ing
nonm
elan
oma
skin
canc
er.
*Dat
aw
ithh
eld
from
cells
whe
reN
�5
(�10
whe
reda
taar
ese
nsit
ive)
.
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
8.B
asel
ine
med
ical
hist
ory
stat
usof
WH
ID
ieta
ryM
odifi
cati
onpa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
203)
(N�
1107
)(N
�52
66)
(N�
1854
)(N
�39
,760
)(N
�48
,836
)
Med
ical
His
tory
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
Hys
tere
ctom
yb
No
9546
.870
163
.323
5444
.798
953
.323
,136
58.2
27,6
3456
.6Y
es10
853
.240
636
.729
1255
.386
546
.716
,624
41.8
21,2
0243
.4A
geat
hyst
erec
tom
y(y
)N
othy
ster
ecto
miz
ed95
47.3
701
63.4
2354
44.9
989
53.5
23,1
3658
.327
,634
56.7
�40
4723
.410
09.
013
1825
.134
618
.753
2713
.472
4514
.940
–49
4421
.921
419
.412
3323
.536
219
.673
7318
.693
5019
.250
�15
7.5
908.
133
86.
415
18.
238
539.
745
029.
2A
geat
men
opau
se(y
)�
4034
18.4
686.
473
215
.618
511
.234
569.
345
4210
.040
–49
7842
.257
454
.220
4243
.478
047
.319
,165
51.4
22,9
1450
.450
�73
39.5
418
39.4
1933
41.1
684
41.5
14,6
4839
.318
,008
39.6
Bila
tera
loo
phor
ecto
my
No
149
76.4
852
78.3
3835
77.5
1427
80.0
31,1
0479
.637
,855
79.3
Yes
4623
.623
621
.711
1522
.535
720
.079
9020
.498
8120
.7Ev
erpr
egna
ntN
o*
*13
412
.137
37.
112
86.
934
048.
641
008.
4Y
es19
797
.097
387
.948
7392
.917
1593
.136
,304
91.4
44,6
5091
.6A
geat
first
birt
h(y
)c
Nev
erha
dte
rmpr
egna
ncy
52.
834
3.9
278
6.9
534.
084
02.
512
283.
0�
2055
31.1
556.
314
0434
.632
124
.249
3814
.868
9217
.120
–29
105
59.3
651
74.5
2078
51.2
835
63.0
24,7
9274
.328
,798
71.5
30�
126.
813
415
.329
87.
311
68.
827
798.
333
808.
4N
umbe
rof
live
birt
hsN
ever
preg
nant
**
134
12.1
373
7.1
128
7.0
3404
8.6
4100
8.4
Non
e*
*37
3.3
291
5.6
573.
188
12.
212
902.
71
2512
.310
89.
881
915
.717
69.
631
017.
842
918.
82–
412
863
.173
166
.228
7755
.110
9259
.726
,447
66.8
31,6
6965
.25�
3919
.295
8.6
864
16.5
377
20.6
5760
14.5
7242
14.9
Num
ber
ofpr
egna
ncie
sN
ever
preg
nant
**
134
12.1
373
7.1
128
7.0
3404
8.6
4100
8.4
117
8.4
867.
851
59.
912
26.
625
106.
332
936.
82–
470
34.5
174
15.7
1614
30.9
647
35.3
10,0
4925
.312
,747
26.2
5�11
054
.271
264
.427
2052
.193
851
.123
,697
59.8
28,5
2958
.6A
nyin
duce
dab
orti
onsc
Preg
nant
,ne
ver
had
abor
tion
156
89.1
845
90.1
3686
82.6
1294
86.3
31,5
8792
.938
,044
91.5
One
orm
ore
abor
tion
s19
10.9
939.
977
817
.420
613
.724
017.
135
568.
5N
umbe
rof
mon
ths
brea
stfe
dN
ever
brea
stfe
d79
39.5
456
41.4
2731
52.9
829
45.6
19,1
8148
.723
,569
48.8
1–6
6432
.032
329
.313
9327
.051
928
.510
,039
25.5
12,5
1025
.97–
1219
9.5
163
14.8
530
10.3
203
11.2
4367
11.1
5353
11.1
13–2
316
8.0
888.
029
25.
715
38.
435
859.
141
918.
724
�22
11.0
716.
421
34.
111
56.
321
865.
626
535.
5
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
8.C
ontin
ued
Age
attu
bal
ligat
ion
(y)
Nev
erha
dtu
bal
ligat
ion
151
75.1
852
77.3
3967
76.3
1425
77.8
32,7
1882
.739
,629
81.6
�30
105.
034
3.1
235
4.5
754.
194
02.
413
162.
730
–34
157.
580
7.3
407
7.8
106
5.8
1871
4.7
2519
5.2
35–3
914
7.0
999.
040
97.
914
17.
723
455.
930
506.
340
–44
105.
032
2.9
161
3.1
713.
913
843.
516
743.
445
�*
**
*19
0.4
140.
830
70.
835
10.
7A
gela
stha
dan
ym
enst
rual
blee
ding
(y)
�40
4024
.410
510
.110
0422
.626
517
.842
4212
.857
3914
.040
–44
2213
.414
614
.181
718
.424
216
.344
9513
.558
0214
.245
–49
3521
.323
722
.995
721
.533
722
.771
4521
.588
3621
.650
–54
5332
.339
838
.411
3625
.547
331
.811
,488
34.6
13,7
2233
.555
–60
116.
711
811
.442
89.
613
69.
143
0313
.050
6212
.460
�*
*33
3.2
110
2.5
342.
315
474.
717
494.
3C
urre
nthe
alth
care
prov
ider
No
63.
052
4.7
418
8.1
343
18.8
2195
5.6
3048
6.3
Yes
195
97.0
1053
95.3
4732
91.9
1479
81.2
37,2
7894
.445
,344
93.7
Mam
mog
ram
inla
st2
yN
o32
17.2
194
18.0
925
18.7
471
27.2
6106
15.8
7834
16.6
Yes
154
82.8
884
82.0
4023
81.3
1258
72.8
32,5
9584
.239
,438
83.4
Pap
smea
rin
last
3y
No
1113
.396
14.7
247
12.9
137
17.5
2015
10.6
2550
11.2
Yes
7286
.755
585
.316
6387
.164
582
.516
,991
89.4
20,1
9888
.8T
otal
oral
cont
race
ptiv
edu
rati
on(y
)N
onus
er10
049
.364
258
.030
6858
.310
1154
.521
,906
55.1
27,0
9255
.5�
561
30.0
266
24.0
1068
20.3
480
25.9
9877
24.8
11,9
1524
.45–
�10
209.
910
59.
556
810
.821
211
.440
9610
.350
6510
.410
�22
10.8
948.
556
210
.715
18.
138
819.
847
649.
8H
isto
ryof
PHT
used
Nev
er91
44.8
400
36.2
3063
58.3
882
47.7
15,1
1138
.119
,809
40.6
Past
3517
.212
711
.575
514
.424
613
.355
0413
.967
6513
.9C
urre
nt77
37.9
579
52.4
1438
27.4
721
39.0
19,0
8948
.122
,190
45.5
Tot
alPH
Tdu
rati
on(y
)d
Non
user
9144
.840
036
.130
6358
.288
247
.615
,111
38.0
19,8
0940
.6�
541
20.2
287
25.9
1169
22.2
487
26.3
9467
23.8
11,6
2023
.85–
�10
2813
.817
916
.243
38.
220
511
.156
2714
.265
5213
.410
–�15
2110
.311
310
.226
75.
112
56.
741
0610
.346
859.
615
�22
10.8
128
11.6
334
6.3
155
8.4
5449
13.7
6170
12.6
His
tory
ofE-
alon
eus
ed
Nev
er12
360
.672
565
.635
2767
.112
2166
.024
,318
61.2
30,3
1962
.2Pa
st29
14.3
928.
363
212
.017
29.
346
0011
.656
0611
.5C
urre
nt51
25.1
289
26.1
1097
20.9
456
24.7
10,8
0027
.212
,853
26.3
Tot
alE-
alon
edu
rati
on(y
)d
Non
user
123
60.6
725
65.5
3527
67.0
1221
65.9
24,3
1861
.230
,319
62.1
�5
2914
.313
612
.390
317
.129
315
.856
3814
.270
9914
.55–
�10
188.
984
7.6
335
6.4
132
7.1
2993
7.5
3609
7.4
10–�
1514
6.9
635.
721
94.
280
4.3
2461
6.2
2872
5.9
15�
199.
499
8.9
282
5.4
128
6.9
4350
10.9
4937
10.1
His
tory
ofE
�P
used
Nev
er16
179
.372
365
.346
5488
.414
5378
.427
,774
69.9
35,2
3272
.2Pa
st15
7.4
898.
026
15.
013
07.
034
588.
740
068.
2C
urre
nt27
13.3
295
26.6
350
6.6
271
14.6
8498
21.4
9567
19.6
Tot
alE
�P
dura
tion
(y)d
Non
user
161
79.3
723
65.3
4654
88.4
1453
78.4
27,7
7469
.935
,232
72.1
�5
2110
.320
118
.239
97.
625
413
.762
6415
.872
3814
.85–
�10
115.
410
89.
813
12.
581
4.4
3306
8.3
3679
7.5
10–�
158
3.9
534.
851
1.0
462.
516
634.
218
463.
815
�*
*22
2.0
300.
620
1.1
753
1.9
840
1.7
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
MI
No
9248
.768
265
.826
5855
.596
855
.917
,475
46.1
22,1
6247
.9Y
es97
51.3
354
34.2
2128
44.5
763
44.1
20,4
2153
.924
,065
52.1
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
brea
stca
ncer
No
153
80.5
908
85.0
4163
85.4
1536
87.6
30,7
1981
.337
,963
82.0
Yes
3719
.516
015
.071
414
.621
712
.470
8118
.783
2518
.0Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofco
lore
ctal
canc
erN
o14
682
.085
783
.038
1984
.414
8288
.630
,645
83.4
37,4
2783
.7Y
es32
18.0
175
17.0
707
15.6
190
11.4
6085
16.6
7285
16.3
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
stro
keN
o10
958
.658
555
.329
1159
.511
1665
.323
,471
62.3
28,5
7862
.0Y
es77
41.4
472
44.7
1978
40.5
593
34.7
14,2
0037
.717
,525
38.0
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
adul
tdi
abet
esN
o94
50.8
594
57.6
2273
48.1
927
53.4
25,7
8467
.930
,027
64.9
Yes
9149
.243
742
.424
5451
.980
846
.612
,209
32.1
16,2
2635
.1Pa
rent
brok
ebo
neaf
ter
age
40N
o10
863
.268
867
.335
3678
.411
6069
.721
,196
57.2
27,0
7760
.2Y
es63
36.8
335
32.7
972
21.6
504
30.3
15,8
5442
.817
,907
39.8
Syst
olic
bloo
dpr
essu
re(m
mH
g)20
312
7.4
�16
.211
0713
0.2
�17
.852
66.0
132.
1�
17.0
1854
126.
2�
16.8
39,7
5812
7.1
�17
.248
,834
127.
7�
17.2
�12
073
36.0
343
31.0
1440
27.3
783
42.2
15,2
3238
.318
,098
37.1
�12
0–14
089
43.8
487
44.0
2375
45.1
740
39.9
16,5
7841
.720
,530
42.0
�14
041
20.2
277
25.0
1451
27.6
331
17.9
7948
20.0
10,2
0620
.9D
iast
olic
bloo
dpr
essu
re(m
mH
g)20
376
.6�
9.1
1107
79.3
�9.
452
66.0
78.6
�9.
318
5475
.6�
8.9
39,7
4775
.5�
9.0
48,8
2375
.9�
9.1
�90
188
92.6
941
85.0
4573
86.8
1726
93.1
37,1
9193
.645
,193
92.6
�90
157.
416
615
.069
313
.212
86.
925
566.
436
307.
4
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
8.C
ontin
ued
His
tory
ofhy
pert
ensi
onN
ever
hype
rten
sive
112
60.9
676
62.7
2158
44.7
1146
69.0
23,5
3067
.227
,981
64.5
Unt
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve13
7.1
696.
446
79.
715
19.
127
497.
935
038.
1T
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve59
32.1
333
30.9
2204
45.6
364
21.9
8739
25.0
11,8
8327
.4T
reat
eddi
abet
es(p
ills
orsh
ots)
No
188
92.6
1041
94.0
4654
88.4
1738
93.8
38,4
0096
.646
,629
95.5
Yes
157.
466
6.0
612
11.6
115
6.2
1356
3.4
2202
4.5
Tre
ated
hype
rcho
lest
erol
emia
(pill
s)N
o16
689
.788
382
.341
3586
.414
3988
.330
,857
88.4
37,9
9388
.0Y
es19
10.3
190
17.7
653
13.6
191
11.7
4040
11.6
5172
12.0
Dep
ress
ion
(sho
rten
edC
ES-D
/DIS
�0.
06)
No
158
81.9
1018
93.4
4359
87.1
1388
82.1
35,0
9990
.142
,573
89.5
Yes
3518
.172
6.6
646
12.9
302
17.9
3846
9.9
4985
10.5
Ben
ign
brea
stdi
seas
eN
o14
578
.888
682
.239
3580
.713
6282
.427
,588
78.7
34,3
7279
.1Y
es,1
biop
sy28
15.2
143
13.3
690
14.1
196
11.9
5349
15.3
6505
15.0
Yes
,2�
biop
sies
116.
049
4.5
252
5.2
945.
721
096.
025
615.
9H
isto
ryof
card
iova
scul
ardi
seas
ee
No
171
84.7
1046
94.9
4484
86.7
1667
91.2
35,3
6490
.043
,303
89.7
Yes
3115
.356
5.1
689
13.3
160
8.8
3950
10.0
4950
10.3
His
tory
ofM
IN
o19
897
.510
9699
.051
1597
.118
3398
.939
,051
98.2
47,9
2598
.1Y
es5
2.5
111.
015
12.
921
1.1
709
1.8
911
1.9
His
tory
ofC
AB
G/P
TC
AN
o20
098
.510
9599
.450
7198
.518
0599
.038
,818
98.9
47,6
1798
.8Y
es*
*7
0.6
791.
518
1.0
447
1.1
562
1.2
His
tory
ofC
HF
No
197
97.0
1103
99.6
5181
98.4
1840
99.2
39,5
4099
.448
,502
99.3
Yes
63.
0*
*85
1.6
140.
821
90.
633
30.
7H
isto
ryof
angi
naN
o19
194
.110
7697
.449
6594
.917
9096
.938
,224
96.5
46,8
6096
.3Y
es12
5.9
292.
626
85.
157
3.1
1397
3.5
1791
3.7
His
tory
ofca
roti
den
dart
erec
tom
y/an
giop
last
yN
o20
310
0.0
1102
100.
051
3999
.718
2399
.939
,195
99.8
48,0
9799
.8Y
es0
0.0
00.
013
0.3
**
800.
294
0.2
His
tory
ofD
VT
No
194
95.6
1098
99.2
5090
96.7
1808
97.5
38,2
7596
.347
,087
96.5
Yes
94.
49
0.8
173
3.3
462.
514
693.
717
293.
