Post on 21-Aug-2015
Federal AviationAdministrationThe Successful
Cross-CountryPart 1
The Successful Cross Country2Federal Aviation
Administration
The Successful Cross-Country
Part 1
The Successful Cross Country3Federal Aviation
Administration
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Part 1 – Lessons
1. Operating from a part-time towered airport
2. Understanding the airport diagram
3. Review of signs markings and lighting
4. Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) roles and useful publications
5. Understanding the Airport/Facility Directory (AFD)
6. The “Taxi Rule”x
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This document has been prepared for training purposes only and sets
forth general principles and guidance concerning good
operating procedures for avoiding surface incidents and runway
incursions. It is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature.
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What’s the number one causal factor for general aviation accidents?…
Inadequate preflight planning
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Build a margin of safety by planning ahead
Confusion
Un
exp
ecte
d
Wea
therA/C Malfunction
Fatigue
Co
mp
lace
ncy
Unfamiliarity
Don’t get “boxed in”
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Know your limitations
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Time Line
Mar
gin
of
Saf
ety
Takeoff Taxi Cruise
Approach & Landing
Taxi
Pilot/Aircraft Capabilities
Task Requirements
Task Requirements Verses Capabilities
Enroute Stop TaxiTakeoff
Cruise
Approach & Landing
Taxi
Exposure to accident/incident
Pilot/Aircraft Capabilities
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Leave yourself an “out”
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COU AFSS
Kansas City Center
IXD
OTM
Chicago CenterFOD AFSS
Destination: Ottumwa Airport (OTM)
The Successful Cross Country14Federal Aviation
AdministrationNew Century Air Center, Olathe, Kansas (IXD)
The Airports…
Departure
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Ottumwa Industrial Airport, Ottumwa, Iowa (OTM)
Stopover
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Destination
Eppley Airfield, Omaha, Nebraska (OMA)
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Before we get started with our planning, let’s quickly review a few rules and some critical areas and markings.
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Bonus question time!
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“Black squareYou’re there”
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Non-movement area
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Movement area
Ramp
Taxiways
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Runway safety area
Taxiways
Runways
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Speed of operations and exposure to loss of life!
So, what’s the realdifference between these three areas?
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279
27
Ramp – non movement area
A 9 D 27B 9-27 C 9-27
Controlled areas
250’
1,000
250’
1,000
9 E
Veh
icu
lar
entr
y p
oin
t
Taxiways - movement area
Runways – Runway Safety Area
Runway Hold Markings & Hold Position Signs
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Understand the boundaries of the Runway Safety Area.
Maintain situational awareness
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It defines the boundaries of the runway safety area!
The runway hold marking is the most critical marking on any airport ……towered or non-towered!
75% of all pilot deviations result from a
violation of this marking!
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To offer “vertical development” and help pinpoint the location of the runway hold markings….
Runway hold signs will always be co-located with runway hold markings and will usually be located
on the left side of the taxiway
Runway Hold Signs are MANDATORY instruction signs “RED – RUNWAY AHEAD!”
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Reflection of a spinning prop
Focusing on tasks IN the cockpit instead of OUT
Pilot “seating” height
Lack of “vertical development”
Sun glare and other environmental conditions
Runway hold markings are not always readily visible… WHY?
Actual Cockpit View
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So remember, use the runway hold sign to help locate the runway hold marking.
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Exiting the Runway
• No Clearance Is Required to Exit the Runway. • Cross the Hold Marking With Dashed Lines Facing You. • Do Not Exit the Landing Runway Onto an Intersecting Runway Unless
Authorized by ATC.
Remember “dash across the dash lines, stop at the solid lines.”
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The green aircraft is expected to “clear” the landing runway (14R) and runway safety area and hold short of Runway 14L.
Following landing, the green aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L
Runway safety area 14L/32R
Runway safety area 14R/32L
32R
32L
14R
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32L
14R
The orange aircraft is expected to HOLD AT THIS POSITION even if it HAS NOT cleared the landing runway and remains inside the runway safety area for Runway 14R/32L
Following landing, the orange aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L
Runway Safety Area 14R/32L
Runway Safety Area 14L/32R
32L
14R32
R
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Bonus question time!
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“Black squareYou’re there”
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Taxiway location sign
Taxiway direction sign
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Question:
You see these markings outside your windscreen and are advised by ATC to “hold short.” Which hold line applies?
