Post on 04-Apr-2018
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TMG RTCTG HJ
BM@ICR B@T@GR
3
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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Gxgbut`vgRueecry
Jhrgwhrd
Wrlci`zct`hi `s tmg `igv`tclkg trgid hj shb`ck cid gbhihe`b dgvgkhpegit, tmg
ehegitue th prhehtg jurtmgr dgvgkhpegit cid cksh ci `ephrtcit syelhk hj tmg
ehdgri`zct`hi hj tmg bhuitry.
R`ibg tmg rgjhre cid hpgi`ia-up stcrt`ia jrhe 301=, Bm`ics urlci rgs`dgits
`ibrgcsgd ly ehrg tmci 7>> e`kk`hi. Rubm c kcrag sbckg rurck-urlci phpukct`hi
ehvgegit wcs uiprgbgdgitgd, wm`bm iht hiky bmciagd tmg dgst`iy hj e`kk`his
hj Bm`igsg pgcscits, lut cksh lgbceg ci `ephrtcit dr`v`ia jhrbg hj tmg rcp`d
gbhihe`b dgvgkhpegit.
@i 33, tmg urlci`zct`hi rctg `i Bm`ic gxbggdgd 7>% jhr tmg ffirst t`eg, wm`bm
`id`bctgd tmg m`sthr`bck trcisjhrect`hi hj tmg shb`ck strubturg. Jrhe ihw hi, Bm`ic
w`kk lg jcbgd w`tm l`a bmckkgiag `i tgres hj hvgrckk pkcii`ia jhr tmg urlci cid rurckdgvgkhpegit, trcisjhrect`hi hj duck gbhihe`b strubturg, rgck`zct`hi hj phpukct`hi
e`arct`hi jrhe rurck th urlci crgcs, rgcshiclkg ut`k`zct`hi hj icturck rgshurbgs,
gimcibgegit hj giv`rhiegitck prhtgbt`hi, hpt`e`zct`hi hj urlci spct`ck kcyhut,
`eprhvgegit hj urlci `idustr`ck strubturg, brhss`ia tmg e`ddkg-`ibheg trcp cid
prheht`ia shb`ck gquck`ty cid fust`bg, gtb.
Burrgitky, Bm`ic `s ct tmg igw stcag hj rcp`d dgvgkhpegit. Akhlckky, tm`s o`id
hj kcrag-sbckg cid m`am-spggd urlci`zct`hi `s ih pcrckkgk `i m`sthry cid, tmgrg
`s ih gxpgr`gibg wg bci d`rgbtky cppky `i Bm`ic cs mhw th usg tmg phs`t`vg rhkg
hj urlci`zct`hi th `ts argctgst cdvcitcags, grcd`bctg hr dgbrgcsg `ts igact`vg
`epcbts cid gstclk`sm tmg urlci`zct`hi pcttgri `i bhijhre`ty w`tm tmg cbtuck
s`tuct`his hj Bm`ic. Bm`ic iggds th dgffiig mgr hwi rhcd ecp.
Tmg Twgkjtm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci hj Bm`ic prhphsgs tmct igw wcys smckk lg
gxpkhrgd jhr tmg bhhrd`ictgd dgvgkhpegit hj `idustr`ck`zct`hi, urlci`zct`hi cid
car`bukturck ehdgri`zct`hi w`tm pr`hr`t`gs jhbusgd hi iurtur`ia car`bukturg w`tm
`idustry, supphrt`ia rurck crgcs w`tm urlci crgcs, lr`ia`ia `ith jukk pkcy tmg
rcd`ct`ia cid kgcd`ia rhkg hj `idustr`ck`zct`hi cid urlci`zct`hi jhr tmg `ibrgcsg hj
`ibheg jhr jcregrs, cid strgiatmgi`ia tmg rurck `ijrcstrubturg cid pulk`b sgrv`bg
systges. Bm`ic w`kk rgky hi rcp`d cid sustc`iclkg gbhihe`b arhwtm th brgctg tmg
hpphrtui`t`gs jhr dgvgkhpegit cid gepkhyegit th tmg utehst, gisurg tmg lcs`b
wgkjcrg cid sgbur`ty jhr tmg pulk`b cid tmg gquck hpphrtui`t`gs cid `epcrt`ck
pcrt`b`pct`hi `i tmg wmhkg dgvgkhpegit prhbgss ly tmg pulk`b hj d`jjgrgit shb`ck
stctus cid d`jjgrgit shb`ck arhups, cid prhv`dg prhspgbt`vg v`s`hi cid au`dcibg th
tmg gbhihe`b cid shb`ck trcisjhrect`hi ct cpprhpr`ctg t`eg.
Q`tm tmg cbt`vg supphrt hj tmg WI-Mcl`tct, wg bhep`kg tmg Giak`sm vgrs`hi hj
Tmg Rtctg hj Bm`ics B`t`gs 3
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Jhrgwhrd
Tmg j`rst Giak`sm rgphrt hj Tmg Rtctg hj Bm`ics B`t`gs 3
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Thdcy mueci`ty mcs brhssgd c ecfhr m`sthr`b e`kgsthig cid gitgrgd c pctm
`i wm`bm b`t`gs mcvg lgbheg tmg dhe`icit mcl`tct. Tmg s`ai`j`bcibg hj tmg
dgeharcpm`b cid agharcpm`b trcisjhrect`hi `s qu`tg prhjhuid jhr tmg juturg hj
mueci`ty cid tmg bhiffiaurct`hi cid sustgicibg hj tmg whrkd cs c wmhkg.
B`t`gs crg mueci crt`jcbts, smcpgd, stggrgd cid bhephsgd ly giacagegits,
trciscbt`his cid `itgrcbt`his cehia pghpkg. Tmgy gelhdy mueci brgct`v`ty,
v`s`hi, iggds cid dgs`rgs, cs wgkk cs tgis`his cid bheprhe`sgs.
Ehdgri b`t`gs crg, uicrauclky, hur gia`igs hj gbhihe`b arhwtm cid wgcktm
brgct`hi, cs wgkk cs gidur`ia mueci `ist`tut`his jhr sgkj-cbtuck`zct`hi tmrhuam
gepkhyegit agigrct`hi. Tmgy crg bhij`aurgd th agigrctg prhspgr`ty, prhv`dg
hpphrtui`ty, cid `ibrgcsg cbbgss jhr ckk th tmg lgigj`ts cbbru`ia jrhe urlcitrcisjhrect`hi. Mhwgvgr, wmgi iht prhpgrky ecicagd, tmg eciigr `i wm`bm tm`s
prhbgss hbburs ecy wgkk uidgre`ig tmg dyice`se, gqu`ty cid sustc`icl`k`ty
hj tmg sceg prhspgr`ty. Jhr `istcibg, prhspgr`ty cid phvgrty crg ihw ckehst
bhtgre`ihus. Iht hiky dhgs phvgrty `epgdg tmg rgck`zct`hi hj tmg jukk phtgit`ck
hj b`t`gs, lut `t cksh wgcogis mueci cagiby, brgct`ia tgis`his cid agigrct`ia
dysjuibt`his tmct bci ukt`ectgky uidgre`ig tmg vgry lcs`s hj prhspgr`ty. Qm`kg
tm`s `itgrpkcy hj prhspgr`ty cid phvgrty dgffiigd `i lrhcd tgres bhit`iugs, mueci
lg`ias mcvg th r`sg cid ffiid `iihvct`vg shkut`his th ckk d`vgrsg bmckkgiags th tmg`r
urlci juturg.
Cs tmg jhuidct`his hj tmg urlci juturg crg lg`ia lu` kt cid bhishk `dctgd,
uragit stgps crg rgqu`rgd th rgbt`jy pcst `epgrjgbt`his ly rgbhai`z`ia jukky tmct
dgvgkhpegit `s ci gvhkut`hicry prhbgss w`tm css`aiegits tmct bciiht lg git`rgky
rgshkvgd `i hig dgbcdg cid ly hig cagiby cbt`ia ckhig. Tmg urlci juturg wg
giv`scag `s hig wmgrg gbhihe`b arhwtm cid prhspgr`ty prhbggd w`tm gqu`ty?
mueci gxpkh`tct`hi hj tmg icturck giv`rhiegit `s bcrr`gd hi sustc`iclky? cid
`igquck`ty cid uidgr-gepkhyegit crg cttgiuctgd ly strhia mueci-bgitgrgd
phk`b`gs. Th cbm`gvg ckk tmgsg, tmgrg s c iggd jhr bhkkgbt`vg rgsphisg w`tm bhibrgtg
cbt`his.