5H
isto
ryof
PEN
o20
098
.511
0399
.752
0298
.818
4699
.639
,408
99.1
48,4
0199
.1Y
es*
**
*63
1.2
70.
434
10.
942
10.
9H
isto
ryof
PAD
No
197
97.5
1102
99.6
5133
98.1
1815
98.2
39,2
2398
.948
,105
98.8
Yes
52.
5*
*97
1.9
341.
842
31.
156
81.
2H
isto
ryof
stro
keN
o19
998
.010
9799
.151
6398
.018
2798
.539
,375
99.0
48,3
0398
.9Y
es*
*10
0.9
103
2.0
271.
538
51.
053
31.
1H
isto
ryof
poly
pre
mov
alN
o16
791
.398
091
.444
2492
.315
4894
.531
,638
91.3
39,2
9491
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es16
8.7
928.
636
77.
790
5.5
3001
8.7
3621
8.4
His
tory
offr
actu
reat
age
55�
f
No
142
91.0
751
90.6
3572
91.9
1173
91.1
26,4
3585
.232
,506
86.3
Yes
149.
078
9.4
314
8.1
115
8.9
4591
14.8
5176
13.7
His
tory
ofhi
pfr
actu
reat
age
55�
f
No
156
100.
082
910
0.0
3877
99.8
1281
99.5
30,8
5599
.437
,490
99.5
Yes
**
**
90.
27
0.5
171
0.6
192
0.5
Num
ber
offa
llsin
last
12m
oN
one
117
61.9
838
77.4
3500
70.7
1147
68.1
23,9
8466
.530
,011
67.3
146
24.3
171
15.8
879
17.8
319
18.9
7522
20.9
9039
20.3
215
7.9
585.
441
18.
314
08.
330
918.
637
718.
53�
115.
816
1.5
157
3.2
784.
614
674.
117
553.
9H
isto
ryof
canc
erg
No
185
92.0
1062
96.7
5001
96.3
1769
96.6
37,5
8195
.446
,201
95.6
Yes
168.
036
3.3
191
3.7
633.
417
994.
621
394.
4H
isto
ryof
endo
met
rial
canc
erN
o19
998
.011
0399
.652
1299
.018
3999
.239
,334
98.9
48,3
2499
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es*
**
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1.0
150.
842
61.
151
21.
0H
isto
ryof
mel
anom
aca
ncer
No
201
99.0
1107
100.
052
6410
0.0
1844
99.5
39,4
4099
.248
,502
99.3
Yes
**
00.
0*
*10
0.5
319
0.8
333
0.7
His
tory
ofce
rvic
alca
ncer
No
197
99.0
1092
99.7
5119
98.6
1818
99.0
38,8
3098
.747
,683
98.8
Yes
**
**
731.
418
1.0
498
1.3
603
1.2
His
tory
ofov
aria
nca
ncer
No
198
99.5
1090
99.5
5168
99.5
1834
99.9
39,1
8399
.648
,106
99.6
Yes
**
60.
526
0.5
**
158
0.4
195
0.4
His
tory
oflu
ngca
ncer
No
199
100.
010
9399
.851
9310
0.0
1835
100.
039
,303
99.9
48,2
5899
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es0
0.0
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**
**
230.
128
0.1
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
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IXT
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LE
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ontin
ued
His
tory
ofos
teop
oros
isN
o19
095
.010
3694
.449
2596
.116
6592
.736
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93.8
45,2
2094
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es10
5.0
625.
620
13.
913
17.
324
276.
228
786.
0H
isto
ryof
arth
riti
sN
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thri
tis
8645
.374
968
.725
8651
.710
6861
.721
,379
57.1
26,2
1056
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heum
atoi
dar
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tis
1910
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4.1
367
7.3
915.
314
143.
819
744.
3O
ther
arth
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44.7
297
27.2
2045
40.9
573
33.1
14,6
4339
.117
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38.8
Tot
alhi
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MD
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iter
ia)
Nor
mal
413
70.7
119
61.0
1614
58.0
2146
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160
27.4
6533
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5137
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7635
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steo
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111.
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290.
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60.
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6.5
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dym
ass
(kg)
2735
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11.6
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9.7
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lar
teri
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e.a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
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unkn
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icit
y.b H
yste
rect
omy
atra
ndom
izat
ion.
c App
lies
only
topa
rtic
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tsw
hoha
veev
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enpr
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d Bas
edon
estr
ogen
and
prog
este
rone
pills
and
patc
hes
only
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ams
and
shot
sex
clud
ed).
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odes
less
than
3m
onth
sar
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clud
ed.
e Incl
udes
MI,
stro
ke,C
HF,
angi
na,c
arot
iden
dart
erec
tom
y/an
giop
last
y,D
VT
,PE
,PA
D,a
ndC
AB
G/P
TC
A.
f App
lies
only
topa
rtic
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tsag
e55
and
olde
r.g Ex
clud
ing
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skin
canc
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aw
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eld
from
cells
whe
reN
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whe
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.
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med
ical
hist
ory
stat
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WH
IC
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dV
itam
inD
part
icip
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byra
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thni
city
Rac
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ity
Am
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acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
149)
(N�
722)
(N�
3317
)(N
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(N�
30,1
53)
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36,2
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Med
ical
His
tory
N%
Mea
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Mea
n�
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Mea
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Hys
tere
ctom
yb
No
6543
.646
965
.014
3243
.282
754
.918
,120
60.1
21,1
6258
.3Y
es84
56.4
253
35.0
1885
56.8
680
45.1
12,0
3239
.915
,120
41.7
Age
athy
ster
ecto
my
(y)
Not
hyst
erec
tom
ized
6543
.946
965
.114
3243
.382
755
.018
,120
60.2
21,1
6158
.5�
4032
21.6
7510
.485
926
.028
218
.840
8113
.654
0414
.940
–49
4127
.711
716
.381
124
.529
919
.952
3917
.465
8818
.250
�10
6.8
598.
220
26.
195
6.3
2655
8.8
3050
8.4
Age
atm
enop
ause
(y)
�40
2922
.749
7.1
493
16.8
144
10.8
2512
9.0
3276
9.8
40–4
951
39.8
265
38.5
1192
40.7
550
41.2
10,8
8338
.813
,107
39.1
50�
4837
.537
554
.412
4442
.564
048
.014
,650
52.2
17,1
2651
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ral
ooph
orec
tom
yN
o10
773
.857
180
.324
0477
.612
2484
.524
,070
81.4
28,7
0581
.1Y
es38
26.2
140
19.7
692
22.4
225
15.5
5514
18.6
6696
18.9
Ever
preg
nant
No
**
8712
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87.
210
97.
324
188.
028
948.
0Y
es14
698
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588
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6192
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9192
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92.0
33,3
2392
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geat
first
birt
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)c
Nev
erha
dte
rmpr
egna
ncy
**
162.
918
77.
334
3.1
599
2.3
846
2.8
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4534
.947
8.5
911
35.6
282
26.0
4111
16.1
5483
18.1
20–2
972
55.8
400
72.3
1282
50.2
674
62.2
18,7
7773
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70.9
30�
107.
890
16.3
176
6.9
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620
648.
124
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umbe
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nant
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8712
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210
97.
324
188.
128
948.
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one
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182.
520
06.
137
2.5
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2.5
114
9.4
689.
449
415
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38.
922
697.
630
288.
42–
491
61.1
465
64.4
1770
53.8
884
59.3
19,7
6865
.823
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64.3
5�39
26.2
8411
.658
517
.832
822
.049
3716
.460
5116
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umbe
rof
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nanc
ies
Nev
erpr
egna
nt*
*87
12.1
238
7.3
109
7.3
2418
8.0
2894
8.0
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*47
6.5
315
9.6
936.
218
626.
223
606.
52–
479
53.0
442
61.3
1679
51.2
745
49.9
17,4
7358
.120
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57.1
5�60
40.3
145
20.1
1050
32.0
545
36.5
8318
27.7
10,2
6528
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nyin
duce
dab
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onsc
Preg
nant
,nev
erha
dab
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on11
890
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390
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9182
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4887
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93.2
28,3
6591
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mor
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139.
960
10.0
494
17.7
157
13.0
1759
6.8
2520
8.2
Num
ber
ofm
onth
sbr
east
fed
Nev
erbr
east
fed
6242
.227
838
.716
4550
.764
343
.313
,857
46.5
16,6
7146
.51–
646
31.3
212
29.5
881
27.2
413
27.8
7619
25.5
9293
25.9
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149.
511
415
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011
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812
.734
3811
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8311
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117.
566
9.2
198
6.1
132
8.9
2929
9.8
3372
9.4
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149.
549
6.8
150
4.6
109
7.3
1979
6.6
2328
6.5
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
9.C
ontin
ued
Age
attu
bal
ligat
ion
(y)
Nev
erha
dtu
bal
ligat
ion
113
77.4
547
76.2
2470
75.6
1121
75.1
24,7
1382
.429
,305
81.3
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**
253.
514
54.
470
4.7
759
2.5
1021
2.8
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411
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517.
128
08.
689
6.0
1498
5.0
1960
5.4
35–3
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9.9
258
7.9
141
9.4
1818
6.1
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105
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921
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724
60.
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gela
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blee
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(y)
�40
3125
.673
10.7
683
24.4
230
18.5
3327
12.9
4401
14.2
40–4
420
16.5
9914
.550
117
.919
816
.034
0113
.242
7613
.845
–49
2823
.115
823
.260
421
.628
823
.256
3721
.968
0722
.050
–54
3528
.925
537
.467
424
.140
132
.391
0835
.410
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34.2
55–5
96
5.0
8212
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59.
110
48.
432
3312
.637
2412
.060
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792.
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1.6
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1136
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rent
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456.
331
89.
835
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928
277.
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691
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493
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1490
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2676
.127
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93.1
33,1
1192
.1M
amm
ogra
min
last
2y
No
3424
.816
022
.962
420
.247
833
.758
1219
.871
9320
.5Y
es10
375
.253
877
.124
7079
.894
166
.323
,530
80.2
27,9
1379
.5Pa
psm
ear
inla
st3
yN
o9
15.3
7617
.517
014
.815
022
.020
8813
.825
2914
.3Y
es50
84.7
358
82.5
980
85.2
532
78.0
13,0
7786
.215
,173
85.7
Tot
alor
alco
ntra
cept
ive
dura
tion
(y)
Non
user
7449
.740
656
.219
5358
.980
853
.616
,361
54.3
19,8
5654
.7�
546
30.9
171
23.7
662
20.0
379
25.1
7400
24.5
8761
24.1
5–�
1016
10.7
7310
.135
010
.617
811
.832
5910
.839
1410
.810
�13
8.7
7210
.035
210
.614
29.
431
3310
.437
5110
.3H
isto
ryof
PHT
used
Nev
er72
48.3
328
45.4
1979
59.8
796
52.9
13,7
7145
.717
,160
47.4
Past
3523
.510
714
.855
616
.823
815
.851
1017
.061
2416
.9C
urre
nt42
28.2
287
39.8
775
23.4
470
31.3
11,2
4037
.312
,956
35.8
Tot
alPH
Tdu
rati
on(y
)d
Non
user
7248
.332
845
.419
7959
.779
652
.813
,771
45.7
17,1
6047
.3�
528
18.8
175
24.2
748
22.6
384
25.5
7067
23.4
8502
23.4
5–�
1020
13.4
103
14.3
261
7.9
155
10.3
3710
12.3
4290
11.8
10–�
1513
8.7
537.
315
24.
676
5.0
2521
8.4
2846
7.8
15�
1610
.763
8.7
177
5.3
966.
430
8410
.234
849.
6H
isto
ryof
E-al
one
used
Nev
er90
60.4
497
68.8
2256
68.2
1030
68.5
19,7
3565
.523
,909
66.0
Past
3120
.882
11.4
464
14.0
168
11.2
4111
13.6
4915
13.6
Cur
rent
2818
.814
319
.859
017
.830
620
.362
8620
.974
2720
.5T
otal
E-al
one
dura
tion
(y)d
Non
user
9060
.449
768
.822
5668
.010
3068
.319
,735
65.4
23,9
0965
.9�
522
14.8
9212
.759
217
.823
615
.744
0714
.654
0214
.95–
�10
138.
752
7.2
199
6.0
107
7.1
2004
6.6
2396
6.6
10–�
159
6.0
283.
912
73.
855
3.6
1540
5.1
1777
4.9
15�
1510
.153
7.3
143
4.3
795.
224
678.
227
987.
7
His
tory
ofE
�P
used
Nev
er12
483
.251
871
.729
6289
.312
2981
.622
,441
74.5
27,6
0676
.1Pa
st10
6.7
608.
316
55.
011
07.
326
248.
730
038.
3C
urre
nt15
10.1
144
19.9
190
5.7
168
11.1
5066
16.8
5651
15.6
Tot
alE
�P
dura
tion
(y)d
Non
user
124
83.2
518
71.7
2962
89.3
1229
81.6
22,4
4174
.427
,606
76.1
�5
138.
711
515
.922
16.
719
212
.742
4914
.148
5113
.45–
�10
74.
758
8.0
812.
450
3.3
2075
6.9
2295
6.3
10–�
15*
*24
3.3
351.
124
1.6
972
3.2
1072
3.0
15�
**
71.
018
0.5
120.
841
61.
445
81.
3Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofM
IN
o63
45.7
426
62.6
1700
56.5
811
57.6
13,3
8446
.516
,585
48.2
Yes
7554
.325
437
.413
1143
.559
742
.415
,413
53.5
17,8
5051
.8Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofbr
east
canc
erN
o10
777
.560
787
.325
9184
.512
6388
.323
,424
81.8
28,3
2682
.4Y
es31
22.5
8812
.747
615
.516
811
.752
0818
.260
4317
.6Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofco
lore
ctal
canc
erN
o10
880
.056
483
.723
9283
.912
1489
.523
,196
83.5
27,8
0683
.8Y
es27
20.0
110
16.3
458
16.1
142
10.5
4598
16.5
5388
16.2
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
stro
keN
o80
58.0
392
57.3
1843
59.8
927
66.5
17,8
6762
.521
,367
62.4
Yes
5842
.029
242
.712
3740
.246
633
.510
,703
37.5
12,8
9337
.6Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofad
ult
diab
etes
No
6648
.240
159
.414
2447
.972
751
.519
,629
68.1
22,5
0665
.4Y
es71
51.8
274
40.6
1550
52.1
684
48.5
9211
31.9
11,9
2334
.6Pa
rent
brok
ebo
neaf
ter
age
40N
o87
66.9
460
67.7
2257
79.9
937
68.5
15,9
5156
.819
,955
59.6
Yes
4333
.121
932
.356
820
.143
031
.512
,155
43.2
13,5
2740
.4Sy
stol
icbl
ood
pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
3317
131.
9�
16.9
1507
125.
7�
16.5
149
129.
1�
16.6
722
129.
5�
18.2
30,1
5312
7.0
�17
.136
,282
127.
5�
17.2
�12
045
30.2
236
32.7
917
27.6
644
42.7
11,6
1138
.513
,592
37.5
�12
0–14
072
48.3
313
43.4
1481
44.6
615
40.8
12,6
2141
.915
,270
42.1
�14
032
21.5
173
24.0
919
27.7
248
16.5
5921
19.6
7420
20.5
Dia
stol
icbl
ood
pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
3317
78.7
�9.