A
B
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Bonus question time!
You are located on Taxiway A at the approach end of Runway 35. Describe the TYPE and COLOR of the sign(s)
that will be located on the left side of this taxiway.
“Black squareYou’re there”
“RED…..RUNWAY AHEAD!”
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On the day of departure you receive a “standard weather brief” from COU AFSS which included airmets, sigmets, adverse weather
conditions, synopsis of highs and lows, current conditions along the route, terminal forecasts, area forecasts, winds aloft and
NOTAMS. In summary, for this flight you can expect clear skies below 12,000 and southerly winds less than 10 knots.
Let’s get started on our planning!
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Weather briefing complete. NOTAMS include….
Avoid the airspace in the vicinity of power plants. No circling or
loitering authorized.
All air operations are prohibited at or below 3000 feet within 3 nautical
mile radius of a stadium with a seating capacity of 30,000 or more
from 1 hour before until 1 hour after the scheduled event.
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Get on record as receiving a briefing! And….
AFSS is the only “official” source for TFRs.
Why get a briefing from AFSS?
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Far 91.103 preflight action.
Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning
that flight.
What does this mean?
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Resource gathering and utilization
“…..become familiar with all available information concerning that flight.”
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Kansas City, Chicago and Omaha sectionals are needed for this flight
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What’s available at the FBO?
Local procedures, noise abatement, mowing ops in progress, airport sign guides, phone number(s) for ASOS/AWOS
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• Runway Information
• Airport Remarks
• Fuel
• NAVAIDs
• Frequencies
• Updates to Visual Charts
• Airport Diagrams
• Runway Safety Information
• Services Available
• Important Phone Numbers
• Procedures Unique to that Airport
Is it current?
The AFD is published every 56 days. It contains data on
airports that cannot be readily depicted on aeronautical
charts such as:
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Airport diagrams are also available at the FAA’s airport diagram website: www.faa.gov/go/runwaysafety
Airport Diagram
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Airport diagrams are also available at the FAA’s airport diagram website: www.faa.gov/go/runwaysafety
For additional information about central region airports
(MO, IA, KS, NE)click “Regions” here
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LAHSO PAGE 310?
Let’s first look at the airport remarks for IXD,
our departure point.
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LAHSO PAGE 310?
The first thing we notice is that IXD is attended at certain hours.
What does “attended” mean?
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Another item we notice is that Taxiway F is obscured
from the tower’s view.
Where is “TWY F” on this airport sketch?
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Look at the airport diagram for greater detail
Why would the tower’s view of Taxiway F be obscured?
Hangars!
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LAHSO PAGE 310?
MALSR & VASI are activated by “mike clicks” when tower is closed.
What do the black circles mean?.
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LAHSO PAGE 310?
Traffic pattern altitudes and direction of turns
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The airport remarks also has a note about land and hold short
operations section.
Where Is This Section
Located?
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Scan of page 310 listing IXD hold short of 17/35 when landing 22
Go to the back of the AFD, operations section
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2,700 FEET
3,300 FEET
3,650 FEET
Landing RWY Hold short point Measured distance
35
35
17
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The LAHSO surface hold marking extends the entire width of the runway.
Runway 4-22, 35-17 intersection
Runway hold sign
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LAHSO PAGE 310?
We also notice that IXD is a part time tower.
Depending on my departure time, the tower may or may
not be open?
If the tower is not open when you depart, will that effect your taxi and radio procedures?
What frequency will you be broadcasting on?
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Determine the boundaries of the movement/non-movement and
runway safety areas
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Study the airport diagram to determine
taxiway/runway crossing points. What is
status of this
runway?
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Bonus question time!
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Runway boundary sign:
Taxi past this sign to ensure you are clear of the runway safety
area when EXITING!
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Once you’ve planned the flight… it’s time to fly the plan
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BONUS QUESTION
What is POFZ?
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Precision Obstacle Free Zone
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The POFZ is defined as a volume of airspace above an area beginning at the runway threshold, at the threshold elevation, and centered on the extended runway centerline, 200 feet long by 800 feet wide. Maintaining the POFZ clear during low ceiling/low visibility conditions protects both the landing aircraft and
holding aircraft or vehicle.