Tmg Rtctg hj Bm`ics B`t`gs 3
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Bhitgits
Gxgbut`vg Rueecry
Bmcptgr 3 Wrlci`zct`hi ^rhbgss @i Bm`ic
3.3 Hvgrv`gw hj Wrlci`zct`hi Dgvgkhpegit / 3
3.< Wrlci`zct`hi rhargss / 3
3.
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Bmcptgr < Wrlci Mhus`ia Bhistrubt`hi `i Bm`ic
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Bmcptgr 4 Wrlci ^ulk`b Rgbur`ty cid D`scstgr ^rgvgit`hi
cid \gdubt`hi `i Bm`ic
4.3 Rtctg hj D`scstgrs `i B`t`gs / 22
4.3.3 Icturck D`scstgrs cid tmg \`so hj Wrlci ^ulk`b Rgbur`ty / 22
4.3.< Ruddgi Cbb`dgits cid tmg Wibgrtc`ity hj Wrlci ^ulk`b
Rgbur`ty / 24
4.3.2 Eukt`pkg D`scstgr-bcus`ia Jcbthrs cid tmg Bmckkgiag hj Wrlci
^ulk`b Rgbur`ty / 24
4.< Wrlci Bheprgmgis`vg D`scstgr \gdubt`hi Rystge / 24
4.
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Gxgbut`vgRueecry
7.
7.2.3 Rhb`ck Css`stcibg / 7>
7.2.< Rhb`ck Qgkjcrg Rgrv`bg /73
7.2.2 Rhb`ck Hraci`zct his cid Tmg`r Dgvgkhpegit / 72
7.2.4 Rhb`ck Rgrv bg @ist`tut`his / 72
7.2.7 Rhb`ck Rgrv bg Gxpgid`turg / 72
Bmcptgr : Wrlci ^kcii`ia cid Cde`i`strct`hi hj Bm`ic
:.3 Hvgrv`gw hj Wrlci ^kcii`ia cid Ecicagegit / 77
:.3.3 @eprhvgd Kgack Rystge jhr Wrlci cid \urck ^kcii`ia / 77
:.3.< ^ghpkg-hr`gitgd Bhibgpt `i Wrlci cid \urck ^kcii`ia / 7=
:.3.2 ^hpukcr`zgd ulk`b ^crt`b`pct`hi i Wrlci-rurck ^kcii`ia / :>
:.< ^kcii`ia jhr Khw-bcrlhi cid Gbh B`t gs / :7
:.
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Gxgbut`vgRueecry
B`t`gs crg tmg brystckk`zct`hi hj mueci b`v`k`zct`hi,
cid urlci`zct`hi `s ci `ephrtcit pcrt hj ehdgri`zct`hi.
R`ibg tmg kcuibm`ia hj rgjhre cid hpgi`ia-up prharce
hvgr 2> ygcrs cah, Bm`ic mcs qu`bogigd tmg pcbg hj
`idustr`ck`zct`hi cid urlci`zct`hi, w`tm bhisgqugit`ck
rcp`d urlci phpukct`hi `ibrgcsgs. Tmg gegragibg hj
b`ty bkustgrs cid bgitrck b`t`gs w`tm strhia `iugibg cid
dyice`se jhr dgvgkhpegit mcs lhhstgd tmg stclkg
cid rcp`d gbhihe`b dgvgkhpegit, shb`ck prhargss cid
prhspgr`ty, cid rgecroclkg `eprhvgegit hj pghpkgs k`vgs.
@. M`sthr`b Wrlci`zct`hi E`kgsthig
Ly tmg gid hj 33, Bm`ic mcd :71 b`t`gs w`tm c
eui`b`pck pghpkgs ahvgriegit. Tmg thtck crgc hj tmg
cde`i`strct`vg rga`his hj tmg b`t`gs ct vcr`hus kgvgks
rgcbmgd 7,>> squcrg o`khegtgrs, cbbhuit`ia jhr
74.2% hj Bm`ics thtck kcid ecss hj 0,:>>,>>> squcrg
o`khegtgrs. Tmg iuelgr hj dgs`aictgd thwis `ibrgcsgd
th 30,:=2.
Tmg thtck phpukct`hi hj Ec`ikcid Bm`ic rgcbmgd
clhut 3.27 l`kk`hi `i 33, `ibrgcs`ia ly :.44 e`kk`hijrhe tmg prgv`hus ygcr, w`tm c icturck arhwtm phpukct`hi
rctg hj 4.10%. Tmg urlci phpukct`hi cehuitgd th
:0>.10 e`kk`hi (73..3, 4:.=, cid 42.3%
rgspgbt`vgky. Bm`ics gbhihe`b caargactg `i tmg whrkd
mcs stgcd`ky r`sgi cid surpcssgd tmct hj Fcpci `i
3> wmgi Bm`ic lgbceg tmg whrkds sgbhid-kcragst
gbhihey cjtgr tmg WRC. Tmg AD^ pgr bcp`tc rgcbmgd
27,>=2 yuci, gqu`vckgit th 7,42< WR dhkkcrs wmgi
bhivgrtgd cbbhrd`ia th tmg cvgrcag `itgrgst rctg.
@i 33, tmg iuelgr hj gepkhygd rgcbmgd 1:4.
e`kk`hi pgrshis `i Bm`ic, `ibkud`ia 270.34 e`kk`hi
gepkhygd `i urlci crgcs. Tmg rga`stgrgd urlci
uigepkhyegit rctg ct tmg gid hj tmg ygcr wcs ct 4.3%.
Tmg cvgrcag d`sphsck `ibheg hj urlci rgs`dgits argw
th \EL yuci. Tmg prhphrt`hi hj tmg cvgrcag
d`sphsck `ibheg lgtwggi tmg urlci cid rurck rgs`dgits
wcs 2.3263.
@@. Gvhkut`hi hj \ga`hick Wrlci-rurck Rpct`ck
Crrciagegit
Jrhe >> th 3>, tmg spct`ck d`str`lut`hi hj
Bm`ics urlci phpukct`hi jurtmgr bgitrck`zgd cid
tmg rga`hick `elckcibg lgbceg ehrg caarcvctgd.
Tmg urlci phpukct`hi bhibgitrct`his cid `idustr`ck
caakhegrct`his mcvg arcduckky stcrtgd th jrhe c spct`ck
pcttgri w`tm twh mhr`zhitck cxgs, tmrgg vgrt`bck cxgs,eukt`pkg urlci phkgs cid hig urlci igtwhro. Tmg twh
kct`tud`ick cxgs rgjgr th tmg twh rga`his ckhia Khiamc`
\c`kwcy (K`ciyuiacia-Kcizmhu) jrhe gcst th wgst
cid tmg e`ddkg cid khwgr rgcbmgs hj tmg Pciatzg
\`vgr. Tmg tmrgg khia`tud`ick cxgs rgjgr th tmg bhcstck
crgc hj Bm`ic, tmg crgcs ckhia Lg`f`ia-Auciazmhu
cid Lg`f`ia-Mcrl`i \c`kwcys cid Lchthu-Ouie`ia
trcisphrtct`hi bhrr`dhrs. Tmg eukt`pkg urlci phkgs rgjgr
th tmg bgitrck b`t`gs ct vcr`hus kgvgks w`tm m`am bcpcb`ty
th clshrl phpukct`hi, m`am urlci`zct`hi kgvgk, m`amky
bhibgitrctgd jcbthrs hj prhdubt`hi, cid rgecroclkg
bheprgmgis`vg bhepgt`t`vg cdvcitcags. Tmgy cksh
rgjgr th tmg gstclk`smgd urlci caakhegrct`his tmctpgrjhre tmg rhkg `i rga`hick bhhrd`ict`hi cid akhlck
bhepgt`t`vgigss, `ibkud`ia Lg`f`ia, T`cif`i, Rmciamc`,
Auciazmhu, Rmgizmgi, Bmgiadu cid Bmhiaq`ia. Tmg
urlci igtwhro rgjgrs th ci `itgrbhiigbtgd systge hj
b`t`gs tmct rgk`gs hi rga`hick trcisphrt bhrr`dhrs cid
`ibkudgs urlci caakhegrct`his cid bgitrck b`t`gs ct
vcr`hus kgvgks cs ihdgs hj bhhrd`ictgd dgvgkhpegit.