415
0775
.6�
8.9
149
76.1
�9.
672
279
.0�
9.1
30,1
4775
.5�
8.9
36,2
7675
.9�
9.1
�90
136
91.3
627
86.8
2850
85.9
1410
93.6
28,1
8293
.533
,585
92.6
�90
138.
795
13.2
467
14.1
976.
419
656.
526
917.
4H
isto
ryof
hype
rten
sion
Nev
erhy
pert
ensi
ve81
60.0
455
64.4
1422
46.6
992
72.5
18,5
9868
.821
,773
66.6
Unt
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve11
8.1
496.
931
810
.412
39.
021
077.
826
448.
1T
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve43
31.9
203
28.7
1313
43.0
253
18.5
6331
23.4
8279
25.3
Tre
ated
diab
etes
(pill
sor
shot
s)N
o13
691
.967
994
.029
4388
.814
1193
.729
,112
96.6
34,6
8595
.6Y
es12
8.1
436.
037
111
.295
6.3
1031
3.4
1581
4.4
Tre
ated
hype
rcho
lest
erol
emia
(pill
s)N
o11
988
.856
981
.125
8985
.711
8688
.623
,750
88.2
28,5
4987
.8Y
es15
11.2
133
18.9
432
14.3
153
11.4
3178
11.8
3972
12.2
Dep
ress
ion
(sho
rten
edC
ES-D
/DIS
�0.
06)
No
120
82.8
661
92.7
2723
87.1
1111
81.3
26,7
1390
.431
,701
89.7
Yes
2517
.252
7.3
403
12.9
256
18.7
2841
9.6
3629
10.3
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
9.C
ontin
ued
Ben
ign
brea
stdi
seas
eN
o10
778
.760
585
.524
7480
.511
4284
.121
,627
80.0
26,2
6280
.2Y
es,1
biop
sy24
17.6
659.
244
214
.415
111
.139
5414
.647
0014
.4Y
es,2
�bi
opsi
es5
3.7
385.
415
95.
265
4.8
1466
5.4
1764
5.4
His
tory
ofca
rdio
vasc
ular
dise
asee
No
128
86.5
691
96.0
2835
87.0
1390
93.4
27,3
3191
.532
,764
91.3
Yes
2013
.529
4.0
423
13.0
986.
625
248.
531
328.
7H
isto
ryof
MI
No
143
96.0
718
99.4
3217
97.0
1494
99.1
29,6
2798
.335
,628
98.2
Yes
64.
0*
*10
03.
013
0.9
526
1.7
654
1.8
His
tory
ofC
AB
G/P
TC
AN
o14
899
.371
799
.631
9298
.414
7899
.329
,470
98.8
35,4
2998
.8Y
es*
**
*53
1.6
100.
734
71.
241
71.
2H
isto
ryof
CH
FN
o14
597
.372
099
.732
7498
.714
9699
.330
,020
99.6
36,0
8799
.5Y
es*
**
*43
1.3
110.
713
20.
419
40.
5H
isto
ryof
angi
naN
o13
993
.370
698
.131
2894
.914
6497
.529
,112
96.8
34,9
6396
.7Y
es10
6.7
141.
916
75.
137
2.5
948
3.2
1192
3.3
His
tory
ofca
roti
den
dart
erec
tom
y/an
giop
last
yN
o14
910
0.0
721
100.
032
3399
.614
8910
0.0
29,7
6699
.835
,784
99.8
Yes
00.
00
0.0
130.
40
0.0
550.
268
0.2
His
tory
ofD
VT
No
145
97.3
719
99.6
3228
97.3
1481
98.3
29,3
0197
.235
,300
97.3
Yes
**
**
892.
726
1.7
843
2.8
973
2.7
His
tory
ofPE
No
148
99.3
717
99.4
3285
99.0
1504
99.8
29,9
5299
.436
,037
99.3
Yes
**
**
321.
0*
*19
40.
623
70.
7H
isto
ryof
PAD
No
146
98.6
720
99.9
3224
97.9
1483
98.7
29,8
3199
.235
,829
99.0
Yes
**
**
702.
120
1.3
254
0.8
350
1.0
His
tory
ofst
roke
No
147
98.7
716
99.2
3247
97.9
1490
98.9
29,9
0699
.235
,934
99.0
Yes
**
60.
870
2.1
171.
124
70.
834
81.
0H
isto
ryof
poly
pre
mov
alN
o12
491
.265
092
.227
9292
.512
8995
.224
,644
92.0
29,8
5892
.2Y
es12
8.8
557.
822
57.
565
4.8
2148
8.0
2543
7.8
His
tory
offr
actu
reat
age
55�
f
No
110
89.4
509
90.6
2243
92.3
1922
92.0
20,3
3185
.124
,418
86.2
Yes
1310
.653
9.4
186
7.7
808.
035
4914
.939
1613
.8H
isto
ryof
hip
frac
ture
atag
e55
�f
No
123
100.
056
210
0.0
2426
99.9
999
99.7
23,7
6399
.528
,208
99.6
Yes
**
**
30.
13
0.3
117
0.5
126
0.4
Num
ber
offa
llsin
last
12m
oN
one
9467
.154
777
.221
6769
.596
369
.218
,344
66.1
22,3
9366
.81
2820
.011
816
.656
418
.126
018
.757
5720
.768
0720
.32
117.
934
4.8
271
8.7
105
7.5
2434
8.8
2888
8.6
3�7
5.0
101.
411
63.
764
4.6
1218
4.4
1433
4.3
His
tory
ofca
ncer
g
No
144
96.6
694
96.8
3156
96.5
1452
97.4
28,6
5995
.834
,512
96.0
Yes
53.
423
3.2
116
3.5
392.
612
414.
214
434.
0H
isto
ryof
colo
rect
alca
ncer
No
148
99.3
720
99.7
3316
100.
015
0710
0.0
30,1
1299
.936
,237
99.9
Yes
**
**
**
00.
041
0.1
450.
1H
isto
ryof
endo
met
rial
canc
erN
o14
910
0.0
718
99.4
3291
99.2
1499
99.5
29,9
2399
.236
,009
99.2
Yes
00.
0*
*26
0.8
80.
523
00.
827
30.
8H
isto
ryof
mel
anom
aca
ncer
No
148
99.3
722
100.
033
1599
.915
0499
.829
,985
99.4
36,1
0899
.5Y
es*
*0
0.0
**
**
167
0.6
273
0.5
His
tory
ofce
rvic
alca
ncer
No
149
100.
071
499
.632
3598
.714
8199
.129
,522
98.8
35,5
2298
.9Y
es0
0.0
**
421.
313
0.9
348
1.2
411
1.1
His
tory
ofov
aria
nca
ncer
No
149
100.
071
399
.432
6099
.514
9299
.929
,768
99.6
35,8
0899
.6Y
es0
0.0
**
170.
5*
*10
70.
412
90.
4H
isto
ryof
lung
canc
erN
o14
910
0.0
717
100.
032
7599
.914
9310
0.0
29,8
5810
0.0
35,9
1710
0.0
Yes
00.
00
0.0
**
00.
013
0.0
160.
0H
isto
ryof
oste
opor
osis
No
137
95.1
690
96.5
3098
96.1
1363
93.5
28,2
6594
.933
,949
95.0
Yes
74.
925
3.5
125
3.9
956.
515
045.
117
855.
0H
isto
ryof
arth
riti
sN
oar
thri
tis
6950
.449
369
.116
2551
.590
463
.516
,587
57.9
19,9
1657
.8R
heum
atoi
dar
thri
tis
1510
.931
4.3
256
8.1
715.
010
713.
714
754.
3O
ther
arth
riti
s53
38.7
189
26.5
1272
40.3
448
31.5
10,9
6638
.313
,074
37.9
Tot
alhi
pB
MD
(WH
Ocr
iter
ia)
Nor
mal
190
67.4
8658
.911
6456
.614
4057
.9O
steo
peni
c91
32.3
5638
.480
239
.094
938
.2O
steo
poro
tic
**
**
924.
597
3.9
Hip
scan
(g/c
m2 )
190.
92�
0.18
**
282
0.97
�0.
1414
60.
88�
0.14
2058
0.85
�0.
1325
260.
86�
0.14
Spin
esc
an(g
/cm
2 )19
0.98
�0.
19*
*27
81.
06�
0.18
144
0.97
�0.
1620
080.
97�
0.16
2470
0.98
�0.
16W
hole
body
scan
(g/c
m2 )
191.
02�
0.11
**
279
1.07
�0.
1114
61.
04�
0.12
2064
1.01
�0.
1025
291.
02�
0.11
Lean
body
mas
s�
BM
C(k
g)18
39.7
�5.
5*
*27
944
.5�
6.5
145
39.0
�5.
420
3439
.9�
5.2
2497
40.3
�5.
6Fa
tbo
dym
ass
(kg)
1838
.4�
13.8
**
279
40.2
�13
.214
534
.6�
9.8
2034
33.1
�10
.524
9734
.0�
11.1
CA
BG
,cor
onar
yby
pass
surg
ery;
PTC
A,a
ngio
plas
ty;W
HO
,Wor
ldH
ealt
hO
rgan
izat
ion;
E�P,
estr
ogen
�pr
oges
tin;
E-al
one,
estr
ogen
alon
e;B
MC
,bon
em
iner
alco
nten
t;PH
T,p
ostm
enop
ausa
lhor
mon
eth
erap
y;B
MD
,bon
em
iner
alde
nsit
y;E
�P,
estr
ogen
�pr
oges
tin;
MI,
myo
card
ial
infa
rcti
on;C
HF,
cong
esti
vehe
art
failu
re;D
VT
,de
epve
inth
rom
bosi
s;PE
,pul
mon
ary
embo
lism
;PA
D,p
erip
hera
lar
teri
aldi
seas
e.a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
own
ethn
icit
y.b H
yste
rect
omy
atra
ndom
izat
ion.
c App
lies
only
topa
rtic
ipan
tsw
hoha
veev
erbe
enpr
egna
nt.
d Bas
edon
estr
ogen
and
prog
este
rone
pills
and
patc
hes
only
(cre
ams
and
shot
sex
clud
ed).
Epis
odes
less
than
3m
onth
sar
eex
clud
ed.
e Incl
udes
MI,
stro
ke,C
HF,
angi
na,
caro
tid
enda
rter
ecto
my/
angi
opla
sty,
DV
T,P
E,PA
D,
and
CA
BG
/PT
CA
.f A
pplie
son
lyto
part
icip
ants
age
55an
dol
der.
g Excl
udin
gno
nmel
anom
ask
inca
ncer
.*D
ata
wit
hhel
dfr
omce
llsw
here
N�
5(�
10w
here
data
are
sens
itiv
e).
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
10.
Bas
elin
em
edic
alhi
stor
yst
atus
ofW
HI
Obs
erva
tion
alSt
udy
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
422)
(N�
2671
)(N
�76
39)
(N�
3623
)(N
�78
,013
)(N
�93
,676
)
Med
ical
His
tory
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
N%
Mea
n�
SDN
%M
ean
�SD
Hys
tere
ctom
yb
No
211
50.0
1745
65.4
3447
45.2
1984
54.8
46,3
0359
.454
,443
58.2
Yes
211
50.0
923
34.6
4187
54.8
1634
45.2
31,6
5140
.639
,147
41.8
Age
athy
ster
ecto
my
(y)
Not
hyst
erec
tom
ized
211
50.0
1745
65.5
3447
45.3
1984
55.0
46,3
0359
.554
,443
58.3
�40
107
25.4
248
9.3
1888
24.8
651
18.0
9392
12.1
12,4
5913
.340
–49
7217
.142
716
.017
3322
.870
219
.513
,617
17.5
16,7
9218
.050
�32
7.6
246
9.2
547
7.2
270
7.5
8532
11.0
9750
10.4
Age
atm
enop
ause
(y)
�40
5915
.616
56.
411
7516
.837
311
.464
778.
683
709.
340
–49
191
50.7
934
36.2
2869
41.0
1421
43.4
29,1
2338
.735
,040
39.0
50�
127
33.7
1480
57.4
2958
42.2
1482
45.2
39,7
1252
.746
,373
51.7
Bila
tera
loo
phor
ecto
my
No
307
78.3
2091
80.0
5489
76.4
2873
81.9
60,9
6279
.572
,717
79.4
Yes
8521
.752
420
.016
9223
.663
718
.115
,682
20.5
18,8
9120
.6Ev
erpr
egna
ntN
o29
6.9
321
12.0
620
8.2
330
9.2
7940
10.2
9357
10.0
Yes
389
93.1
2347
88.0
6977
91.8
3258
90.8
69,8
4889
.884
,004
90.0
Age
atfir
stbi
rth
(y)c
Nev
erha
dte
rmpr
egna
ncy
113.
686
4.2
462
8.0
106
4.3
1830
2.9
2537
3.4
�20
9230
.412
76.
319
3533
.556
222
.776
3812
.110
,517
14.1
20–2
917
156
.414
6972
.529
3650
.815
3661
.947
,718
75.5
54,5
1372
.930
�29
9.6
343
16.9
450
7.8
276
11.1
5998
9.5
7205
9.6
Num
ber
ofpr
egna
ncie
sN
ever
preg
nant
297.
032
112
.162
08.
233
09.
279
4010
.293
5710
.01
307.
221
07.
979
610
.523
56.
654
047.
067
807.
32–
422
554
.117
1564
.538
7251
.318
1050
.647
,394
61.0
55,7
7959
.95�
132
31.7
414
15.6
2260
29.9
1200
33.6
16,9
3221
.821
,251
22.8
Num
ber
ofliv
ebi
rths
Nev
erpr
egna
nt29
7.0
321
12.1
620
8.2
330
9.3
7940
10.2
9357
10.1
Non
e11
2.7
903.
450
76.
711
73.
319
282.
526
972.
91
4711
.325
49.
611
9515
.831
48.
868
208.
887
799.
42–
424
759
.517
6566
.539
6352
.420
7458
.451
,803
66.8
60,6
7465
.25�
8119
.522
68.
512
7116
.871
920
.290
4211
.711
,500
12.4
Any
indu
ced
abor
tion
sc
Preg
nant
,nev
erha
dab
orti
on31
691
.619
8189
.252
5783
.624
7387
.860
,466
92.1
71,4
6791
.1O
neor
mor
eab
orti
ons
298.
423
910
.810
3516
.434
412
.252
037.
969
658.
9N
umbe
rof
mon
ths
brea
stfe
dN
ever
brea
stfe
d17
943
.799
737
.838
7352
.315
6344
.438
,218
49.7
45,4
4349
.31–
612
129
.585
432
.419
4626
.398
227
.919
,613
25.5
23,8
6825
.97–
1244
10.7
360
13.7
791
10.7
406
11.5
8521
11.1
10,2
4811
.113
–23
307.
322
78.
644
05.
924
87.
067
068.
777
628.
424
�36
8.8
199
7.5
353
4.8
325
9.2
3908
5.1
4900
5.3
Age
attu
bal
ligat
ion
(y)
Nev
erha
dtu
bal
ligat
ion
333
80.4
2188
82.3
5898
78.4
2716
76.4
65,0
6984
.077
,290
83.2
�30
174.
