The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and ... · Solar Shingle Power Output CIGS Solar...

The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass Paul Tate March 10, 2015

Originally prepared as a degree requirement for the UIC Master of Energy Engineering program

The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate

Outline

n  Introduction to Building Integrated PV n Solar Shingles Technology n Solar Glass Technology n Conclusions n Questions

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

n  Building Materials & Solar Cells

¨ Roofing ¨ Glass ¨ Metal Panels ¨ Overhangs ¨ Awnings, etc.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation1

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation2

Solar Shingles

n  Intended for residential pitched roofs n Replace portion of asphalt shingles n Are not rack mounted n  Integrate into standard roofing n Multiple technologies utilized

CIGS Solar Shingle

n  Uses Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) thin film technology

n  Substrate is a proprietary polymer

n  Size, weight, flexibility similar to asphalt shingle

CIGS Cell Schematic Diagram3

CIGS Solar Shingles

CIGS Solar Shingles Prior to Installation4

CIGS Solar Shingle

CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation5

CIGS Solar Shingle

CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation6

Mono-Si Solar Shingle

n  Uses mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si) technology

n  Mounted on semi-flexible plastic

n  Slightly thinner than asphalt shingle with special underlayment

Mono-Crystalline Silicon Cell7

Mono-Si Solar Shingles Post-Installation8

Solar Shingle Efficiencies

CIGS Solar Shingle n  ~12% efficient CIGS

cells n  Efficiency rises

initially (light soaking), then degrades over time

n  Solar components warrantied for 20 years

Mono-Si Solar Shingle n  14% efficient mono-Si

cells n  14% efficient

immediately, then degrades over time

n  Solar components warrantied for 10 years

Solar Shingle Power Output

CIGS Solar Shingle n  Available in 9-13

Watts/shingle n  Each shingle

approximately 1.6 SF exposed area

n  Power output: 5.6 to 8.1 W/SF

n  400 SF array: 2.25kW to 3.25 kW

Mono-Si Solar Shingle n  60 Watts/shingle n  Each shingle

approximately 5.3 SF exposed area

n  Power output: 11.4 W/SF n  400 SF array: 4.55 kW

CIGS Solar Shingle Electrical Connections

CIGS Solar Shingle Electrical Connections9

Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections

Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections10

Mono-Si Solar Shingle Electrical Connections

Solar Shingles - Balance of System

CIGS Solar Shingle n  CIGS solar shingle

manufacturer supplies inverter

n  Electrician makes connections from array to inverter, inverter to meter, disconnects, etc.

n  Manufacturer’s web-based monitoring system included

Mono-Si Solar Shingle n  Electrician supplies

manufacturer sized inverter

n  Electrician wires everything from array to meter and disconnects

n  Point of use monitoring only

Transparent Solar Glass

n Focusing on Dye Sensitized Solar Cells & Organic Solar Cells

n Transparent meaning light passes through the solar collector, opposed to thin strips of silicon based cells implanted onto glass

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

n  Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) molecules coated with various color dyes

n  Electrolyte (usually iodide) replaces electron given off by dye through TiO2

n  All layers are transparent, limiting factor is dye color & thickness

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells11

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Schematic Diagram12

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation13

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation14

Organic Solar Cells

n  Light absorbed in hole transport layer

n  Photon energy creates excitons

n  Excitons travel to photoactive layer where charge separation occurs

n  Difference from inorganic PV is effect of light absorption

Organic Solar Cell15

Organic Solar Cells

Organic Solar Cell Schematic16

Spectral Response of Conventional and Transparent PV Cells

Spectral Response of Conventional and Transparent PV Cells17

Organic Solar Cells

Organic Solar Cell17

Organic Solar Cells

Transparent Solar Cell18

Organic Solar Cells

Transparent Solar Cell19

Transparent Solar Cell Efficiencies

DSSC n  Typically 8% to 10%

maximum efficiency n  Record lab efficiency:

11.9% n  Commercially available,

well-known operation and challenges

Organic Solar Cells n  40% transparent cell at

7.1% efficiency n  Record lab efficiency:

11.1% n  Not commercially

available, very new technology

Conclusions

n Solar shingles is a viable and growing industry

n Solar Glass research is growing, long-term production and applications are unknown

n BIPV will continue to be developed and used if costs and aesthetics are favorable

Picture Courtesy of RISE

Bibliography 1 "Building-integrated Photovoltaics – a Niche Market with Ample Opportunities."SolarServer. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.solarserver.com/solarmagazin/solar-report_1108_2_e.html>. 2 "Outstanding BIPV Projects." Onyx Solar - Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). Onyx Solar. Web. 27 Feb. 2015. <http://www.onyxsolar.com/projects/onyxsolar-bipv-projects.html>. 3 "Special-purpose Diodes." All About Circuits. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/12.html>. 4 "Roofs Do Double Duty with Dow Shingles." Jetson Green. 25 June 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.jetsongreen.com/2012/06/dow-powerhouse-solar-shingle-launch.html>. 5 "Solution to Homeowner’s Association Problem with Aesthetics of Roof Mounted Solar PV | Tennessee Solar." Tennessee Solar Energy Association. 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. <http://www.tnsolarenergy.org/solution-to-homeowners-association-problem-with-aesthetics-of-roof-mounted-solar-pv/>. 6 "NEXUS EnergyHomes First Home Builder to Offer DOW POWERHOUSE™ Solar Shingles on the East Coast." News. DOW, 6 Mar. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.dow.com/news/press-releases/article/?id=6188>. 7 "Solar Cells." KEMI Silicon, Inc. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. <http://kemiwafers.com/cells.php>. 8 "Apollo II Solar Roofing Systems from CertainTeed Corporation." Web. 26 Oct. 2014. <http://www.certainteed.com/products/roofing/solar/341624>. 9 "POWERHOUSE Installation Process." YouTube. 22 Nov. 2011. Web. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztdD_NMoJgM>. 10 "Installation Instructions for CertainTeed's Apollo II Solar Roofing System." YouTube. 5 Aug. 2014. Web. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFifYKigvXk>. 34

11 Beciri, Damir. "EPFL's New Convention Center West Façade Features Dye Solar Cells | RobAid." Robaid. 3 Dec. 2013. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.robaid.com/tech/epfls-new-convention-center-west-facade-features-dye-solar-cells.htm>. 12 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. University of Florida Department of Chemistry. Web. <https://schanze.chem.ufl.edu/research/dye-sensitized-solar-cells/>. 13 "HOPV 2014." Institute of Advanced Chemistry II and Advanced Materials. The University of Ulm, 19 May 2014. Web. <http://www.uni-ulm.de/en/nawi/institute-of-organic-chemistry-ii-and-advanced-materials/hopv/hopv2014-englisch.html>. 14 "Dye Solar Cell Façade at SwissTech Convention Center at EPFL, by Solaronix." Juan Bisquerts Blog. 8 Apr. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <https://juanbisquert.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/dye-solar-cell-facade-at-swisstech-covention-center-at-epfl-by-solaronix/>. 15 "SolarWindow." New Energy Technologies Inc. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.newenergytechnologiesinc.com/technology/solarwindow>. 16 Plexcore PV Ink System. Sigma Aldrich. Web. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/technology-spotlights/plexcore-pv-ink-system.html>. 17 "Heliatek Announces Largest BIOPV Facade Installation." Heliatek, 28 Oct. 2014. Web. <http://www.heliatek.com/newscenter/latest_news/heliatek-verkuendet-groesste-biopv-installation/?lang=en>. 18 Stauffer, Nancy. "Transparent Solar Cells." MIT Energy Initiative. MIT, 20 June 2013. Web. <http://mitei.mit.edu/news/transparent-solar-cells>. 19 Oswald, Tom, and Richard Lunt. "Solar Energy That Doesn't Block the View." Michigan State University, 19 Aug. 2014. Web. <http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2014/solar-energy-that-doesnt-block-the-view/>.

Bibliography Continued

Questions?

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