Tmg hlfgbt`vg hj Bm`ics urlci`zct`hi strctgay `s
th pursg tmg pr`ib`pkgs jhr hvgrckk pkcii`ia, rct`hick
kcyhut cid `eprhvgegit hj urlci juibt`his, th ut`k`zg
kcrag b`t`gs th dr`vg tmg dgvgkhpegit hj seckkgr b`t`gs,
th jhkkhw tmg hlfgbt`vg kcw hj urlci dgvgkhpegit, th
arcduckky gstclk`sm urlci caakhegrct`his w`tm strhia
rga`hick juibt`his ly jhbus`ia hi tmg dgvgkhpegit hj
seckk cid `itgregd`ctg b`t`gs crhuid tmgsg kcrag b`t`gs,
cid th prhehtg tmg bhhrd`ictgd dgvgkhpegit hj b`t`gs
hj ckk s`zgs. @t jurtmgr sggos th gstclk`sm c strctga`b
urlci`zct`hi strubturg w`tm urlci caakhegrct`his cs
`ts bhrg cid htmgr urlci`zgd crgcs cid b`t`gs cs tmg
`ephrtcit bhephigits hj c lckcibgd urlci m`grcrbmy?
cs wgkk cs th arcduckky lu`kd urlci caakhegrct`his
w`tm lgttgr `itgrict`hick bhepgt`t`vgigss `i tmg
gcstgri rga`hi, cid th bukt`vctg cid dgvgkhp urlci
caakhegrct`his `i bgitrck cid wgstgri rga`his wmgrg
bhid`t`his ckkhw.
Gxgbut`vg Rueecry
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Gxgbut`vgRueecry
@@@. Bmckkgiags >j \urck-urlci E`arct`hi Jkhws
Tmg rcp`d dgvgkhpegit hj urlci gbhihe`gs cid
tmg trcisjhrect`hi hj rurck `idustr`ck strubturgs mcvg
prhehtgd tmg kcrag `ibrgcsg hj dhegst`b e`arct`hihws. @i 33, tmg e`arcit phpukct`hi `i Bm`ic rgcbmgd
e`kk`hi, `ibrgcs`ia ly =., urlci rgs`dgits pgr bcp`tc hhr
spcbg `i Bm`ic `ibrgcsgd th 23.: squcrg egtgrs `i
3> jrhe 3=.1 squcrg egtgrs `i 300=. Th giclkg ehst
urlci mhusgmhkds th k`vg `i sgpcrctg cts tmct bhijhre
th stcidcrds hj b`v`k`zct`hi cid mgcktm `s hig hj tmg
ecfhr tcragts hj tmg Bm`igsg ahvgriegit wm`kg lu`kd`iaup c e`ddkg bkcss shb`gty `i ci ckk-rhuid wcy ly .
Tmg Bm`igsg ahvgriegit `s dgd`bctgd th gstclk`sm`ia
c shb`ck mhus`ia systge w`tm khw-rgit mhus`ia, pulk`b
rgitck mhus`ia, cjjhrdclkg mhus`ia cid j`xgd-pr`bg
mhus`ia, wmgrgly tmg khw-rgit mhus`ia mcs c shb`ck
mhus`ia bmcrcbtgr? cjjhrdclkg mhus`ia `s prhv`dgd jhr
egd`ue- cid khw-`ibheg mhusgmhkds cid pulk`b rgitck
mhus`ia cid j`xgd-pr`bg mhus`ia jhr egd`ue-`ibheg
mhusgmhkds. @i tm`s rgacrd, tmg `ist`tut`hick eprhvgegit
ly ahvgriegits, gspgb`ckky `i tgres hj bcp`tck, kcid cid
cde`i`strct`hi, mcs lgbheg tmg ogy jhr tmg kcrag-sbckg
bhistrubt`hi hj c lrhcd rciag hj shb`ck mhus`ia,
Jrhe >7 th 3>, Bm`ic kcuibmgd vcr`hus
shb`ck mhus`ia prhfgbts lgs`dgs c prharce jhr tmg
rgihvct`hi hj 3:.2 e`kk`hi smcity ui`ts, cid bhepkgtgd
tmg bhistrubt`hi hj 33 e`kk`hi rgs`dgit ck ui`ts. Ly tmg
gid hj 3>, Bm`ic mcd shkvgd tmg mhus`ia prhlkges
jhr igcrky , `ivgstegits `i urlci `ijrcstrubturg
cehuitgd th 3,42>.7 l`kk`hi yuci, `ibrgcs`ia ly 377%
bhepcrgd w`tm tmct `i >7? jcb`k`t`gs jhr urlci wctgrsuppky, wcstg wctgr trgctegit, acrlcag d`sphsck, acs
suppky, mgct suppky, trcisphrtct`hi, cs wgkk cs pcros
cid urlci arggi spcbg wgrg s`ai`j`bcitky uparcdgd
cid mueci sgttkgegit giv`rhiegit wcs bhit`iuhusky
`eprhvgd.
Z@. Wrlci ^ulk`b Rcjgty cid D`scstgr
^rgvgit`hi cid E`t`act`hi
Wrlci pulk`b sgbur`ty usuckky rgjgrs th gvgits
gidciagr`ia urlci k`jg cid prhpgrty, `ibkud`ia icturck
d`scstgrs k`og gcrtmqucogs, hhds, cid kcidsk`dgs cid
cbb`dgit d`scstgrs subm cs giv`rhiegitck phkkut`hi,
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Gxgbut`vgRueecry
`ijgbt`hus d`sgcsg, hr jhhd ph`shi`ia, lut gxbkud`ia
shb`ck sgbur`ty `ib`dgits k`og tgrrhr`st cttcbos, mhstcag-
tco`ia, cid ffiicib`ck br`s`s.
Bm`ic `s hig hj tmg whrkds whrst icturck d`scstgr-
prhig bhuitr`gs, gxphsgd w`tm c argct vcr`gty hj
d`scstgrs w`tm c w`dg agharcpm`bck bhvgrcag, m`am
hbburrgibg jrgqugiby cid muag khssgs. Wrlci sgbur`ty
ecttgrs tmgrgjhrg bhepr`sg w`tm sgvgrg cid bhepk`bctgd
s`tuct`his. Ct tmg stctg kgvgk, tmg Bm`igsg ahvgriegit
mcs bhishk`dctgd tmg d`scstgr prgvgit`hi cid e`t`act`hi
cid `eprhvgd d`scstgr gegragiby ecicagegit
systge, wm`bm s`ai`ffibcitky gimcibgs Bm`ics d`scstgr
prgvgit`hi cid e`t`act`hi bcpcl`k`ty. Bm`ic mcs `i`t`ckky
gstclk`smgd c bheprgmgis`vg bhhrd`ict`hi egbmci`se
jhr d`scstgr prgvgit`hi, rgdubt`hi cid rgk`gj, wm`bm
`s au`dgd ly tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k, bhhrd`ictgd ly tmg
Hjj`bg hj Rtctg Jkhhd Bhitrhk cid Drhuamt \gk`gjMgcdqucrtgrs cid tmg Ict`hick Bhee`ttgg jhr D`scstgr
\gdubt`hi, cid gxgbutgd ly rgkgvcit dgpcrtegits `i
fh`it cbt`his. Ct tmg eui`b`pck kgvgk, tmg dgvgkhpegit
hj urlci bheprgmgis`vg systge jhr d`scstgr rgdubt`hi,
bhit`iagiby ecicagegit cid d`scstgr prgvgit`hi
cid rgdubt`hi pkcii`ia pkcys ci `ephrtcit rhkg `i
scjgaucrd`ia urlci pulk`b sgbur`ty.