159
2.2
331
4.4
176
4.9
1703
2.2
2322
2.5
30–3
419
4.6
157
5.9
506
6.7
234
6.6
3445
4.4
4417
4.8
35–3
931
7.5
158
5.9
572
7.6
309
8.7
4203
5.4
5335
5.7
40–4
411
2.7
772.
918
62.
595
2.7
2471
3.2
2878
3.1
45�
**
190.
732
0.4
260.
760
90.
870
40.
8A
gela
stha
dan
ym
enst
rual
blee
ding
(y)
�40
7421
.022
18.
815
4622
.855
818
.282
9311
.510
,836
12.6
40–4
469
19.6
313
12.4
1238
18.3
468
15.2
9385
13.1
11,6
4413
.645
–49
7822
.255
221
.914
4021
.272
023
.515
,348
21.4
18,4
1621
.550
–54
9928
.110
1740
.417
6226
.094
730
.825
,894
36.0
30,1
3435
.155
–59
195.
431
112
.460
68.
927
59.
093
7013
.010
,709
12.5
60�
133.
710
24.
119
02.
810
23.
335
635.
040
234.
7C
urre
nthe
alth
care
prov
ider
No
419.
912
24.
655
47.
455
015
.534
344.
447
945.
2Y
es37
490
.125
3695
.469
1192
.629
9484
.573
,943
95.6
87,9
5794
.8M
amm
ogra
min
last
2y
No
8421
.240
315
.312
3017
.279
023
.410
,004
13.2
12,7
1014
.0Y
es31
278
.822
2584
.759
2982
.825
8976
.666
,061
86.8
78,1
6286
.0Pa
psm
ear
inla
st3
yN
o29
15.8
185
11.2
358
12.2
282
16.1
3644
8.5
4590
9.2
Yes
155
84.2
1473
88.8
2588
87.8
1473
83.9
39,1
1291
.545
,392
90.8
Tot
alor
alco
ntra
cept
ive
dura
tion
(y)
Non
user
271
64.2
1757
65.8
4953
64.8
2207
60.9
46,1
7659
.256
,232
60.0
�5
8620
.455
420
.713
4617
.683
122
.917
,815
22.8
20,9
0022
.35–
�10
378.
819
07.
169
99.
232
18.
970
569.
083
919.
010
�28
6.6
170
6.4
641
8.4
264
7.3
6966
8.9
8153
8.7
His
tory
ofPH
Tus
ed
Nev
er20
448
.392
934
.843
9957
.717
1447
.529
,979
38.5
37,8
1740
.4Pa
st50
11.8
349
13.1
1006
13.2
392
10.9
11,1
3714
.313
,132
14.0
Cur
rent
168
39.8
1391
52.1
2220
29.1
1506
41.7
36,7
7947
.242
,579
45.5
Tot
alPH
Tdu
rati
on(y
)d
Non
user
204
48.3
929
34.8
4399
57.6
1714
47.3
29,9
7938
.437
,817
40.4
�5
7718
.266
524
.915
8220
.787
924
.317
,337
22.2
20,8
3122
.25–
�10
4911
.643
716
.464
08.
437
910
.511
,003
14.1
12,6
4413
.510
–�15
307.
128
410
.641
45.
428
47.
881
6310
.592
879.
915
�62
14.7
356
13.3
604
7.9
367
10.1
11,5
2914
.813
,095
14.0
His
tory
ofE-
alon
eus
ed
Nev
er25
259
.717
4765
.451
1167
.023
4464
.948
,051
61.7
58,3
4462
.4Pa
st50
11.8
270
10.1
839
11.0
316
8.7
9440
12.1
11,0
8511
.8C
urre
nt12
028
.465
324
.516
7722
.095
426
.420
,421
26.2
24,1
2225
.8T
otal
E-al
one
dura
tion
(y)d
Non
user
252
59.7
1747
65.4
5111
66.9
2344
64.7
48,0
5161
.658
,344
62.3
�5
6114
.533
812
.711
8015
.454
114
.910
,362
13.3
12,6
6413
.55–
�10
358.
318
46.
948
36.
325
57.
059
547.
669
897.
510
–�15
215.
013
14.
933
04.
318
65.
146
105.
953
465.
715
�53
12.6
271
10.1
535
7.0
297
8.2
9035
11.6
10,3
3211
.0H
isto
ryof
E�
Pus
ed
Nev
er35
684
.417
1264
.167
2888
.128
6779
.254
,439
69.8
67,0
9071
.7Pa
st18
4.3
209
7.8
350
4.6
188
5.2
6772
8.7
7632
8.2
Cur
rent
4811
.474
928
.155
87.
356
615
.616
,762
21.5
18,9
0720
.2
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
10.
Con
tinue
d
Tot
alE
�P
dura
tion
(y)d
Non
user
356
84.4
1712
64.1
6728
88.1
2867
79.1
54,4
3969
.867
,090
71.6
�5
307.
145
417
.058
37.
645
312
.511
,677
15.0
13,3
7014
.35–
�10
184.
328
410
.619
22.
514
23.
964
908.
371
977.
710
–�15
122.
815
25.
786
1.1
952.
636
174.
640
094.
315
�6
1.4
692.
650
0.7
661.
817
892.
320
092.
1Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofM
IN
o17
345
.816
3265
.338
6656
.118
2555
.134
,025
45.8
42,0
8847
.5Y
es20
554
.286
634
.730
2643
.914
8844
.940
,344
54.2
46,5
6952
.5Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofbr
east
canc
erN
o31
983
.321
9986
.258
6783
.929
1687
.259
,082
79.8
71,3
4280
.6Y
es64
16.7
353
13.8
1129
16.1
429
12.8
14,9
1120
.217
,130
19.4
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
colo
rect
alca
ncer
No
298
83.7
2035
82.7
5382
83.2
2791
87.7
59,6
9083
.171
,161
83.2
Yes
5816
.342
617
.310
9016
.839
312
.312
,158
16.9
14,3
1916
.8Fa
mily
hist
ory
ofst
roke
No
248
65.3
1467
57.9
4227
60.2
2194
66.3
45,5
3961
.654
,401
61.6
Yes
132
34.7
1066
42.1
2800
39.8
1115
33.7
28,3
6638
.433
,959
38.4
Fam
ilyhi
stor
yof
adul
tdi
abet
esN
o20
555
.315
0361
.133
1949
.017
7253
.251
,921
69.5
59,4
7366
.9Y
es16
644
.795
838
.934
5951
.015
5846
.822
,815
30.5
29,4
0333
.1Pa
rent
brok
ebo
neaf
ter
age
40N
o24
066
.916
6868
.451
5379
.921
8668
.642
,137
57.8
52,1
7360
.3Y
es11
933
.176
931
.612
9620
.110
0031
.430
,772
42.2
34,3
4039
.7Sy
stol
icbl
ood
pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
422
127.
9�
17.8
2667
130.
0�
19.1
7635
132.
3�
18.4
3619
125.
5�
17.2
77,9
0412
6.4
�17
.893
,551
127.
0�
18.0
�12
016
037
.988
633
.221
6128
.315
8943
.931
,914
41.0
37,1
8739
.8�
120–
140
170
40.3
1058
39.7
3333
43.7
1383
38.2
30,9
2839
.737
,389
40.0
�14
092
21.8
723
27.1
2141
28.0
647
17.9
15,0
6219
.318
,975
20.3
Dia
stol
icbl
ood
pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
421
75.2
�9.
226
7077
.7�
9.7
7629
78.0
�9.
836
1974
.8�
9.2
77,8
9074
.3�
9.2
93,5
3174
.7�
9.4
�90
391
92.9
2348
87.9
6655
87.2
3390
93.7
73,5
9094
.587
,549
93.6
�90
307.
132
212
.197
412
.822
96.
343
005.
559
826.
4H
isto
ryof
hype
rten
sion
Nev
erhy
pert
ensi
ve23
757
.417
0564
.533
1744
.424
0969
.652
,709
68.7
61,1
9966
.5U
ntre
ated
hype
rten
sive
5413
.123
08.
768
89.
231
09.
059
267.
773
188.
0T
reat
edhy
pert
ensi
ve12
229
.570
926
.834
6946
.474
421
.518
,078
23.6
23,4
6425
.5T
reat
eddi
abet
es(p
ills
orsh
ots)
No
350
84.3
2528
94.7
6671
87.5
3347
92.6
75,5
3496
.989
,654
95.8
Yes
6515
.714
15.
395
012
.526
97.
424
063.
139
024.
2T
reat
edhy
perc
hole
ster
olem
ia(p
ills)
No
346
84.0
2072
78.8
6159
82.8
2831
83.1
65,3
7585
.577
,835
85.0
Yes
6616
.055
821
.212
7717
.257
616
.911
,078
14.5
13,7
7415
.0D
epre
ssio
n(s
hort
ened
CES
-D/D
IS�
0.06
)N
o30
977
.324
3193
.061
1885
.025
4677
.468
,286
89.4
80,7
5888
.6Y
es91
22.8
182
7.0
1082
15.0
743
22.6
8089
10.6
10,3
6811
.4B
enig
nbr
east
dise
ase
No
313
80.7
2097
81.7
5548
78.9
2736
82.5
55,6
4977
.067
,309
77.5
Yes
,1bi
opsy
5413
.934
913
.610
5515
.039
712
.011
,471
15.9
13,5
0315
.6Y
es,2
�bi
opsi
es21
5.4
121
4.7
432
6.1
183
5.5
5170
7.2
6001
6.9
His
tory
ofca
rdio
vasc
ular
dise
asee
No
322
79.3
2478
93.8
6210
83.2
3123
88.8
67,8
1688
.181
,030
87.8
Yes
8420
.716
46.
212
5016
.839
511
.291
9711
.911
,279
12.2
His
tory
ofM
IN
o39
794
.126
3198
.673
0395
.835
6298
.376
,141
97.7
91,2
8397
.5Y
es25
5.9
371.
432
14.
260
1.7
1816
2.3
2306
2.5
His
tory
ofC
AB
G/P
TC
AN
o39
297
.325
9898
.372
6497
.834
5898
.775
,434
98.1
90,3
9398
.1Y
es11
2.7
461.
716
42.
246
1.3
1481
1.9
1773
1.9
His
tory
ofC
HF
No
413
97.9
2658
99.5
7481
97.9
3576
98.7
77,3
6099
.292
,778
99.0
Yes
92.
113
0.5
157
2.1
471.
365
20.
889
21.
0H
isto
ryof
angi
naN
o38
292
.025
9497
.370
4793
.034
3495
.874
,172
95.5
88,8
6395
.3Y
es33
8.0
732.
752
97.
015
04.
235
234.
543
724.
7H
isto
ryof
caro
tid
enda
rter
ecto
my/
angi
opla
sty
No
402
99.8
2643
100.
073
9999
.634
9199
.676
,627
99.6
91,8
2699
.6Y
es*
**
*29
0.4
130.
429
20.
434
40.
4H
isto
ryof
DV
TN
o39
594
.026
4599
.173
5596
.435
2997
.574
,862
96.0
90,0
2196
.2Y
es25
6.0
230.
927
43.
690
2.5
3096
4.0
3572
3.8
His
tory
ofPE
No
414
98.3
2664
99.9
7537
98.8
3592
99.3
77,1
6999
.092
,660
99.0
Yes
71.
7*
*95
1.2
260.
781
01.
095
91.
0H
isto
ryof
PAD
No
401
97.6
2652
99.4
7365
97.2
3514
98.2
76,5
4998
.591
,740
98.4
Yes
102.
416
0.6
211
2.8
641.
811
311.
514
671.
6H
isto
ryof
stro
keN
o40
796
.726
3098
.573
9296
.835
5198
.176
,966
98.7
92,2
0698
.5Y
es14
3.3
391.
524
33.
270
1.9
1015
1.3
1415
1.5
His
tory
ofpo
lyp
rem
oval
No
371
90.9
2332
89.0
6721
91.1
3164
92.8
68,0
0589
.881
,726
90.0
Yes
379.
128
711
.065
38.
924
47.
277
5710
.291
1010
.0H
isto
ryof
frac
ture
atag
e55
�f
No
265
86.3
2025
88.7
5672
91.8
2333
89.0
56,1
5083
.367
,426
84.3
Yes
4213
.725
711
.350
68.
228
911
.011
,291
16.7
12,5
4115
.7H
isto
ryof
hip
frac
ture
atag
e55
�f
No
307
100.
022
7699
.761
6099
.726
0699
.466
,950
99.3
79,4
2999
.3Y
es*
*6
0.3
180.
316
0.6
491
0.7
538
0.7
Num
ber
offa
llsin
last
12m
oN
one
252
60.4
2019
76.1
5322
70.6
2363
67.7
51,7
5467
.162
,610
67.7
190
21.6
430
16.2
1334
17.7
661
18.9
15,6
5820
.318
,394
19.9
241
9.8
151
5.7
567
7.5
290
8.3
6418
8.3
7579
8.2
3�34
8.2
532.
031
24.
117
55.
032
824.
339
114.
2H
isto
ryof
canc
erg
No
358
86.5
2453
92.1
6643
87.8
3225
90.7
67,0
3086
.680
,853
87.0
Yes
5613
.521
07.
991
912
.233
29.
310
,413
13.4
12,0
7513
.0H
isto
ryof
brea
stca
ncer
No
401
95.7
2596
97.3
7171
94.1
3493
96.7
73,6
3094
.588
,532
94.6
Yes
184.
373
2.7
449
5.9
119
3.3
4301
5.5
5021
5.4
His
tory
ofco
lore
ctal
canc
erN
o41
699
.326
5599
.674
8898
.735
7999
.277
,144
99.1
92,5
6299
.1Y
es*
*11
0.4
981.
329
0.8
701
0.9
860
0.9
His
tory
ofen
dom
etri
alca
ncer
No
415
98.6
2642
99.0
7506
98.5
3551
98.1
76,4
4398
.191
,830
98.2
Yes
61.
426
1.0
111
1.5
691.
914
861.
917
211.
8
(con
tinue
d)
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
10.
Con
tinue
d
His
tory
ofm
elan
oma
canc
erN
o41
598
.826
6299
.875
9599
.835
8399
.376
,200
98.0
91,7
0698
.2Y
es5
1.2
50.
216
0.2
250.
715
882.
016
591.
8H
isto
ryof
cerv
ical
canc
erN
o40
598
.526
2998
.874
2798
.535
0698
.676
,318
98.7
91,5
5998
.7Y
es6
1.5
311.
211
31.
549
1.4
990
1.3
1205
1.3
His
tory
ofov
aria
nca
ncer
No
404
98.1
2645
99.4
7479
99.2
3526
99.1
76,7
8599
.392
,119
99.3
Yes
81.
915
0.6
580.
831
0.9
522
0.7
644
0.7
His
tory
oflu
ngca
ncer
No
409
99.3
2657
99.9
7525
99.7
3550
99.9
77,1
1099
.892
,541
99.8
Yes
**
**
190.