The POFZ is in effect for vertically guided approaches when the ceiling is below 250 feet and/or visibility less than ¾ statute mile (or RVR below 4000 feet), and an aircraft is on final approach within two miles of the runway threshold.
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When the POFZ is in effect, the wing of an aircraft holding on a taxiway waiting for runway clearance may penetrate the POFZ; however, neither the fuselage nor the tail may infringe on the POFZ. In addition, no ground vehicles may be in the POFZ when it is in effect.
Typical POFZ
400 Feet
200 F
eet
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ILS
Airports with a taxiway located prior to the runway threshold may result in an aircraft being located in the POFZ when it is active. POFZ holding
positions may be needed at these locations.
POFZ Holding Positions
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ILS
A1 30L
Runway holding position
ILS critical area or POFZ boundary
A second sign on the right side is required in
some situations.
ILS critical area or POFZ holding position
If a hold position is used to protect the POFZ, an ILS hold is used.
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Part 1: No person may, at any airport with an “operating” control tower, operate an aircraft ON a runway or taxiway, or
take off, or land, without an ATC clearance.
Far 91.129 (i)
“The takeoff, landing and taxi clearance rule”
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YOU ARE HERE
YOU’RE GOING HERE
X
XExecuting the taxi
instructions
x
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With the tower operating, what surfaces require an
ATC clearance to taxi, takeoff or land?
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By the Taxiway B location sign.
How can you confirm your location?
“Black square, You’re there!” RED…Runway Ahead!
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A
4-22
17-35Hold Line Parallel to the Holding Runway
As you continue your taxi on Taxiway A you approach the runway hold marking for Runway 22-4. Do you have to stop?
?
You have been issued the following taxi clearance, “N252KT taxi to
Runway 35.”
35-
17
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You do not have to hold at the intersection of Taxiway A and Runway 22-4 because Taxiway A does not cross the
assigned Runway 35 at this location.
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Notice the hold line for Runway 4-22 is aligned parallel to the
runway and may not be perpendicular to the taxiway centerline
Also, notice the “jog” in the Taxiway A?
A
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As you continue your taxi southbound on Taxiway A you
finally reach the approach end of Runway 35. Is ATC authorization
required for departure?
View from the cockpit
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A
“New century tower, N252KT is ready to go Runway 35, VFR northeast.”
“N252KT, New Century Tower, hold short landing traffic.”
“N252KT, hold short Runway 35.”
“N252KT, Runway 35, position and hold.”
“N252KT, Runway 35, position and hold.”
If the tower is open, ATC approval is required.
35A
35
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“N252KT, Runway 35, cleared for takeoff.”
“N252KT, cleared for takeoff.”A
A
35
35 35
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A
If the tower is closed and it’s VFR, what frequency will you announce your position and intention prior to departure?
“New Century traffic, N252KT
departing Runway 35 northeast, New
Century”.A
3535
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A
A35
If tower is closed, monitor CTAF during departure for
arriving and departing aircraft at IXD
x
35
x
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“Kansas City Approach, N252KT”
“N252KT frequency change approved”
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“Kansas City Approach, N252KT
5 north New Century, climbing VFR to 5,500 for
flight following to Ottumwa.”
TFR – Arrowhead Stadium…
Ummm!
“N252ktKansas City Approach,
go ahead”
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What does this magenta line represent?
What about this blue line?
Bonus question
time!
What about the number 36 in dashed box?
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VFR Flyways under Class Bravo Airspace
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FatigueIn
exper
ienceLack of
Communications
Lack of Planning
Compla
cency
Unfamiliarity
END PART 1x
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Part 1 – Lessons
1. Operating from a part-time towered airport
2. Understanding the airport diagram
3. Review of signs markings and lighting
4. Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) roles and useful publications
5. Understanding the Airport/Facility Directory (AFD)
6. The “Taxi Rule”x
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1. Operating at a Non-Towered Airport2. Using the Airport/Facility Directory (AFD )3. Utilizing AFSS, ARTCC, ASOS and ATIS4. Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
Part 2 – Lessons
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Part 3 – Lessons
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1. Operating at a busy 24 hour towered commercial airport
2. Using the AFD
3. Understanding the airport diagram
4. Utilizing AFSS, ARTCC, ASOS and ATIS
5. Communicating with the tower
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Part 4 – Lessons
1. The Anatomy of a Close Call
2. ConclusionX