Cssur`ia urlci pul k`b sgbur` ty iht hiky rgqu`rgs
bhit`iagiby ecicagegit jhr d`scstgrs, lut cksh
iggds th lu`kd rgcshiclkg `ijrcstrubturgs jhr d`scstgr
rgdubt`hi, gstclk`sm shuid urlci d`scstgr rgdubt`hi
systges, cid ecog prhargss `i tmg jhur cspgbts hj
kga`skct`hi, ecicagegit, tgbmi`bck stcidcrd cidtgbmihkha`bck supphrt.
Z@@. Lcs`b ^ulk`b Rgrv`bgs `i B`t`gs
Tmg Twgkjtm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci jhr tmg Ict`hick Lcs`b
^ulk`b Rgrv`bg Rystge ph`its hut tmct gxtgid`ia lcs`b
pulk`b sgrv`bgs th ckk Bm`igsg pghpkg `s ct tmg `iihvct`hi
bhrg hj pulk`b sgrv`bgs dgvgkhpegit, jrhe bhibgpt th tmg
`ist`tut`hi. @t `s ci hlk`act`hi hj tmg ahvgriegit th cssurg
tmct gvgry b`t`zgi gifhys lcs`b pulk`b sgrv`bgs. Tmg sbhpg
hj lcs`b pulk`b sgrv`bgs agigrckky `ibkudgs tmhsg sgrv`bgs
tmct eggt tmg lcs`b iggds hj pghpkgs k`vgk`mhhd, k`og
gdubct`hi, gepkhyegit, shb`ck sgbur`ty, mgcktm bcrg cid
jce`ky pkcii`ia, mhus`ia sgbur`ty, bukturg cid sphrts, cid
tmhsg crgcs tmct crg bkhsgky bhiigbtgd w`tm pghpkgs k`v`ia
giv`rhiegit, k`og trcisphrtct`hi, tgkgbheeui`bct`his,
pulk`b jcb`k`t`gs cid tmg giv`rhiegit, cs wgkk cs tmhsg
j`gkds tmct scjgaucrd tmg pulk`b sgbur`ty, k`og pulk`b
sgbur`ty, bhisuept`hi cid ict`hick dgjgisg.
Lcs`b shb`ck sgrv`bgs tmg ahvgriegit w`kk prhv`dg
dur`ia tmg Twgkjtm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd `ibkudg tmg
e`i`eue suls`stgibg ckkhwcibg cid spgb`ck rgk`gj
jhr tmg urlci cid rurck arhups gxpgr`gib`ia j`icib`ck
d`jffibukt`gs, `ibkud`ia k`jg bcrg cid ectgr`ck css`stcibg
jhr jhhds, bkhtmgs, mhus`ia, egd`bck bcrg cid juigrck
jhr tmg "ffivg aucrcitggs" jce`k`gs `i rurck crgcs? rgk`gj
jhr pghpkg cjjgbtgd ly icturck d`scstgrs? shb`ck sgrv`bgs
jhr vcarcits cid lgaacrs w`tmhut sgburgd urlci
k`vgk`mhhds? wgkjcrg sgrv`bgs jhr tmg spgb`ck iggds
arhups `ibkud`ia tmg d`sclkgd, hrpmcis cid tmg egitckky
bmckkgiagd gtb.? lcs`b gkdgrky bcrg sgrv`bgs? jcvhrclkg
trgctegit, bhepgisct`hi cid sgttkgegit sgrv`bgs
jhr vcr`hus arhups git`tkgd hj prgjgrgit`ck trgctegit?
jrgg ecrr`cag rga`strct`hi sgrv`bgs jhr urlci cid rurck
rgs`dgits? cid lcs`b juigrck sgrv`bgs th tmg dgbgcsgd.
Z@@@. Rhb`ck Rgrv`bg Rystge jhr tmg Gkdgrky
Tmg Bm`igsg shb`gty `s cjjgbtgd ly rcp`d arhwtm
hj tmg iuelgr hj gkdgrky pghpkg. @i 3>, tmg iuelgr
hj pghpkg cagd :> cid clhvg rgcbmgd 31= e`kk`hi,
cbbhuit`ia jhr 32.2% hj tmg thtck phpukct`hi. Tmg
iuelgr hj pghpkg cagd :7 cid clhvg rgcbmgd 330
e`kk`hi, cbbhuit`ia jhr =.0% hj tmg thtck phpukct`hi.@t `s prgd`bctgd tmct, `i , tmg iuelgr hj hkd
pghpkg hvgr :> w`kk `ibrgcsg th urlci bheeui`t`gs (ig`amlhrmhhd bhee`ttggs)
cid 3,24>,>>> rgs`dgits arhups `i Bm`ic hpgrct`ia
3:>,>>> bheeui`ty sgrv`bg jcb`k`t`gs, cid 472,>>>
bhivgi`git sgrv`bg hutkgts. Tmgrg wgrg370,>>>
bheeui`ty vhkuitggr sgrv`bg hraci`zct`his cid
3,>=0,>>> pgrshis whro`ia `i tmg bheeui`t`gs. Tmgrg
wgrg 420,>>> bheeui`ty bhee`ttgg egelgrs cid
3,>70,>>> bheeui`ty pulk`b sgrv`bg whrogrs. Clhut
7,>1:,>>> bheeui`ty rgs`dgits lgbceg vhkuitggrs jhr
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]@
Gxgbut`vgRueecry
tmg`r bheeui`t`gs cid bhist`tutgd tmg lcbolhig jhr
prheht`ia bheeui`ty dgvgkhpegit cid sgrv`bgs.
@i 33, tmgrg wgrg 33,471,>>> mhusgmhkds cid
> pgrshis git`tkgd th suls`stgibg ckkhwcibg
`i Bm`ics urlci crgcs. Tmg cvgrcag urlci suls`stgibg
ckkhwcibg wcs \EL
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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3TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3 ehst phpukctgd b`t`gs cbbhuitgd
jhr , cid lgbceg mheg th c phpukct`hi hj
igcrky 7> e`kk`hi. Tmg thtck phpukct`hi hj tmrgg bgitrck
b`t`gs hj Lg`f`ia, Rmciamc` cid Auciazmhu `ibrgcsgd ly
37.4> e`kk`hi w`tm`i 3> ygcrs, cid tmg`r pgrbgitcag `i tmg
phpukct`hi hj ckk prgjgbturg-kgvgk b`t`gs `ibrgcsgd th 4.7%
`i 3> jrhe 2.7% `i >>. @i tmg gcstgri bhstck crgc, tmg
phpukct`hi dgis`ty hj tmg tmrgg crgcs hj tmg Pciatzg \`vgr
Dgktc, ^gcrk \`vgr Dgktc cid Lg`f`ia-T`cif`i-Mglg` \ga`hi
wmgrg b`t`gs cid thwis crg dgisgky d`str`lutgd rgcbmgd
cs m`am cs 120 pgrshi pgr squcrg o`khegtgr, :>= pgrshi
pgr squcrg o`khegtgr cid 4=3 pgrshi pgr squcrg o`khegtgr
rgspgbt`vgky? wm`kg dur`ia tmg sceg pgr`hd hj t`eg, tmg
cvgrcag phpukct`hi dgis`ty `i Bm`ic wcs 34> pgrshi pgr
squcrg o`khegtgr cid tmg phpukct`hi dgis`ty `i wgstgri
Bm`ic wcs hiky 72 pgrshi pgr squcrg o`khegtgr.
B`t`gs crg tmg brystckk`zct`hi hj mueci b`v`k`zct`hi,
cid urlci`zct`hi `s ci `ephrtcit pcrt hj ehdgri`zct`hi.