35
0.1
188
0.2
219
0.2
His
tory
ofos
teop
oros
isN
o37
991
.523
9890
.870
9794
.931
9491
.469
,924
90.7
84,1
5891
.0Y
es35
8.5
243
9.2
384
5.1
302
8.6
7203
9.3
8282
9.0
His
tory
ofar
thri
tis
No
arth
riti
s18
745
.517
1865
.234
8646
.919
6256
.639
,671
51.6
47,6
8751
.8R
heum
atoi
dar
thri
tis
389.
212
34.
769
69.
426
37.
637
634.
949
755.
4O
ther
arth
riti
s18
645
.379
530
.232
4343
.712
4135
.833
,428
43.5
39,4
1342
.8T
otal
hip
BM
D(W
HO
crit
eria
)N
orm
al49
059
.222
748
.925
1950
.932
3651
.9O
steo
peni
c29
535
.618
740
.320
9042
.225
7241
.2O
steo
poro
tic
435.
250
10.8
338
6.8
431
6.9
Hip
scan
(g/c
m2 )
108
0.87
�0.
1525
0.82
�0.
1482
80.
93�
0.15
464
0.83
�0.
1349
470.
83�
0.13
6418
0.84
�0.
14Sp
ine
scan
(g/c
m2 )
108
0.99
�0.
1725
0.95
�0.
1982
61.
04�
0.18
458
0.95
�0.
1648
490.
97�
0.17
6312
0.98
�0.
17W
hole
body
scan
(g/c
m2 )
107
1.01
�0.
1225
1.02
�0.
1282
81.
05�
0.11
464
1.01
�0.
1149
471.
01�
0.10
6417
1.01
�0.
11Le
anbo
dym
ass
�B
MC
(kg)
107
39.4
�5.
324
35.5
�5.
982
743
.0�
6.2
463
37.9
�5.
349
0539
.0�
5.3
6371
39.4
�5.
6Fa
tbo
dym
ass
(kg)
107
36.5
�11
.624
19.2
�10
.282
736
.7�
12.4
463
31.5
�10
.849
0530
.5�
11.2
6371
31.4
�11
.6
CA
BG
,cor
onar
yby
pass
surg
ery;
PTC
A,a
ngio
plas
ty;W
HO
,Wor
ldH
ealt
hO
rgan
izat
ion;
E�
P,es
trog
en�
prog
esti
n;E-
alon
e,es
trog
enal
one;
BM
C,b
one
min
eral
cont
ent;
PHT
,pos
tmen
opau
salh
orm
one
ther
apy;
BM
D,b
one
min
eral
dens
ity;
MI,
myo
card
iali
nfar
ctio
n;C
HF,
cong
esti
vehe
art
failu
re;D
VT
,dee
pve
inth
rom
bosi
s;PE
,pul
mon
ary
embo
lism
;PA
D,
peri
pher
alar
teri
aldi
seas
e.a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
own
ethn
icit
y.b H
yste
rect
omy
atra
ndom
izat
ion.
c App
lies
only
topa
rtic
ipan
tsw
hoha
veev
erbe
enpr
egna
nt.
d Bas
edon
estr
ogen
and
prog
este
rone
pills
and
patc
hes
only
(cre
ams
and
shot
sex
clud
ed).
Epis
odes
less
than
3m
onth
sar
eex
clud
ed.
e Incl
udes
MI,
stro
ke,C
HF,
angi
na,
caro
tid
enda
rter
ecto
my/
angi
opla
sty,
DV
T,P
E,PA
D,
and
CA
BG
/PT
CA
.f A
pplie
son
lyto
part
icip
ants
age
55an
dol
der.
g Excl
udin
gno
nmel
anom
ask
inca
ncer
.*D
ata
wit
hhel
dfr
omce
llsw
here
N�
5(�
10w
here
data
are
sens
itiv
e).
S67Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
11.
Bas
elin
edi
etar
yin
take
ofW
HI
Estr
ogen
�Pr
oges
tin
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
53)
(N�
342)
(N�
1045
)(N
�80
8)(N
�13
,581
)(N
�16
,049
)
Nut
rien
tbN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SD
Ener
gy(k
cal)
5314
98�
680
342
1360
�54
710
4514
99�
676
808
1515
�67
113
,581
1562
�57
916
,049
1550
�59
3T
otal
fat
(gm
)53
62�
3434
248
�26
1045
58�
3380
858
�32
13,5
8157
�29
16,0
4957
�29
Ener
gyfr
omfa
t(%
)53
37�
934
232
�8
1045
35�
980
834
�8
13,5
8133
�9
16,0
4933
�9
Tot
alca
rboh
ydra
te(g
m)
5317
1�
8134
217
2�
6810
4518
0�
8180
818
2�
8113
,581
185
�71
16,0
4918
4�
73En
ergy
from
carb
ohyd
rate
s(%
)53
46�
1034
251
�9
1045
48�
980
848
�9
13,5
8147
�9
16,0
4948
�9
Prot
ein
(gm
)53
57�
2834
255
�23
1045
57�
2880
861
�30
13,5
8165
�26
16,0
4964
�26
Ener
gyfr
ompr
otei
n(%
)53
15�
334
216
�3
1045
15�
380
816
�3
13,5
8117
�3
16,0
4916
�3
Alc
ohol
(gm
)53
0.9
�0.
834
20.
5�
0.5
1045
0.8
�0.
780
80.
8�
0.7
13,5
812.
1�
2.6
16,0
491.
9�
2.2
Ener
gyfr
omal
coho
l(%
)53
0.5
�0.
334
20.
4�
0.2
1045
0.5
�0.
380
80.
5�
0.3
13,5
811.
2�
1.1
16,0
491.
1�
1T
otal
PFA
(gm
)53
13�
734
211
�6
1045
13�
780
812
�7
13,5
8112
�6
16,0
4912
�6
Tot
alM
FA(g
m)
5323
�12
342
18�
910
4522
�12
808
21�
1213
,581
21�
1116
,049
21�
11T
otal
SFA
(gm
)53
21�
1334
215
�8
1045
19�
1180
819
�11
13,5
8120
�10
16,0
4920
�10
Ener
gyfr
omSF
A(%
)53
13�
434
210
�3
1045
11�
380
811
�3
13,5
8111
�3
16,0
4911
�3
Tot
altr
ans
fatt
yac
id(g
m)
533.
8�
2.1
342
2.6
�1.
110
454
�2.
180
83.
1�
1.5
13,5
813.
5�
1.7
16,0
493.
5�
1.7
Ani
mal
prot
ein
(gm
)53
38�
2334
234
�17
1045
39�
2280
842
�23
13,5
8145
�21
16,0
4944
�21
Veg
etab
lepr
otei
n(g
m)
5317
�8
342
19�
810
4516
�8
808
17�
813
,581
18�
716
,049
18�
7D
ieta
ryfib
er(g
m)
5313
�6
342
13�
510
4513
�6
808
14�
613
,581
15�
616
,049
15�
6W
ater
solu
ble
fiber
(gm
)53
4.5
�1.
734
24.
8�
1.7
1045
4.7
�1.
880
84.
7�
1.8
13,5
815.
3�
1.8
16,0
495.
2�
1.8
Inso
lubl
edi
etar
yfib
er(g
m)
539
�4
342
8�
310
459
�4
808
9�
413
,581
10�
416
,049
10�
4C
hole
ster
ol(m
g)53
210
�14
534
217
7�
100
1045
203
�13
180
820
5�
132
13,5
8119
3�
107
16,0
4919
4�
110
Tot
alvi
tam
inA
(mcg
Re)
5361
40�
3774
342
7777
�43
9010
4576
17�
4834
808
5926
�38
3613
,581
7856
�41
4916
,049
7721
�42
27V
itam
inD
(mcg
)53
4.1
�2
342
3.5
�1.
610
453.
9�
1.9
808
3.6
�1.
913
,581
4.6
�2.
216
,049
4.5
�2.
1T
otal
alph
a-to
ceq
(mg)
537.
4�
334
27.
2�
310
457.
8�
3.4
808
7.2
�3.
213
,581
7.9
�3.
216
,049
7.8
�3.
2V
itam
inK
(ND
Sva
lue)
(mg)
5381
�42
342
94�
4910
4594
�52
808
68�
3613
,581
79�
3816
,049
80�
39V
itam
inC
(mg)
5367
�43
342
84�
5010
4589
�54
808
78�
5013
,581
91�
5116
,049
90�
51T
hiam
in(m
g)53
1.2
�0.
334
21.
2�
0.3
1045
1.2
�0.
380
81.
2�
0.3
13,5
811.
3�
0.3
16,0
491.
3�
0.3
Rib
oflav
in(m
g)53
1.5
�0.
434
21.
2�
0.3
1045
1.4
�0.
480
81.
5�
0.4
13,5
811.
7�
0.4
16,0
491.
6�
0.4
Nia
cin
(mg)
5315
�6
342
15�
610
4515
�7
808
15�
713
,581
17�
616
,049
17�
6V
itam
inB
6(m
g)53
1.4
�0.
434
21.
4�
0.3
1045
1.4
�0.
480
81.
4�
0.4
13,5
811.
6�
0.4
16,0
491.
6�
0.4
Fola
cin
(mcg
)53
192
�83
342
192
�82
1045
204
�97
808
186
�90
13,5
8123
1�
9416
,049
225
�95
Vit
amin
B12
(mcg
)53
4.2
�2.
234
24.
6�
2.4
1045
5.5
�3.
480
84.
5�
2.5
13,5
814.
9�
2.2
16,0
494.
9�
2.3
Cal
cium
(mg)
5356
7�
340
342
455
�24
110
4551
1�
304
808
629
�36
213
,581
706
�36
316
,049
679
�36
3T
otal
calc
ium
(mg)
5368
7�
448
342
728
�49
010
4562
3�
412
808
771
�49
813
,581
962
�55
816
,049
917
�55
5M
agne
sium
(mg)
5321
2�
9534
221
0�
8210
4521
1�
9580
821
6�
9613
,581
252
�93
16,0
4924
6�
94Ir
on(m
g)53
11�
534
211
�4
1045
11�
580
811
�5
13,5
8113
�5
16,0
4912
�5
Zinc
(mg)
539
�4
342
8�
310
459
�4
808
9�
413
,581
10�
416
,049
10�
4So
dium
(mg)
5324
17�
1114
342
2294
�10
0110
4523
79�
1175
808
2372
�11
8413
,581
2564
�10
2016
,049
2535
�10
47Po
tass
ium
(mg)
5320
87�
893
342
2032
�80
210
4520
65�
937
808
2127
�95
713
,581
2535
�92
216
,049
2464
�94
3Ph
osph
orou
s(m
g)53
905
�46
334
282
9�
351
1045
877
�43
580
897
8�
475
13,5
8110
66�
441
16,0
4910
41�
447
Cop
per
(mg)
531
�0.
234
21
�0.
210
451
�0.
280
81
�0.
213
,581
1.1
�0.
216
,049
1.1
�0.
2T
otal
caro
teno
ids
(mcg
)53
11,6
28�
6738
342
11,6
12�
6286
1045
10,6
46�
6526
808
9998
�65
4413
,581
12,4
16�
6514
16,0
4912
,133
�65
77A
lpha
-car
oten
e(m
cg)
5350
3�
498
342
795
�58
510
4551
8�
492
808
490
�46
413
,581
756
�59
116
,049
721
�58
6B
eta-
caro
tene
(mcg
)53
2392
�17
0234
234
60�
2194
1045
3040
�21
8480
822
35�
1713
13,5
8130
89�
1938
16,0
4930
41�
1965
Lyco
pene
(mcg
)53
6758
�43
3334
249
46�
3482
1045
4600
�37
7180
853
24�
4526
13,5
8164
48�
4151
16,0
4962
09�
4200
Lute
in�
zeax
anth
in(m
cg)
5313
03�
778
342
1460
�82
310
4515
40�
944
808
1143
�67
113
,581
1348
�71
116
,049
1350
�72
9Fr
uits
and
vege
tabl
es(s
ervi
ngs/
day)
532.
6�
1.2
342
3.2
�1.
310
453.
2�
1.5
808
2.6
�1.
313
,581
3.6
�1.
516
,049
3.5
�1.
5Fr
uits
and
vege
tabl
es(s
ervi
ngs/
day/
1000
kcal
)53
1.8
�0.
834
22.
4�
0.9
1045
2.2
�0.
980
81.
8�
0.8
13,5
812.
3�
0.9
16,0
492.
3�
0.9
Gra
ins
(ser
ving
s/da
y)53
4�
1.9
342
4.2
�1.
710
453.
7�
1.8
808
4.4
�2.
213
,579
4.1
�1.
716
,047
4.1
�1.
7G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day/
1000
kcal
)53
2.6
�0.
734
23
�0.
810
452.
4�
0.7
808
2.9
�0.
913
,579
2.6
�0.
716
,047
2.6
�0.
7a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
own
ethn
icit
y.b M
eans
and
stan
dard
devi
atio
nsw
ere
com
pute
don
the
log
scal
ean
dba
ck-t
rans
form
edva
lues
are
repo
rted
.
S68 Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
12.
Bas
elin
edi
etar
yin
take
ofW
HI
Estr
ogen
-Alo
nepa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N=
67)
(N=
152)
(N=
1488
)(N
=61
1)(N
=77
96)
(N=
10,2
50)
Nut
rien
tbN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SD
Ener
gy(k
cal)
6715
77�
687
152
1341
�60
714
8814
63�
671
611
1577
�73
077
9615
29�
589
10,2
5015
17�
614
Tot
alfa
t(g
m)
6759
�31
152
48�
2914
8857
�32
611
61�
3577
9658
�29
10,2
5058
�30
Ener
gyfr
omfa
t(%
)67
34�
715
232
�9
1488
35�
961
135
�8
7796
34�
910
,250
34�
9T
otal
carb
ohyd
rate
(gm
)67
192
�77
152
166
�72
1488
176
�81
611
187
�88
7796
179
�72
10,2
5017
9�
74En
ergy
from
carb
ohyd
rate
s(%
)67
49�
915
249
�10
1488
48�
1061
147
�10
7796
47�
910
,250
47�
9Pr
otei
n(g
m)
6764
�33
152
56�
2714
8857
�28
611
63�
3177
9663
�26
10,2
5062
�27
Ener
gyfr
ompr
otei
n(%
)67
16�
415
217
�3
1488
16�
361
116
�3
7796
17�
310
,250
16�
3A
lcoh
ol(g
m)
671
�1.
115
20.
4�
0.3
1488
0.6
�0.
661
10.
6�
0.6
7796
1.5
�1.
710
,250
1.2
�1.
4En
ergy
from
alco
hol
(%)
670.
5�
0.4
152
0.2
�0.
114
880.
4�
0.3
611
0.4
�0.
277
960.
9�
0.8
10,2
500.
8�
0.6
Tot
alPF
A(g
m)
6712
�6
152
11�
614
8812
�7
611
13�
777
9612
�6
10,2
5012
�6
Tot
alM
FA(g
m)
6722
�12
152
18�
1114
8821
�12
611
23�
1377
9621
�11
10,2
5021
�11
Tot
alSF
A(g
m)
6720
�11
152
15�
914
8818
�11
611
20�
1277
9620
�11
10,2
5020
�11
Ener
gyfr
omSF
A(%
)67
11�
315
210
�3
1488
11�
361
112
�3
7796
12�
310
,250
12�
3T
otal
tran
sfa
tty
acid
(gm
)67
3.5
�1.