Thdcy, urlci`zct`hi `s bmcia`ia hur whrkd cid hur wcy
hj k`jg `i s`ai`ffibcit wcys. Tmg gegra`ia gbhihe`gs cid
dgvgkhp`ia bhuitr`gs, w`tm e`kk`his hj pghpkg fh`i`ia
tmg urlci phpukct`hi gvgry dcy, mcvg lgbheg tmg ec`i
jhrbg dr`v`ia urlci`zct`hi `i tmg whrkd.
R`ibg tmg kcuibm`ia hj rgjhre cid hpgi`ia-up
prharce hvgr 2> ygcrs cah, Bm`ic mcs qu`bogigd tmg
pcbg hj `idustr`ck`zct`hi cid urlci`zct`hi, w`tm urlci
phpukct`hi `ibrgcs`ia jrhe 31> e`kk`hi th sheg 1>>
e`kk`hi. Tmg gegragibg hj c iuelgr hj b`ty bkustgrs w`tm
strhia `ijkugibg cid dyice`se jhr dgvgkhpegit mcs
lhhstgd tmg gbhihe`b cid shb`ck dgvgkhpegit.
3.3 Hvgrv`gw hj Wrlci`zct`hi Dgvgkhpegit
Ly tmg gid hj 33, tmgrg wgrg :71 b`t`gs `i Bm`ic,
`ibkud`ia 4 eui`b`pck`t`gs d`rgbtky uidgr tmg bgitrck
ahvgriegit, 37 sul-prhv`ib`ck b`t`gs, bhuity-kgvgk b`t`gs. Tmg thtck crgc
hj cde`i`strct`vg rga`his hj tmg b`t`gs ct vcr`hus kgvgks
cbbhuitgd jhr clhut mckj hj Bm`ics kcid crgc. Tmg
iuelgr hj tmg dgs`aictgd thwis `ibrgcsgd th 30,:=2.
Tmgrg wgrg 2> b`t`gs w`tm c pgrecigit rgs`dgit
phpukct`hi hj hvgr = e`kk`hi, cehia wm`bm 32 b`t`gs wgrgw`tm c phpukct`hi gxbggd`ia 3> e`kk`hi.
Cbbhrd `ia th tmg kctgst stc t`s t`bs, tmg phpukct `hi
k`v`ia `i b`t`gs cid thwis surpcssgd tmg phpukct`hi `i
rurck crgc jhr tmg ffirst t`eg `i Bm`ic th rgcbm :0> e`kk`hi,
rgprgsgit`ia c m`sthr`bck bmciag hj Bm`ics shb`ck
strubturg. Tmg urlci`zct`hi rctg mcs rgec`igd jc`rky jhr
c khia t`eg, rgcbm`ia 73., cid 32.4:% jhr tmg pgr`hd jrhe >>
th 3>.
Ecp 3-3 Wrlci ^hpukct`hi Dgis`ty `i Bm`ic, 3>
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< TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3 th 3>, tmg thtck phpukct`hi arhwtm `ithp b`t`gs w`tm tmg m`amgst phpukct`hi arhwtm rctg `i
Bm`ic rgcbmgd cs m`am cs 2=.== e`kk`hi, cbbhuit`ia jhr
47.2% hj tmg thtck arhwtm hj phpukct`hi `i ckk prgjgbturg-
kgvgk b`t`gs. Q`tm tmg gxbgpt`hi hj tmhsg spgb`ffib rgshurbg
b`t`gs k`og Ocrcecy cid Grdhs, c ecfhr`ty hj tmgsg b`t`gs
crg khbctgd `i tmg Pciatzg \`vgr Dgktc, ^gcrk \`vgr Dgktc
cid Lg`f`ia-T`cif`i-Mglg` \ga`hi. Dur`ia tmg pgr`hd jrhe
>> th 3>, tmg thtck phpukct`hi arhwtm `i thp b`t`gs
w`tm tmg m`amgst phpukct`hi arhwtm `i Bm`ic rgcbmgd cs
m`am cs 40.>7 e`kk`hi, cbbhuit`ia jhr 71.> th 3> rgcbmgd hvgr 42.>> e`kk`hi, wmgrg tmg
Lg`f`ia-T`cif`i-Mglg` \ga`hi cbbhuitgd jhr tmg arhwtm
hj 0.:7 e`kk`hi, tmg 3: b`t`gs hj Pciatzg \`vgr Dgktc
cbbhuitgd jhr tmg arhwtm hj hvgr . e`kk`hi cid tmg 0
b`t`gs hj tmg ^gcrk \`vgr Dgktc cbbhuitgd jhr tmg arhwtm hj
32. e`kk`hi. @i cdd`t`hi, tmg Ihrtmwgst Bm`ic, jgcturgd
w`tm jrca`kg gbhkha`bck giv`rhiegit, k`e`tgd bheprgmgis`vg
bcrry`ia bcpcb`ty cid jrgqugit d`scstgrs, st`kk ec`itc`igd cm`am phpukct`hi arhwtm rctg.
3.
wgrg ec`iky bgitgrgd `i tmg tmrgg egtrhphk`tci crgcs
hj Pciatzg \`vgr Dgktc, ^gcrk \`vgr Dgktc cid Lg`f`ia-
T`cif`i-Mglg` \ga`hi, Rmcidhia ^gi`isukc, tmg e`d-
shutm hj K`chi`ia ^rhv`ibg cid tmg bhcstck crgc hj
Juf`ci rhv`ibg. Mhwgvgr, gxbgpt Rmcidhia ^gi`isukcr
cid tmg e`d-shutm hj K`chi`ia ^rhv`ibg, tmg gbhihe`b
arhwtm rctg cid arhwtm rctg hj AD^ pgr bcp`tc `i ckk
tmgsg tmrgg egtrhphk`tci crgcs w`tigssgd c rgecroclkg
Ecp 3-4 Gbhihe`b Dgvgkhpegit Kgvgks cid Arhwtm \ctgs
hj rgjgbturg-kgvgk B`t`gs i Bm`ic, 3>Ecp 3-2 Arhwtm hj grecigit hpukct`hi `i rgjgbturg-
kgvgk B`t`gs, Bm`ic, >>-3>
^hpukct`hi arhwtm rctg hj b`t`gs (bhuit`gs),
Bm`ic, >>-3>, (%)
Ecp 3-< Arhwtm \ctg hj ^grecigit ^hpukct`hi `i B`t`gs
(D`str`bts), Bm`ic, >>-3>
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2TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3>%. Egciwm`kg,
Vmch Thia, khbctgd `i Rhutmgcstgri lhrdgr hj Bm`ic,
`s tmg b`ty w`tm tmg khwgst urlci`zct`hi kgvgk wmgrg tmg
phpukct`hi w`tm ihi-car`bukturck mhusgmhkd rga`strct`hi
cehuitgd th hiky 34.==% `i 3> (Cbbhrd`ia th
stct`st`bs hj R`xtm Ict`hick ^hpukct`hi Bgisus, tmg
phpukct`hi `i tmg b`ty cid thwis hj Vmchthia cbbhuitgd
jhr
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4 TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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7TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3% cid `s `i rcp`d dgvgkhpegit. Tm`s hjjgrs c muag
dgvgkhpegit phtgit`ck cid ecrogt hpphrtui`t`gs. Ct tmg sceg t`eg, Bm`ic jcbgs bmckkgiags hj hpt`e`z`ia
tmg kcyhut cid jhre hj urlci`zct`hi, prheht`ia tmg trcisjgr hj rurck phpukct`his `ith b`t`gs, cid `eprhv`ia
tmg sustc`icl`k`ty hj tmg b`ty.
Clhut tmrgg qucrtgrs hj tmg GWs phpukct`hi k`vgs `i ci urlci bhitgxt. Tmg GW cid `ts Egelgr
Rtctgs mcvg dgvgkhpgd c bheprgmgis`vg jrcegwhro cid cbbueukctgd r`bm gxpgr`gibg rgkct`ia th urlci
dgvgkhpegit, wm`kg jcb`ia bmckkgiags hj gigray cid icturck rgshurbg bhisgrvct`hi cid tmg rgdubt`hi hj
arggimhusg acs ge`ss`his.
Lhtm s`dgs rgbhai`zg tmct tmg bheehi `itgrgsts cid syigray lgtwggi hur rgspgbt`vg khia-tgre
gbhihe`b strctga`gs mcvg kc`d c shuid jhuidct`hi cid lrhuamt m`sthr`bck hpphrtui`t`gs `i tcbok`ia
thagtmgr tmg bmckkgiags hj urlci`zct`hi cid fh`itky prheht`ia mgcktmy urlci`zct`hi dgvgkhpegit.
Tmgrgjhrg, lhtm s`dgs dgbkcrg tmct gjjhrts w`kk lg stgppgd up bgitgr`ia hi tmg Bm`ic-GW ^crtigrsm`p
hi Wrlci`zct`hi (mgrg`icjtgr rgjgrrgd th cs tmg ^crtigrsm`p)6
3. Lhtm s`dgs cjffire tmg`r bhee`tegit th tmg hlfgbt`vgs cid pr`hr`t`gs hj tmg Fh`it Bheeui`qu hj tmg
34tm Bm`ic-GW Ruee`t cid prhehtg tmg sehhtm dgvgkhpegit hj tmg ^crtigrsm`p, wm`kg `epkgegit`ia
Bm`ics 3
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: TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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1TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3, tmg ibheg hj urlci cid rurck rgs`dgits
`i Rmciamc` wcs tmg m`amgst `i Bm`ic, clhut = t`egs rgspgbt`vgky tmct hj Acisu, tmg prhv`ibg
w`tm tmg khwgst. Tmgrg wgrg cksh kcrag d`jjgrgibgs
lgtwggi urlci cid rurck rgs`dgits hj d`jjgrgit rga`his `i
tgres hj gxpgid`turg jhr bhisuept`hi. Tcog tmg dctc hj
Rmciamc` cid Acisu jhr gxcepkg, Rmciamc` wcs ygcrs
jrhe >> th 3>, tmg prhphrt`hi hj tmg phpukct`hi
w`tm fui`hr bhkkgag cid clhvg gdubct`hi `i F`ciasu
^rhv`ibg hj gcstgri Bm`ic rhsg smcrpky jrhe 2.0.=3%? dur`ia tmg sceg pgr`hd, tmg prhphrt`hi hj
tmg phpukct`hi w`tm fui`hr bhkkgag cid clhvg gdubct`hi
`i Au`zmhu ^rhv`ibg hj wgstgri Bm`ic hiky rhsg jrhe
2.02% th 7.% `i Lg`f`ia `i 3>, wm`bm wcs 3.= t`egs tmct hj
`ts ig`amlhr`ia b`ty T`cif`i (31.4=%) cid 4.2 t`egs tmct
hj Mglg` ^rhv`ibg (1.2>%). Dur`ia tmg sceg pgr`hd, tmg
`kk`tgrcby rctg (prhphrt`hi hj `kk`tgrctg phpukct`hi hj 37
ygcrs hkd cid clhvg) hj Lg`f`ia `i 3> wcs 3.1%, cid
3.0:% jhr Auciadhia ^rhv`ibg, wm`kg tmg rctgs wgrg cs
m`am cs >>
pgrshis)
(%)hj
tmg
ict`hick
thtck
AD^ (3>>
e`kk`hi
Puci)
(%)hj tmg
ict`hick
thtck
Kcid crgc
(3>,>>>
squcrg
o`khegtgrs)
(%)hj tmg
ict`hick
thtck
A^D pgr
bcp`tc
(Puci/
pgrshi)
AD^ pgr kcid crgc
(3>,>>> Puci/
squcrg o`khegtgr)
Gcstgrirga`hi
7>,::2.1 2=.> .1 72.3 03.: 0.7 47,10= ,074.0 =.< 21,402.7 =.: 1=.= =.< 24,>.> 4>3, 3>>.> 0:>.> 3>>.>
Ecp 3-= Rpct`ck D`str`lut`hi hj ^hpukct`hi w`tm Gdubct`hi clhvg Fui`hr
Bhkkgag Kgvgk `i 3>
Rhurbg6 Tmg Bheeui`qu hi Ecfhr J`aurgs hj tmg R`xtm Ict`hick
^hpukct`hi Bgisus
Kgagid ui`t6 %
Rhurbg6 Bm`ic Rtct`st`bck Pgcrlhho 33
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= TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3 e`kk`hi squcrg o`khegtgrs, cid ly dgdubt`ia
tmg crclkg kcid tmct eust lg prhtgbtgd cid tmgkcid tmct mcs lggi usgd jhr bhistrubt`hi, tmg kcid
crgc cvc`kclkg jhr juturg `idustr`ck cid urlci`zct`hi
dgvgkhpegit cid bhistrubt`hi jhr htmgr purphsgs
`s clhut ,>>> squcrg o`khegtgrs, cbbhuit`ia jhr
clhut 2% hj Bm`ics thtck kcid crgc. @i tmg rgbgit
j`vg ygcrs, tmg crgc hj igwky cddgd bhistrubt`hi
kcid cpprhvgd ly tmg stctg bhuib`k cid prhv`ib`ck
ahvgriegits gcbm ygcr gxbggdgd 4,>>> squcrg
o`khegtgrs, cid gvgi rgcbmgd tmg rgbhrd m`am hj
7,=11 squcrg o`khegtgrs `i >0. Cbbhrd`ia th tmg
prgd`bt`his, tmg urlci phpukct`hi w`kk `ibrgcsg ly 3>
e`kk`hi ciiuckky `i tmg juturg 3> ygcrs cid tmg suppky
hj bhistrubt`hi kcid `s mcrdky hpt`e`st`b.
Tmg bhitrcd`bt`hi rgec`is cbutg lgtwggi crclkg kcid
prhtgbt`hi cid tmg sgr`hus spcbg smhrtcag iggdgd jhr
urlci cid rurck gxpcis`hi. Tmg pr`ib`pck arc`is-prhdubia
crgcs hj Bm`ic cid tmg crgcs su`tclkg jhr urlci cid
rurck bhistrubt`hi crg m`amky hvgrkcpp`ia, rgsukt`ia `i tmg
tgisg rgkct`hism`p lgtwggi crclkg kcid cid bhistrubt`hi
kcid. Tm`s rgqu`rgs hvgrckk pkcii`ia `i hrdgr th mcidkg tmg
rgkct`hism`p lgtwggi urlci dgvgkhpegit cid prhtgbt`hi
hj crclkg kcid. Tcog tmg Ru`tcl`k`ty @ Crgc tmct `s ehst
su`tclkg jhr urlci dgvgkhpegit cid mueci sgttkgegitjhr gxcepkg, tm`s Crgc cbbhuits jhr 30% hj tmg kcid crgc
hj Bm`ic, cid prhv`dgs 77% hj Bm`ics crclkg kcid tmg
Ru`tcl`k`ty @@ Crgc cbbhuits jhr % hj tmg whrkd cvgrcag. Tmg m`am quck`ty crclkg kcid
hiky cbbhuitgd jhr hig tm`rd hj tmg thtck crclkg kcid. Tmg
lcboup crclkg kcid rgsgrvg wcs clhut > e`kk`hi eu,
cid :>% hj tmg rgsgrvg wgrg khbctgd `i crgcs w`tm eciy
rgstr`bt`vg jcbthrs jhr dgvgkhpegit cid ut`k`zct`hi, subm cs
`isujffib`git wctgr rgshurbgs cid jrca`kg gbhsystges.
Fhl-muit`ia hj \urck E`arcit Qhrogrs
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0TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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3> TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3 rgcbmgd > e`kk`hi, hr =3.>2% jrhe >>. Tmg cbbgkgrctgd
ehvgegit hj rurck kclhr jhrbg cid rcp`d urlci gbhihe`b
dgvgkhpegit jhr tmgsg ygcrs wgrg rgsphis`lkg jhr tmg
kcrag `ibrgcsg hj hct`ia phpukct`hi.