715
22.
6�
1.3
1488
3.9
�2.
161
13.
4�
1.7
7796
3.7
�1.
710
,250
3.6
�1.
8A
nim
alpr
otei
n(g
m)
6744
�27
152
36�
2214
8840
�23
611
43�
2577
9644
�21
10,2
5043
�22
Veg
etab
lepr
otei
n(g
m)
6718
�8
152
18�
814
8816
�8
611
18�
977
9618
�7
10,2
5017
�7
Die
tary
fiber
(gm
)67
16�
715
212
�5
1488
13�
661
114
�7
7796
15�
610
,250
14�
6W
ater
solu
ble
fiber
(gm
)67
5.5
�2.
115
24.
5�
1.7
1488
4.5
�1.
861
14.
8�
1.9
7796
5.1
�1.
810
,250
5�
1.8
Inso
lubl
edi
etar
yfib
er(g
m)
6710
�4
152
8�
314
888
�4
611
9�
477
9610
�4
10,2
509
�4
Cho
lest
erol
(mg)
6721
8�
136
152
176
�11
714
8820
4�
131
611
217
�13
877
9619
7�
111
10,2
5019
9�
116
Tot
alvi
tam
inA
(mcg
Re)
6777
45�
5162
152
7506
�48
0414
8874
41�
4682
611
6009
�38
1077
9675
49�
4094
10,2
5074
22�
4208
Vit
amin
D(m
cg)
674.
5�
2.4
152
3.7
�1.
914
883.
8�
1.9
611
3.7
�1.
977
964.
5�
2.2
10,2
504.
3�
2.1
Tot
alal
pha-
toc
eq(m
g)67
7.7
�3.
115
27.
1�
314
887.
4�
3.4
611
7.4
�3.
377
967.
7�
3.2
10,2
507.
6�
3.2
Vit
amin
K(N
DS
valu
e)(m
g)67
84�
4415
296
�54
1488
90�
5061
170
�37
7796
77�
3710
,250
79�
40V
itam
inC
(mg)
6795
�59
152
76�
5214
8885
�55
611
78�
5277
9685
�49
10,2
5085
�51
Thi
amin
(mg)
671.
3�
0.3
152
1.2
�0.
314
881.
2�
0.3
611
1.3
�0.
377
961.
3�
0.3
10,2
501.
3�
0.3
Rib
oflav
in(m
g)67
1.7
�0.
515
21.
2�
0.3
1488
1.4
�0.
461
11.
5�
0.5
7796
1.6
�0.
410
,250
1.6
�0.
4N
iaci
n(m
g)67
17�
715
215
�6
1488
15�
761
115
�7
7796
17�
610
,250
16�
7V
itam
inB
6(m
g)67
1.6
�0.
415
21.
3�
0.4
1488
1.4
�0.
461
11.
5�
0.4
7796
1.6
�0.
410
,250
1.5
�0.
4Fo
laci
n(m
cg)
6723
1�
9415
218
6�
8714
8819
9�
9861
118
8�
9277
9622
1�
9310
,250
214
�95
Vit
amin
B12
(mcg
)67
5.3
�3.
215
24.
6�
2.6
1488
5.6
�3.
461
14.
6�
2.5
7796
4.8
�2.
210
,250
4.9
�2.
4C
alci
um(m
g)67
668
�38
415
246
1�
281
1488
491
�29
061
163
2�
389
7796
664
�35
610
,250
628
�35
3T
otal
calc
ium
(mg)
6780
9�
531
152
687
�47
314
8858
7�
384
611
774
�51
077
9687
9�
529
10,2
5081
6�
516
Mag
nesi
um(m
g)67
249
�10
415
220
7�
8914
8820
5�
9361
122
3�
100
7796
240
�93
10,2
5023
3�
95Ir
on(m
g)67
12�
515
210
�4
1488
11�
561
111
�5
7796
12�
510
,250
12�
5Zi
nc(m
g)67
10�
515
28
�4
1488
8�
461
19
�4
7796
10�
410
,250
9�
4So
dium
(mg)
6725
86�
1247
152
2317
�10
2714
8823
74�
1168
611
2468
�12
2977
9625
27�
1031
10,2
5024
94�
1071
Pota
ssiu
m(m
g)67
2530
�10
8515
220
00�
908
1488
1998
�91
661
121
86�
981
7796
2416
�92
310
,250
2326
�94
6Ph
osph
orou
s(m
g)67
1042
�53
515
283
7�
412
1488
863
�43
061
110
07�
509
7796
1025
�44
310
,250
993
�45
0C
oppe
r(m
g)67
1.1
�0.
315
21
�0.
214
881
�0.
261
11
�0.
277
961
�0.
210
,250
1�
0.2
Tot
alca
rote
noid
s(m
cg)
6712
,410
�76
7615
211
,042
�60
8414
8810
,180
�61
4761
110
,231
�64
5977
9611
,919
�64
4710
,250
11,5
26�
6460
Alp
ha-c
arot
ene
(mcg
)67
633
�54
015
278
2�
614
1488
495
�46
461
149
0�
479
7796
707
�57
210
,250
657
�55
9B
eta-
caro
tene
(mcg
)67
3056
�22
8515
233
19�
2333
1488
2962
�21
0061
122
62�
1704
7796
2941
�18
9110
,250
2902
�19
30Ly
cope
ne(m
cg)
6765
04�
4419
152
4575
�31
4014
8843
11�
3544
611
5478
�42
9477
9662
27�
4120
10,2
5058
28�
4124
Lute
in�
zeax
anth
in(m
cg)
6714
92�
881
152
1480
�92
914
8815
07�
924
611
1199
�68
877
9612
96�
688
10,2
5013
22�
730
Frui
tsan
dve
geta
bles
(ser
ving
s/da
y)67
3.7
�1.
715
22.
9�
1.4
1488
3.1
�1.
461
12.
6�
1.3
7796
3.4
�1.
510
,250
3.3
�1.
5Fr
uits
and
vege
tabl
es(s
ervi
ngs/
day/
1000
kcal
)67
2.4
�1
152
2.2
�1
1488
2.1
�0.
961
11.
7�
0.8
7796
2.3
�0.
910
,250
2.2
�0.
9G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day)
674.
1�
1.7
152
4.1
�1.
514
863.
7�
1.7
611
4.7
�2.
477
954
�1.
710
,247
4�
1.7
Gra
ins
(ser
ving
s/da
y/10
00kc
al)
672.
6�
0.7
152
3�
0.7
1486
2.5
�0.
761
12.
9�
0.9
7795
2.6
�0.
710
,247
2.6
�0.
7
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
b Mea
nsan
dst
anda
rdde
viat
ions
wer
eco
mpu
ted
onth
elo
gsc
ale
and
back
-tra
nsfo
rmed
valu
esar
ere
port
ed.
S69Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
13.
Bas
elin
edi
etar
yin
take
ofW
HI
Die
tary
Mod
ifica
tion
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N=
203)
(N=
1103
)(N
=52
45)
(N=
1844
)(N
=39
,575
)(N
=48
,614
)
Nut
rien
tbN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SD
Ener
gy(k
cal)
203
1594
�67
911
0315
45�
614
5245
1570
�70
318
4416
70�
732
39,5
7516
80�
618
48,6
1416
63�
636
Tot
alfa
t(g
m)
203
70�
3211
0365
�28
5245
69�
3318
4472
�33
39,5
7572
�29
48,6
1471
�29
Ener
gyfr
omfa
t(%
)20
339
�5
1103
38�
452
4540
�5
1844
39�
539
,575
39�
548
,614
39�
5T
otal
carb
ohyd
rate
(gm
)20
317
5�
7711
0317
7�
7052
4517
5�
8118
4418
7�
8439
,575
185
�72
48,6
1418
4�
73En
ergy
from
carb
ohyd
rate
s(%
)20
344
�7
1103
46�
652
4544
�7
1844
45�
639
,575
44�
648
,614
44�
6Pr
otei
n(g
m)
203
63�
2911
0363
�27
5245
61�
2918
4467
�31
39,5
7568
�27
48,6
1467
�27
Ener
gyfr
ompr
otei
n(%
)20
316
�3
1103
16�
352
4516
�3
1844
16�
339
,575
16�
348
,614
16�
3A
lcoh
ol(g
m)
203
1.3
�1.
411
030.
4�
0.3
5245
0.7
�0.
618
440.
9�
0.8
39,5
751.
9�
2.1
48,6
141.
6�
1.8
Ener
gyfr
omal
coho
l(%
)20
30.
8�
0.6
1103
0.3
�0.
152
450.
4�
0.2
1844
0.5
�0.
339
,575
1�
0.8
48,6
140.
9�
0.7
Tot
alPF
A(g
m)
203
14�
711
0315
�6
5245
15�
718
4415
�7
39,5
7515
�6
48,6
1415
�6
Tot
alM
FA(g
m)
203
26�
1211
0325
�10
5245
26�
1218
4427
�13
39,5
7527
�10
48,6
1426
�11
Tot
alSF
A(g
m)
203
24�
1111
0320
�9
5245
22�
1118
4424
�12
39,5
7525
�11
48,6
1424
�11
Ener
gyfr
omSF
A(%
)20
313
�3
1103
12�
252
4513
�2
1844
13�
239
,575
13�
248
,614
13�
2T
otal
tran
sfa
tty
acid
(gm
)20
34.
4�
211
033.
4�
1.4
5245
4.7
�2.
318
443.
9�
1.8
39,5
754.
4�
1.9
48,6
144.
4�
1.9
Ani
mal
prot
ein
(gm
)20
343
�23
1103
41�
2152
4543
�23
1844
47�
2439
,575
48�
2148
,614
47�
22V
eget
able
prot
ein
(gm
)20
318
�8
1103
20�
852
4517
�8
1844
19�
939
,575
19�
748
,614
19�
8D
ieta
ryfib
er(g
m)
203
14�
611
0313
�5
5245
13�
618
4414
�6
39,5
7515
�6
48,6
1415
�6
Wat
erso
lubl
efib
er(g
m)
203
4.9
�1.
711
034.
8�
1.7
5245
4.5
�1.
718
444.
8�
1.8
39,5
755.
2�
1.7
48,6
145.
1�
1.7
Inso
lubl
edi
etar
yfib
er(g
m)
203
9�
411
039
�3
5245
8�
418
449
�4
39,5
7510
�4
48,6
1410
�4
Cho
lest
erol
(mg)
203
229
�13
211
0321
4�
114
5245
231
�13
218
4424
2�
129
39,5
7522
8�
111
48,6
1422
9�
114
Tot
alvi
tam
inA
(mcg
Re)
203
6899
�38
3411
0378
64�
4467
5245
7302
�43
0718
4460
62�
3549
39,5
7576
86�
3785
48,6
1475
72�
3881
Vit
amin
D(m
cg)
203
4.4
�2
1103
3.9
�1.
852
454.
1�
218
444
�1.
939
,575
4.8
�2.
148
,614
4.7
�2.
1T
otal
alph
a-to
ceq
(mg)
203
8.2
�3.
511
038.
7�
3.4
5245
8.4
�3.
618
448.
4�
3.5
39,5
758.
9�
3.5
48,6
148.
8�
3.5
Vit
amin
K(N
DS
valu
e)(m
g)20
384
�46
1103
108
�55
5245
95�
4918
4474
�37
39,5
7583
�38
48,6
1485
�40
Vit
amin
C(m
g)20
374
�41
1103
78�
4552
4581
�48
1844
76�
4639
,575
86�
4548
,614
85�
46T
hiam
in(m
g)20
31.
2�
0.3
1103
1.3
�0.
352
451.
2�
0.3
1844
1.3
�0.
339
,575
1.4
�0.
348
,614
1.3
�0.
3R
ibofl
avin
(mg)
203
1.6
�0.
411
031.
3�
0.3
5245
1.5
�0.
418
441.
6�
0.5
39,5
751.
7�
0.4
48,6
141.
7�
0.4
Nia
cin
(mg)
203
16�
711
0316
�7
5245
16�
718
4417
�7
39,5
7518
�7
48,6
1417
�7
Vit
amin
B6
(mg)
203
1.5
�0.
411
031.
5�
0.4
5245
1.4
�0.
418
441.
5�
0.4
39,5
751.
6�
0.4
48,6
141.
6�
0.4
Fola
cin
(mcg
)20
320
9�
8711
0319
7�
8552
4519
8�
9318
4419
4�
8839
,575
226
�89
48,6
1422
1�
91V
itam
inB
12(m
cg)
203
5.1
�2.
711
035.
1�
2.6
5245
5.9
�3.
418
445
�2.
439
,575
5.2
�2.
248
,614
5.2
�2.
4C
alci
um(m
g)20
362
1�
341
1103
482
�25
352
4551
3�
294
1844
660
�37
839
,575
704
�35
148
,614
671
�35
1T
otal
calc
ium
(mg)
203
816
�50
311
0379
7�
513
5245
621
�39
418
4484
1�
529
39,5
7597
6�
555
48,6
1491
8�
550
Mag
nesi
um(m
g)20
323
1�
9211
0321
9�
8652
4520
9�
9318
4422
9�
9939
,575
250
�91
48,6
1424
3�
93Ir
on(m
g)20
312
�5
1103
11�
552
4511
�5
1844
12�
539
,575
13�
548
,614
12�
5Zi
nc(m
g)20
39
�4
1103
9�
452
459
�4
1844
10�
439
,575
11�
448
,614
10�
4So
dium
(mg)
203
2567
�11
6411
0325
69�
1074
5245
2533
�11
8218
4426
40�
1242
39,5
7527
38�
1066
48,6
1427
05�
1094
Pota
ssiu
m(m
g)20
322
52�
892
1103
2108
�85
852
4520
06�
881
1844
2220
�96
139
,575
2479
�88
248
,614
2400
�90
7Ph
osph
orou
s(m
g)20
399
7�
460
1103
908
�39
752
4590
7�
435
1844
1054
�50
039
,575
1095
�44
748
,614
1065
�45
3C
oppe
r(m
g)20
31
�0.
211
031.
1�
0.2
5245
1�
0.2
1844
1�
0.2
39,5
751.
1�
0.2
48,6
141.
1�
0.2
Tot
alca
rote
noid
s(m
cg)
203
11,6
85�
6396
1103
11,7
45�
6267
5245
10,1
59�
5888
1844
10,5
45�
6356
39,5
7512
,352
�60
7248
,614
11,9
98�
6147
Alp
ha-c
arot
ene
(mcg
)20
356
8�
447
1103
836
�61
352
4549
1�
429
1844
501
�44
039
,575
720
�52
548
,614
682
�52
3B
eta-
caro
tene
(mcg
)20
326
41�
1706
1103
3467
�21
8152
4528
63�
1909
1844
2282
�15
8939
,575
2969
�17
2348
,614
2936
�17
61Ly
cope
ne(m
cg)
203
6386
�43
3411
0350
77�
3657
5245
4492
�34
8918
4458
82�
4338
39,5
7566
61�
4024
48,6
1463
07�
4079
Lute
in�
zeax
anth
in(m
cg)
203
1321
�74
111
0314
79�
824
5245
1469
�84
918
4411
76�
638
39,5
7513
10�
638
48,6
1413
24�
668
Frui
tsan
dve
geta
bles
(ser
ving
s/da
y)20
32.