Cbbhrd`ia th tmg Rtct`st`bck Bheeuiqug hi tmg 33
Ict`hick Gbhihe`b cid Rhb`ck Dgvgkhpegit, tmg thtck
iuelgr hj rurck e`arcit whrogrs `i 33 (tmg ciiuck
iuelgr hj rurck e`arcit whrogrs `ibkudgs rurck e`arcit
whrogrs whro`ia huts`dg hj tmg`r mhegthwis jhr hvgr s`x
ehitms w`tm`i tmg burrgit ygcr cid tmg khbck rurck whrogrs
giaca`ia i ihi-car`bukturck idustr`gs jhr hvgr s`x ehitms
`i tmg`r mhegthwis w`tm`i tmg burrgit ygcr) rgcbmgd
, cid tmg iuelgr hj khbck rurck whrogrs rgcbmgd
04.37 e`kk`hi, ibrgcsia ly 7.0% jrhe 3>.
M`am ehl`k`ty hj phpukct`hi phsgs argct prgssurghi bheprgmgis`vg shb`ck suppky jhr rcp`dky urlci`z`ia
crgcs cid crgcs w`tm phpukct`hi drc`i. Tmg m`amky
spct`ck uibgrtc`ity hj tmg phpukct`hi ehl`k`ty rgsuktgd
`i tmg dhulkg suppky cid dhulkg `dk`ia hj pulk`b
rgshurbgs. Tcog Rmuidg B`ty, Auciadhia ^rhv`ibg
jhr gxcepkg. Dur`ia tmg 3> ygcrs jrhe 300= th >=,
tmg thtck phpukct`hi hj tmg b`ty `ibrgcsgd ly :72,>>>
(`ibrgcs`ia ly 4:.4%), wmgrg tmg phpukct`hi w`tm
mhusgmhkd rga`strct`hi `i Rmuidg `ibrgcsgd ly 340,>>>
(`ibrgcs`ia ly clhut 34.4,>>> (`ibrgcs`ia ly 34
Ecp 3-33 Arhwtm Bhgjffib`git hj Wrlci Igt ^hpukct`hi
@ihw, Bm`ic, 3>
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33TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3% jhr tmg
ffirst t`eg. Mhwgvgr, tmgrg rgec`igd ci `ephrtcit jcbt hj ihi-
rgs`dgit`ck`zct`hi hj hvgr > e`kk`hi rurck e`arcit whrogrs `itmg urlci phpukct`hi. Tmg rgs`dgibg hj rurck e`arcit whrogrs
`i tmg `ihw b`t`gs tgidgd th lg hi khia tgre cid tmg`r cvgrcag
gepkhyegit t`eg `i tmg burrgit b`t`gs wcs 7.2 ygcrs, cid
clhut 4>% hj tmge gxbggd`ia 7 ygcrs cid clhut % hj tmge
gxbggd`ia 3> ygcrs. Tm`s `id`bctgd ci `ibrgcs`iaky rgecroclkg
tgidgiby hj e`arct`hi tmct ehst hj tmg e`arcit whrogrs lgbceg
e`arcits dg jcbth. Ly tmg gid hj 3>, tmg rurck e`arcit whrogrs
cbbhuitgd jhr hvgr mckj hj tmg urlci gepkhyggs whro`ia `i tmg
eciujcbtur`ia cid prhbgss`ia `idustry, bhistrubt`hi, gxbcvct`hi
`idustry, cid sgrv`bg `idustry `ibkud`ia sci`tct`hi, mhusgoggp`ia
cid bctgr`ia, gtb. Tmg rurck e`arcit whrogrs ecdg `ephrtcit
bhitr`lut`his th tmg urlci dgvgkhpegit. Mhwgvgr, tmgy ckwcys
kcbogd hj tmg sgisg hj lgkhia`iaigss th tmg b`t`gs wmgrg tmgywhrogd cid jgkt mcrd th ffit `ith tmg b`t`gs. Tmhuam tmgy kgjt tmg
rurck bheeui`t`gs, `t wcs st kk mcrd jhr tmge th ffit `ith tmg urlci
bheeui`t`gs cid gjjgbt`vgky prhtgbt tmg`r hwi `itgrgsts cid
r`amts. Tmg wgkjcrg acp wcs lgbhe`ia kcragr lgtwggi tmg urlci
rgs`dgits cid urlci e`arcit whrogrs. Rurvgys smhwgd tmct
tmg prhphrt`hi hj rurck e`arcit whrogrs pcrt`b`pct`ia `i pgis`hi
`isurcibg, egd`bck `isurcibg, whro-rgkctgd `ifury `isurcibg
cid uigepkhyegit `isurcibg rgcbmgd 3=.> yuci cid tmg thtck bhst jhr tmg urlci rgs`dgit`ck`zct`hi
hj tmg e`kk`hi rurck e`arcit whrogrs rgcbmgs hvgr
tr`kk`hi yuci. Mhwgvgr, `t `s tmg `rrgs`st`lkg agigrck trgid th
prhehtg tmg urlci rgs`dgit`ck`zct`hi hj tmg rurck e`arcit
whrogrs, cid tmg urlci rgs`dgit`ck`zct`hi hj tmg rurck e`arcit
whrogrs s ci ephrtcit jhuidct`hi th shk`d`jy tmg urlci`zct`hi
cid `i sheg sgisg `s ehrg `ephrtcit tmci rcp`dky `ibrgcs`ia
tmg urlci`zct`hi kgvgk. Tmgrg `s eubm th lg dhig th gimcibg
tmg gquck cbbgss th lcs`b pulk`b sgrv`bgs th cttrcbt rurck
e`arcit whrogrs th sgttkg dhwi `i urlci crgcs, jcb`k`tctg tmg
urlci rgs`dgit`ck`zct`hi hj tmg rurck e`arcit whrogrs th ckkhw
quck`ffigd rurck e`arcit whrogrs th sgttkg dhwi `i tmg pkcbgs
hj tmg`r gepkhyegits `i ci hrdgrky eciigr, rct`hickky au`dg
tmg hw hj phpukct`hi, hpt`e`zg tmg d`str`lut`hi hj b`t`gs cid
thwis, sh cs th prhehtg tmg bh-smcr`ia hj tmg cbm`gvgegits
hj rgjhre cid dgvgkhpegit w`tm tmg rurck e`arcit whrogrs.
Ecp 3-3< \ga`hick D`str`lut`hi hj ^hpukct`hi Jkhw `i
^rgjgbturg-kgvgk B`t`gs, 3>
Ecp 3-32 @ibrgegit hj Igt ^hpukct`hi @ihw hj B`t`gs,
Bm`ic, >>-3>
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3< TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3. Hi tmg lcs`s hj tmg ^rhphsck, Bmhiaq`ia
cksh jhreukctgd tmrgg bhrg bhrrgsphid`ia egcsurgs hi rurck kcid trcisjgr cid ut`k`zct`hi, mhusgmhkd
rga`strct`hi trcisjgr cid shb`ck sgbur`ty.