9�
1.2
1103
3�
1.2
5245
2.9
�1.
218
442.
6�
1.1
39,5
753.
4�
1.3
48,6
143.
3�
1.3
Frui
tsan
dve
geta
bles
(ser
ving
s/da
y/10
00kc
al)
203
1.8
�0.
611
032
�0.
752
451.
9�
0.7
1844
1.6
�0.
639
,575
2�
0.6
48,6
142
�0.
7G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day)
203
4�
1.8
1103
4.5
�1.
752
443.
9�
1.8
1844
4.9
�2.
439
,572
4.3
�1.
748
,610
4.3
�1.
8G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day/
1000
kcal
)20
32.
5�
0.7
1103
2.9
�0.
652
442.
4�
0.6
1844
2.9
�0.
839
,572
2.5
�0.
648
,610
2.5
�0.
6a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
own
ethn
icit
y.b M
eans
and
stan
dard
devi
atio
nsw
ere
com
pute
don
the
log
scal
ean
dba
ck-t
rans
form
edva
lues
are
repo
rted
.
S70 Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
14.
Bas
elin
edi
etar
yin
take
ofW
HI
Cal
cium
and
Vit
amin
Dpa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
143)
(N�
704)
(N�
3190
)(N
�14
36)
(N�
29,6
93)
(N�
35,5
83)
Nut
rien
tbN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SD
Ener
gy(k
cal)
143
1569
�65
370
414
70�
614
3190
1543
�69
814
3616
00�
724
29,6
9316
29�
604
35,5
8316
16�
622
Tot
alfa
t(g
m)
143
64�
3270
458
�29
3190
64�
3414
3664
�34
29,6
9366
�30
35,5
8365
�31
Ener
gyfr
omfa
t(%
)14
337
�8
704
35�
731
9037
�7
1436
36�
729
,693
36�
735
,583
36�
7T
otal
carb
ohyd
rate
(gm
)14
317
8�
7670
417
5�
7231
9017
7�
8214
3618
7�
8529
,693
185
�71
35,5
8318
4�
73En
ergy
from
carb
ohyd
rate
s(%
)14
345
�9
704
48�
731
9046
�8
1436
47�
829
,693
45�
835
,583
46�
8Pr
otei
n(g
m)
143
62�
2970
460
�27
3190
60�
2914
3664
�31
29,6
9367
�26
35,5
8366
�27
Ener
gyfr
ompr
otei
n(%
)14
316
�3
704
16�
331
9016
�3
1436
16�
329
,693
16�
335
,583
16�
3A
lcoh
ol(g
m)
143
1.3
�1.
470
40.
5�
0.4
3190
0.7
�0.
614
360.
9�
0.8
29,6
932
�2.
335
,583
1.7
�1.
9En
ergy
from
alco
hol
(%)
143
0.7
�0.
670
40.
3�
0.2
3190
0.4
�0.
314
360.
5�
0.3
29,6
931.
1�
0.9
35,5
831
�0.
8T
otal
PFA
(gm
)14
313
�6
704
13�
731
9014
�7
1436
13�
729
,693
13�
635
,583
13�
6T
otal
MFA
(gm
)14
324
�11
704
22�
1131
9024
�13
1436
24�
1329
,693
24�
1135
,583
24�
11T
otal
SFA
(gm
)14
322
�11
704
18�
931
9021
�11
1436
21�
1229
,693
23�
1135
,583
22�
11En
ergy
from
SFA
(%)
143
13�
370
411
�3
3190
12�
314
3612
�3
29,6
9313
�3
35,5
8312
�3
Tot
altr
ans
fatt
yac
id(g
m)
143
4�
1.9
704
3.1
�1.
431
904.
4�
2.2
1436
3.6
�1.
829
,693
4�
1.8
35,5
834
�1.
8A
nim
alpr
otei
n(g
m)
143
42�
2370
439
�21
3190
42�
2314
3644
�24
29,6
9347
�21
35,5
8346
�22
Veg
etab
lepr
otei
n(g
m)
143
18�
870
420
�8
3190
17�
814
3618
�9
29,6
9319
�7
35,5
8318
�8
Die
tary
fiber
(gm
)14
314
�6
704
13�
531
9013
�6
1436
14�
729
,693
15�
635
,583
15�
6W
ater
solu
ble
fiber
(gm
)14
35
�1.
870
44.
8�
1.7
3190
4.6
�1.
714
364.
8�
1.9
29,6
935.
3�
1.7
35,5
835.
2�
1.7
Inso
lubl
edi
etar
yfib
er(g
m)
143
9�
470
48
�3
3190
8�
414
369
�4
29,6
9310
�4
35,5
8310
�4
Cho
lest
erol
(mg)
143
214
�13
270
419
7�
113
3190
220
�13
214
3622
1�
133
29,6
9321
4�
110
35,5
8321
4�
114
Tot
alvi
tam
inA
(mcg
Re)
143
6863
�40
9370
478
69�
4521
3190
7419
�44
5014
3660
86�
3745
29,6
9377
53�
3921
35,5
8376
41�
4009
Vit
amin
D(m
cg)
143
4.3
�2.
170
43.
8�
1.8
3190
4�
1.9
1436
3.8
�1.
929
,693
4.7
�2.
235
,583
4.6
�2.
1T
otal
alph
a-to
ceq
(mg)
143
7.8
�3.
270
48
�3.
431
908.
1�
3.6
1436
7.8
�3.
529
,693
8.4
�3.
435
,583
8.3
�3.
4V
itam
inK
(ND
Sva
lue)
(mg)
143
86�
4670
410
2�
5431
9094
�49
1436
71�
3729
,693
82�
3835
,583
83�
39V
itam
inC
(mg)
143
77�
4570
480
�49
3190
83�
5014
3677
�49
29,6
9388
�47
35,5
8387
�48
Thi
amin
(mg)
143
1.3
�0.
370
41.
3�
0.3
3190
1.2
�0.
314
361.
3�
0.3
29,6
931.
3�
0.3
35,5
831.
3�
0.3
Rib
oflav
in(m
g)14
31.
6�
0.4
704
1.3
�0.
331
901.
5�
0.4
1436
1.6
�0.
529
,693
1.7
�0.
435
,583
1.6
�0.
4N
iaci
n(m
g)14
316
�7
704
16�
731
9016
�7
1436
16�
729
,693
17�
735
,583
17�
7V
itam
inB
6(m
g)14
31.
5�
0.4
704
1.4
�0.
431
901.
4�
0.4
1436
1.5
�0.
429
,693
1.6
�0.
435
,583
1.6
�0.
4Fo
laci
n(m
cg)
143
213
�88
704
196
�87
3190
200
�95
1436
193
�91
29,6
9322
8�
9135
,583
223
�92
Vit
amin
B12
(mcg
)14
34.
9�
2.6
704
4.9
�2.
731
905.
8�
3.4
1436
4.7
�2.
529
,693
5.1
�2.
235
,583
5.1
�2.
4C
alci
um(m
g)14
363
5�
339
704
482
�26
531
9051
5�
300
1436
650
�37
729
,693
707
�35
635
,583
678
�35
7T
otal
calc
ium
(mg)
143
817
�49
270
477
2�
498
3190
635
�41
114
3682
3�
524
29,6
9397
0�
550
35,5
8392
0�
547
Mag
nesi
um(m
g)14
323
2�
9570
421
7�
8931
9021
1�
9514
3622
7�
9929
,693
251
�92
35,5
8324
5�
94Ir
on(m
g)14
312
�5
704
11�
531
9011
�5
1436
12�
529
,693
13�
535
,583
12�
5Zi
nc(m
g)14
39
�4
704
9�
431
909
�4
1436
9�
429
,693
10�
435
,583
10�
4So
dium
(mg)
143
2541
�11
0870
424
66�
1096
3190
2489
�11
9014
3625
18�
1243
29,6
9326
72�
1049
35,5
8326
42�
1079
Pota
ssiu
m(m
g)14
322
83�
931
704
2094
�88
931
9020
34�
909
1436
2199
�96
929
,693
2506
�89
835
,583
2434
�92
3Ph
osph
orou
s(m
g)14
398
8�
464
704
886
�40
531
9090
4�
441
1436
1024
�49
729
,693
1086
�44
535
,583
1059
�45
2C
oppe
r(m
g)14
31
�0.
270
41
�0.
231
901
�0.
214
361
�0.
229
,693
1.1
�0.
235
,583
1.1
�0.
2T
otal
caro
teno
ids
(mcg
)14
311
,692
�68
5970
411
,717
�62
6231
9010
,358
�60
2014
3610
,519
�64
9829
,693
12,4
43�
6245
35,5
8312
,130
�63
05A
lpha
-car
oten
e(m
cg)
143
568
�49
670
482
1�
595
3190
503
�44
614
3650
6�
460
29,6
9373
7�
553
35,5
8370
2�
549
Bet
a-ca
rote
ne(m
cg)
143
2660
�18
6070
434
71�
2205
3190
2948
�19
8614
3622
87�
1664
29,6
9330
14�
1803
35,5
8329
81�
1835
Lyco
pene
(mcg
)14
362
87�
4360
704
5059
�34
5131
9045
43�
3612
1436
5797
�43
3329
,693
6649
�40
6235
,583
6347
�41
14Lu
tein
�ze
axan
thin
(mcg
)14
313
92�
836
704
1488
�84
131
9014
94�
879
1436
1184
�66
629
,693
1328
�66
535
,583
1338
�69
1Fr
uits
and
vege
tabl
es(s
ervi
ngs/
day)
143
3.1
�1.
470
43.
1�
1.3
3190
3�
1.3
1436
2.6
�1.
229
,693
3.5
�1.
435
,583
3.4
�1.
4Fr
uits
and
vege
tabl
es(s
ervi
ngs/
day/
1000
kcal
)14
32
�0.
870
42.
1�
0.8
3190
2�
0.8
1436
1.7
�0.
729
,693
2.2
�0.
835
,583
2.1
�0.
8G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day)
143
4�
1.8
704
4.3
�1.
731
893.
8�
1.8
1436
4.8
�2.
429
,692
4.2
�1.
735
,581
4.2
�1.
8G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day/
1000
kcal
)14
32.
5�
0.7
704
2.9
�0.
731
892.
4�
0.7
1436
2.9
�0.
929
,692
2.6
�0.
635
,581
2.6
�0.
6a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
own
ethn
icit
y.b M
eans
and
stan
dard
devi
atio
nsw
ere
com
pute
don
the
log
scal
ean
dba
ck-t
rans
form
edva
lues
are
repo
rted
.
S71Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
15.
Bas
elin
edi
etar
yin
take
ofW
HI
Obs
erva
tion
alSt
udy
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
382)
(N�
2497
)(N
�67
49)
(N�
3254
)(N
�75
,804
)(N
�89
,916
)
Nut
rien
tbN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SDN
Mea
n�
SD
Ener
gy(k
cal)
382
1448
�61
324
9713
26�
510
6749
1383
�59
732
5414
16�
620
75,8
0414
75�
525
89,9
1614
60�
537
Tot
alfa
t(g
m)
382
52�
2924
9743
�22
6749
49�
2832
5449
�28
75,8
0449
�24
89,9
1649
�25
Ener
gyfr
omfa
t(%
)38
232
�9
2497
29�
867
4932
�9
3254
31�
975
,804
30�
889
,916
30�
8T
otal
carb
ohyd
rate
(gm
)38
217
8�
7624
9717
8�
6767
4917
6�
7632
5417
9�
8275
,804
186
�69
89,9
1618
4�
70En
ergy
from
carb
ohyd
rate
s(%
)38
249
�10
2497
54�
967
4951
�10
3254
50�
1175
,804
50�
1089
,916
50�
10Pr
otei
n(g
m)
382
60�
2824
9754
�24
6749
54�
2632
5458
�28
75,8
0462
�24
89,9
1661
�25
Ener
gyfr
ompr
otei
n(%
)38
216
�3
2497
16�
367
4916
�4
3254
16�
375
,804
17�
389
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17�
3A
lcoh
ol(g
m)
382
1�
124
970.
4�
0.3
6749
0.7
�0.
632
540.
9�
0.9
75,8
042.
2�
2.6
89,9
161.
9�
2.3
Ener
gyfr
omal
coho
l(%
)38
20.
6�
0.5
2497
0.3
�0.
267
490.
5�
0.3
3254
0.6
�0.
475
,804
1.3
�1.
289
,916
1.1
�1
Tot
alPF
A(g
m)
382
11�
624
9710
�5
6749
11�
632
5410
�6
75,8
0410
�5
89,9
1610
�5
Tot
alM
FA(g
m)
382
20�
1024
9716
�8
6749
19�
1032
5418
�10
75,8
0418
�9
89,9
1618
�9
Tot
alSF
A(g
m)
382
18�
1024
9713
�7
6749
16�
932
5416
�9
75,8
0417
�9
89,9
1616
�9
Ener
gyfr
omSF
A(%
)38
211
�3
2497
9�
367
4910
�3
3254
10�
375
,804
10�
389
,916
10�
3T
otal
tran
sfa
tty
Aci
d(g
m)
382
3.1
�1.
424
972.
2�
167
493.
3�
1.7
3254
2.7
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375
,804
2.9
�1.
389
,916
2.9
�1.
4A
nim
alpr
otei
n(g
m)
382
41�
2124
9732
�18
6749
36�
2132
5438
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75,8
0442
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89,9
1641
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Veg
etab
lepr
otei
n(g
m)
382
17�
824
9720
�8
6749
16�
732
5418
�8
75,8
0418
�7
89,9
1618
�7
Die
tary
fiber
(gm
)38
214
�6
2497
14�
667
4913
�6
3254
15�
775
,804
16�
689
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6W
ater
solu
ble
fiber
(gm
)38
25
�1.
824
975.
2�
1.9
6749
4.7
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832
544.
9�
1.9
75,8
045.
6�
1.9
89,9
165.
5�
1.9
Inso
lubl
edi
etar
yfib
er(g
m)
382
9�
424
979
�4
6749
9�
432
5410
�4
75,8
0411
�4
89,9
1610
�4
Cho
lest
erol
(mg)
382
191
�12
124
9715
6�
9367
4917
4�
115
3254
178
�11
275
,804
168
�95
89,9
1616
8�
98T
otal
vita
min
A(m
cgR
e)38
272
57�
4337
2497
8722
�52
3967
4975
98�
4691
3254
6308
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7175
,804
8389
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4889
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8239
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10V
itam
inD
(mcg
)38
23.
9�
224
973.
3�
1.7
6749
3.6
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832
543.
5�
1.8
75,8
044.
4�
2.1
89,9
164.
3�
2.1
Tot
alal
pha-
toc
eq(m
g)38
27
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2497
7.1
�2.
867
497
�3.
132
546.
8�
375
,804
7.5
�3
89,9
167.
5�
3V
itam
inK
(ND
Sva
lue)
(mg)
382
75�
4124
9710
3�
5967
4990
�51
3254
67�
3775
,804
80�
3989
,916
80�
41V
itam
inC
(mg)
382
87�
5124
9795
�56
6749
91�
5732
5486
�54
75,8
0410
0�
5489
,916
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54T
hiam
in(m
g)38
21.
2�
0.3
2497
1.2
�0.
367
491.
2�
0.3
3254
1.2
�0.
375
,804
1.3
�0.
389
,916
1.3
�0.
3R
ibofl
avin
(mg)
382
1.5
�0.
424
971.
2�
0.3
6749
1.4
�0.
432
541.
5�
0.4
75,8
041.
6�
0.4
89,9
161.
6�
0.4
Nia
cin
(mg)
382
15�
624
9715
�6
6749
15�
632
5415
�7
75,8
0417
�6
89,9
1616
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Vit
amin
B6
(mg)
382
1.5
�0.
424
971.
4�
0.3
6749
1.4
�0.
432
541.
5�
0.4
75,8
041.
6�
0.4
89,9
161.
6�
0.4
Fola
cin
(mcg
)38
221
0�
9124
9720
7�
9067
4920
3�
9732
5419
6�
9475
,804
240
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89,9
1623
4�
98V
itam
inB
12(m
cg)
382
4.5
�2.
424
974.
1�
2.2
6749
4.8
�2.
932
544.
2�
2.2
75,8
044.
6�
289
,916
4.6
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1C
alci
um(m
g)38
262
6�
384
2497
475
�26
767
4949
7�
290
3254
619
�36
975
,804
705
�36
689
,916
675
�36
6T
otal
calc
ium
(mg)
382
857
�56
824
9783
5�
571
6749
633
�41
932
5484
2�
560
75,8
0410
56�
618
89,9
1699
9�
614
Mag
nesi
um(m
g)38
222
5�
9524
9722
0�
8667
4920
7�
9132
5422
1�
9875
,804
254
�92
89,9
1624
7�
94Ir
on(m
g)38
211
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2497
11�
567
4911
�5
3254
11�
575
,804
13�
589
,916
12�
5Zi
nc(m
g)38
29
�4
2497
8�
367
498
�4
3254
9�
475
,804
10�
489
,916
10�
4So
dium
(mg)
382
2401
�11
5724
9722
70�
964
6749
2213
�10
4432
5422
57�
1112
75,8
0424
60�
957
89,9
1624
25�
979
Pota
ssiu
m(m
g)38
222
68�
938
2497
2113
�87
667
4920
31�
898
3254
2179
�97
875
,804
2558
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989
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2483
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1Ph
osph
orou
s(m
g)38
296
1�
471
2497
835
�37
367
4983
7�
405
3254
951
�46
875
,804
1045
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089
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1016
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5C
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r(m
g)38
21
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224
971
�0.
267
491
�0.
232
541
�0.
275
,804
1.1
�0.
289
,916
1�
0.2
Tot
alca
rote
noid
s(m
cg)
382
11,9
93�
7103
2497
12,3
76�
6959
6749
10,4
81�
6340
3254
10,8
24�
6764
75,8
0413
,129
�68
5889
,916
12,7
82�
6898
Alp
ha-c
arot
ene
(mcg
)38
262
7�
567
2497
896
�69
767
4952
4�
496
3254
547
�50
375
,804
827
�64
789
,916
786
�64
1B
eta-
caro
tene
(mcg
)38
228
63�
2001
2497
3993
�26
6267
4931
39�
2194
3254
2494
�18
4875
,804
3421
�21
4789
,916
3371
�21
69Ly
cope
ne(m
cg)
382
6278
�45
3624
9747
38�
3531
6749
4244
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7632
5456
85�
4369
75,8
0465
54�
4315
89,9
1662
43�
4319
Lute
in�
zeax
anth
in(m
cg)
382
1326
�75
424
9717
02�
1054
6749
1574
�99
432
5412
60�
750
75,8
0414
51�
781
89,9
1614
58�
806
Frui
tsan
dve
geta
bles
(ser
ving
s/da
y)38
23.
2�
1.4
2497
3.7
�1.
667
493.
4�
1.6
3254
3.1
�1.
575
,804
4�
1.7
89,9
163.
9�
1.7
Frui
tsan
dve
geta
bles
(ser
ving
s/da
y/10
00kc
al)
382
2.3
�1
2497
2.8
�1.
167
492.
5�
1.1
3254
2.2
�1
75,8
042.
8�
189
,916
2.7
�1.
1G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day)
382
4.1
�2
2497
4.3
�1.
767
453.
6�
1.7
3253
4.4
�2.
275
,795
4�
1.7
89,9
014
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7G
rain
s(s
ervi
ngs/
day/
1000
kcal
)38
22.
8�
0.8
2497
3.2
�0.
867
452.
5�
0.8
3253
3.1
�0.
975
,795
2.7
�0.
789
,901
2.7
�0.
8a T
otal
incl
udes
thos
eof
unkn
own
ethn
icit
y.b M
eans
and
stan
dard
devi
atio
nsw
ere
com
pute
don
the
log
scal
ean
dba
ck-t
rans
form
edva
lues
are
repo
rted
.
S72 Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
16.
Bas
elin
ebl
ood
anal
ytes
from
ara
ndom
sam
ple
ofW
HI
Estr
ogen
�Pr
oges
tin
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
25)
(N�
113)
(N�
255)
(N�
185)
(N�
714)
(N�
1319
)
Blo
odA
naly
teb
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
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NM
ean
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NM
ean
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NM
ean
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Tot
alch
oles
tero
l(m
g/dl
)25
208.
3�
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322
0.5
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255
217.
6�
41.5
185
223.
3�
37.9
713
222.
7�
36.3
1318
222
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L-C
(mg/
dl)
2512
2.5
�39
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212
9.2
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313
4.6
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113
5�
3769
913
5�
32.1
1297
134.
7�
32.9
HD
L-C
(mg/
dl)
2551
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13.8
113
57.9
�14
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455
.2�
12.7
185
51.9
�12
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955
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13.9
1313
55.3
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DL-
2(m
g/dl
)25
15.4
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811
217
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7.7
248
15.9
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718
214
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6.8
683
16.6
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212
7616
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3(m
g/dl
)25
35.9
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711
239
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248
38.7
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118
236
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7.1
683
38.2
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112
7638
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7.9
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glyc
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e(m
g/dl
)25
133.
1�
68.2
113
133.
4�
61.2
255
108.
6�
47.6
185
150.
3�
66.9
713
132.
5�
6113
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0.9
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(a)
(mg/
dl)
258.
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213
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13.1
249
28.4
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511
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14.2
701
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g/m
l)25
0.5
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30.
59�
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255
0.54
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50.
55�
0.14
714
0.59
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1413
180.
59�
0.14
Alp
ha-c
arot
ene
(µg/
ml)
250.
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0.03
113
0.1
�0.
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50.
04�
0.04
185
0.07
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0671
40.
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0.05
1318
0.06
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eta-
caro
tene
(µg/
ml)
250.
19�
0.16
113
0.44
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2925
50.
23�
0.19
185
0.24
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1871
40.
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0.26
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cryp
toxa
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ne(µ
g/m
l)25
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30.
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0.14
255
0.07
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50.
1�
0.07
714
0.07
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180.
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pene
(µg/
ml)
250.
35�
0.15
113
0.34
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50.
34�
0.21
185
0.4
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2271
40.
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and
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anth
in(µ
g/m
l)25
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30.
26�
0.11
255
0.2
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118
50.
2�
0.09
714
0.19
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180.
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0.08
Alp
ha-t
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l(µ
g/m
l)25
12.1
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211
317
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7.3
255
13.4
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318
514
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5.3
714
15.1
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213
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ma-
toco
pher
ol(µ
g/m
l)25
2.7
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311
31.
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125
52
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418
51.
8�
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1.7
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413
181.
7�
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Fact
orV
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tivi
ty,a
ntig
en(%
)22
118
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112
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311
0.4
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0.4
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694
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9�
28.3
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120.
7�
28.4
Fact
orV
IIC
(%)
2211
6.2
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112
2.7
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711
3.5
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712
0.3
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688
123.
4�
25.9
1252
122.
2�
26.3
Fibr
inog
en(m
g/dl
)22
313.
1�
69.6
111
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cose
(mg/
dl)
2510
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lin(µ
IU/m
l)25
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HD
L,hi
gh-d
ensi
tylip
opro
tein
;HD
L-C
,hig
h-de
nsit
ylip
opro
tein
chol
este
rol;
LDL,
low
-den
sity
lipop
rote
in.
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
Mea
nsan
dst
anda
rdde
viat
ions
are
wei
ghte
dby
ethn
icit
y.b M
eans
and
stan
dard
devi
atio
nsw
ere
com
pute
don
the
log
scal
ean
dba
ck-t
rans
form
edva
lues
are
repo
rted
.
S73Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
17.
Bas
elin
ebl
ood
anal
ytes
from
ara
ndom
sam
ple
ofW
HI
Estr
ogen
-Alo
nepa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
27)
(N�
44)
(N�
332)
(N�
143)
(N�
423)
(N�
992)
Blo
odA
naly
teb
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
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NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
Tot
alch
oles
tero
l(m
g/dl
)26
233.
8�
40.2
4423
2.8
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222
1.6
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321
5.3
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322
7.2
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122
6.5
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L-C
(mg/
dl)
2414
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34.2
331
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39.7
141
127.
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33.7
410
137.
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970
137.
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37.8
HD
L-C
(mg/
dl)
2653
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12.8
4457
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1633
155
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12.8
142
52.9
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154
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987
54.2
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DL-
2(m
g/dl
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432
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142
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440
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3(m
g/dl
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glyc
erid
e(m
g/dl
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155
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l)27
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lpha
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(µg/
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270.
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a-cr
ypto
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hine
(µg/
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270.
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440.
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332
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270.
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440.
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332
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270.
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440.
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332
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423
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l(µ
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igen
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2513
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324
111
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133
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2532
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136
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960
305.
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se(m
g/dl
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110
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423
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lin(µ
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324
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414
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111
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5
HD
L,hi
gh-d
ensi
tylip
opro
tein
;HD
L-C
,hig
h-de
nsit
ylip
opro
tein
chol
este
rol;
LDL,
low
-den
sity
lipop
rote
in.
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
Mea
nsan
dst
anda
rdde
viat
ions
are
wei
ghte
dby
ethn
icit
y.b M
eans
and
stan
dard
devi
atio
nsw
ere
com
pute
don
the
log
scal
ean
dba
ck-t
rans
form
edva
lues
are
repo
rted
.
S74 Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
18.
Bas
elin
ebl
ood
anal
ytes
from
ara
ndom
sam
ple
ofW
HI
Die
tary
Mod
ifica
tion
part
icip
ants
byra
ce/e
thni
city
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
58)
(N�
173)
(N�
622)
(N�
260)
(N�
1201
)(N
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98)
Blo
odA
naly
teb
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
Tot
alch
oles
tero
l(m
g/dl
)57
216.
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37.1
172
217.
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35.8
662
216.
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40.8
260
213.
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1201
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C(m
g/dl
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124.
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166
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DL-
C(m
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172
56.7
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257
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dl)
5516
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168
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365
317
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311
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L-3
(mg/
dl)
5638
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839
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653
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225
737
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1160
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223
3740
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9T
rigl
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(mg/
dl)
5715
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215
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260
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142.
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139.
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(mg/
dl)
5610
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169
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227
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260
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ol(µ
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l)58
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ha-c
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(µg/
ml)
580.
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173
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20.
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0.04
260
0.07
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0511
990.
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0.05
2396
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caro
tene
(µg/
ml)
580.
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0.16
173
0.32
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2466
20.
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0.17
260
0.21
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1711
990.
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2396
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g/m
l)58
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662
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960.
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pene
(µg/
ml)
580.
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173
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260
0.37
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211
990.
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2396
0.37
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and
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anth
in(µ
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l)58
0.18
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1199
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l(µ
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517
317
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662
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2396
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5.5
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ma-
toco
pher
ol(µ
g/m
l)58
1.8
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317
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260
1.7
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211
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1.7
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ctor
VII
acti
vity
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igen
(%)
5613
2.9
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812
8.4
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111
1.3
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211
8.9
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9.2
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32.2
Fact
orV
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(%)
5612
5.2
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812
4.2
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311
4.3
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511
7.8
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4412
7.8
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8012
5.9
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brin
ogen
(mg/
dl)
5630
0.4
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928
6.9
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252
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1155
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294
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se(m
g/dl
)58
102.
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20.4
173
99.2
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210
2.2
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999
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1200
97.2
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sulin
(µIU
/ml)
5511
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5.9
169
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465
412
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254
11.7
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311
689.
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4.9
2344
10�
5
HD
L,hi
gh-d
ensi
tylip
opro
tein
;HD
L-C
,hig
h-de
nsit
ylip
opro
tein
chol
este
rol;
LDL,
low
-den
sity
lipop
rote
in.
a Tot
alin
clud
esth
ose
ofun
know
net
hnic
ity.
Mea
nsan
dst
anda
rdde
viat
ions
are
wei
ghte
dby
ethn
icit
y.b M
eans
and
stan
dard
devi
atio
nsw
ere
com
pute
don
the
log
scal
ean
dba
ck-t
rans
form
edva
lues
are
repo
rted
.
S75Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
AP
PE
ND
IXT
AB
LE
19.
Bas
elin
ebl
ood
anal
ytes
from
ara
ndom
sam
ple
ofW
HI
Cal
cium
and
Vit
amin
Dpa
rtic
ipan
tsby
race
/eth
nici
ty
Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
Am
eric
anIn
dian
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erB
lack
His
pani
cW
hite
Tot
ala
(N�
53)
(N�
161)
(N�
538)
(N�
287)
(N�
1125
)(N
�22
02)
Blo
odA
naly
teb
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
�SD
NM
ean
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Tot
alch
oles
tero
l(m
g/dl
)52
215.
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36.2
161
223.
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538
215.
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41.6
287
218
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3.4
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2.3
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L-C
(mg/
dl)
5212
4.6
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613
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536
131.
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283
128.
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HD
L-C
(mg/
dl)
5252
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161
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13.8
537
56.7
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HD
L-2
(mg/
dl)
5016
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158
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528
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328
214
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721
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7.5
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L-3
(mg/
dl)
5136
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9.3
158
39.4
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952
839
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282
37.7
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410
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2137
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(mg/
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5215
3.6
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114
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538
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44.6
287
149.
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139.
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g/dl
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286
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ol(µ
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ha-c
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(µg/
ml)
530.
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0.03
161
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80.
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287
0.07
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250.
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2201
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(µg/
ml)
530.
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161
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80.
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287
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250.
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2201
0.23
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17B
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toxa
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ne(µ
g/m
l)53
0.05
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538
0.07
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0.07
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pene
(µg/
ml)
530.
34�
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161
0.35
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80.
32�
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287
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2111
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2201
0.37
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and
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in(µ
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l)53
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10.
26�
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538
0.21
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128
70.
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010.
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ha-t
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l(µ
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l)53
15.9
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816
118
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538
13.2
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228
714
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7G
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a-to
coph
erol
(µg/
ml)
531.
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1.3
161
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538
2�
1.4
287
1.8
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211
251.
8�
1.3
2201
1.8
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3Fa
ctor
VII
acti
vity
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S77Hays et al.THE WHI RECRUITMENT METHODS AND RESULTS
AEP Vol. 13, No. S9October 2003: S18–S77
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