J`rstky,J`vg Bkhtmgswgrg prhv`dgd ct hig ah. (3) ^gis`hi `isurcibg. 3,==>,>>> mhusgmhkd
trcisjgrrgd rgs`dgits thho hut vcr`hus pgis`hi `isurcibgs, cbbhuit`ia jhr 1=.2% hj ckk tmg mhusgmhkd
trcisjgrrgd rgs`dgits. Cehia tmge, > jcregrs wmh khst tmg`r kcids dug th gxprhpr`ct`hi hj kcid
jhr bhistrubt`hi cppk`gd jhr tco`ia hut pgis`hi `isurcibg wm`bm `s bctgrgd spgb`ffibckky jhr jcregrs wmh
mcvg bmciagd jrhe car`bukturck th ihi-car`bukturck stctus dug th kcid gxprhpr`ct`hi cid 33=,>>> gkdgrky
pgrshis stcrtgd th rgbg`vg pgis`hi hj ct kgcst 7>> yuci gcbm ehitm. Hj tmg 3,0>> mhusgmhkd trcisjgrrgd
rgs`dgits wmh cppk`gd jhr tco`ia hut pgis`hi `isurcibg wm`bm `s bctgrgd spgb`ffibckky jhr jcregrs wmh mcvg
bmciagd jrhe rurck th urlci stctus dug th kcid trcisjgr, 0
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32TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3> yuci gcbm ehitm. (> pgrshis pcrt`b`pctgd
`i vcr`hus egd`bck `isurcibg prharces,
cbbhuit`ia jhr =2.0% hj ckk tmg pgrshiigk
bhibgrigd. (2)Gepkhyegit. Bmhiaq`ia
bhidubtgd gepkhyegit cid gitrgprgigursm`p
trc`i`ias jhr 3> mhusgmhkd trcisjgrrgd
rgs`dgits, rgbheegidgd fhls jhr hvgr >
pgrshis, `ssugd sgburgd e`brh khcis hj 3=.=0
e`kk`hi yuci th mhusgmhkd trcisjgrrgd rgs`dgits
wmh stcrtgd tmg`r hwi lus`igss, crrciagd fhls
jhr 247 d`sbmcragd shkd`grs wmhsg stctus mcvg
bmciagd th urlci rgs`dgit stctus, css`stgd
2,>=7 d`sbmcragd shkd`grs wmhsg stctus mcvg
bmciagd th urlci rgs`dgit stctus th ffiid tmg`r fhls hi tmg`r hwi, cid `ssugd tmg hibg-jhr-ckk ffiicib`ck
suls`dy hj :3.1 e`kk`hi yuci jhr `id`v`ducks wmh jhuid fhls hi tmg`r hwi. (4) Mhus`ia. 23,4>> tmhuscidmhusgmhkds hj mhusgmhkd trcisjgrrgd rgs`dgits cid rurck e`arcit whrogrs cppk`gd jhr cid subbgssjukky
hltc`igd tmg cbbgss th shb`ck mhus`ia, cbbhuit`ia jhr 2=. e`kk`hi pgrshis mcd tmg`r
mhusgmhkd rga`strct`hi trcisjgrrgd jrhe rurck th urlci stctus w`tm ci cvgrcag hj :,> pgrshis wmh bmciagd tmg`r mhusgmhkd rga`strct`hi bmciagd, cbbhuit`ia jhr 2>.7% hj tmg
thtck? cid tmg shutmgcst hj Bmhiaq`ia mcd 74>,>>> pgrshis wmh bmciagd tmg`r mhusgmhkd rga`strct`hi,
cbbhuit`ia jhr ,>>> pgrshis wmh
bmciagd tmg`r mhusgmhkd rga`strct`hi k`vgd `i tmg dhwithwi hj Bmhiaq`ia, cbbhuit`ia jhr >> pgrshis k`vgd `i urlci d`str`bts cid bhuity sgcts, cbbhuit`ia jhr ,>>> pgrshis k`vgd `i seckk thwis, cbbhuit`ia jhr 4:.1% hj tmg thtck. Fuda`ia jrhe tmg phpukct`hi
arhups wmh mcvg tmg`r mhusgmhkd rga`strct`hi bmciagd, tmg iuelgr hj rurck e`arcit whrogrs cid tmg igw
agigrct`hi hj e`arcit whrogrs rgcbmgd 3,0,>>>, cbbhuit`ia jhr :2.3% hj tmg thtck.
Tm`rdky, Bheegits jrhe gxpgrts. (3) Bc` Jcia (D`rgbthr hj tmg @ist`tutg hj ^hpukct`hi cid Kclhr
Gbhihe`bs (@^KG-BCRR), Bm`igsg Cbcdgey hj Rhb`ck Rb`gibgs (BCRR))6 Tm`s rhuid hj mhusgmhkd
rga`strct`hi systge rgjhre kcuibmgd ly Bmhiq`ia mcs sulstcit`ck s`ai`ffibcibg. Tmg `epkgegitct`hi pr`ib`pkgs
cid egtmhds hj tmg rgjhre eggt twh rgqu`rgegits hj gquck cbbgss th pulk`b sgrv`bgs cid tmg khwgr tmrgsmhkd
jhr tmg rga`strct`hi bmciag. Ckk tmgsg w`kk lg `istrubt`vg jhr mcidk`ia tmg ecfhr bmckkgiags `i Bm`ic. Tm`s
rgjhre `s whrtmy hj w`dg rgbhai`t`hi. (
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3%.
, Bm`ic bhepkgtgd `ivgstegit hj \EL 4,=.= l`kk`hi yuci, cbbhuit`ia jhr 13.11% hj tmg thtck
`ivgstegit `i rgck gstctg dgvgkhpegit. Tmg sgbhidcry
mhus`ia ecrogt cid mhus`ia rgitck ecrogt dgvgkhpgd
stclky cid lgbceg `ephrtcit bhephigits th sct`sjy tmg
rgs`dgits mhus`ia dgecid. Mhus`ia `idustr`ck`zct`hi
ac`igd phs`t`vg prhargss, prhehtgd tmg `eprhvgegit hj
tmg mhus`ia quck`ty cid k`v`ia giv`rhiegit, cid drhvg
tmg rcp`d dgvgkhpegit hj upstrgce cid dhwistrgce
`idustr`gs k`og lu`kd`ia bhistrubt`hi, rgihvct`hi cid
dgbhrct`hi, cid juri`turg cid mheg cppk`cibgs.
% hi c
ygcr-hi-ygcr lcs`s. Dgsp`tg tmg jrgqugit gegragibg
hj rgaukct`hi phk`b`gs, tmg hvgrckk bheehd`ty mhus`ia
ecrogt st`kk ec`itc`igd stclkg arhwtm.
Dur`ia tmg Gkgvgitm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd jrhe
>: th 3>, tmg rgck gstctg ecrogt cid mhus`ia
pr`bgs hj Bm`ic uidgrwgit kcrag jkubtuct`his uidgr
tmg `iugibg hj `itgrick cid gxtgrick jcbthrs. Bm`iccdhptgd gx`lkg cid tcragtgd phk`b`gs cid egcsurgs
`i rgsphisg th tmg d`jjgrgit prhlkges hj tmg rgck
gstctg ecrogt `i d`jjgrgit stcags, cid strgiatmgigd
rgaukct`his bhibgri`ia tmg rgck gstctg ecrogt. Tmg
sgr`gs hj rgck gstctg rgaukct`hi egcsurgs bhvgrgd
crgcs hj kcid, ffiicibg, cid tcxct`hi.
Jcbgd w`tm c prgb`p`thus r`sg `i tmg pr`bg hj
mhus`ia, tmg ahvgriegit jhbusgd hi cdfust`ia tmg
mhus`ia suppky strubturg `i >: cid >1. Tmg rgck
gstctg ecrogt jgkk `ith c rgbgss`hi cjtgr Hbthlgr >=
Bmcptgr % hj
tmg mhusg vckug. @i Cpr`k, tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k `ssugd tmg
Iht`bg hj tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k hi \gshkutgky Burl`ia tmg
Rhcr`ia hj Mhus`ia ^r`bgs `i Rheg B`t`gs, prhphs`ia
th cdhpt ehrg str `iagit d` j jgrgit`ctgd mhus`ia
brgd`t phk`by, rc`sg tmg dhwi pcyegit jhr jce`k`gs
purbmcs`ia c sgbhid ui`t hj mhus`ia hi khcis th hvgr
7>% hj tmg mhusg vckug, cid ec`itc`i`ia c ehrtacag
`itgrgst rctg iht kgss tmci 33>% hj tmg lgibmecro
`itgrgst rctg. @i Rgptgelgr, sheg e`i`str`gs cid
dgpcrtegits hj tmg bgitrck ahvgriegit dgecidgd th
rgstr`bt tmg iuelgr hj cpcrtegits purbmcsgd ly gcbm
mhusgmhkd w`tm`i c bgrtc`i pgr`hd hj t`eg `i b`t`gs w`tm
gxbgss`vgky m`am mhus`ia pr`bgs cid c t`amt mhus`ia
suppky cid th `eprhvg tmg d`jjgrgit`ctgd mhus`ia
brgd`t phk`by, cid cdfust tmg dhwi pcyegit jhr
purbmcs`ia bheehd`ty mhus`ia hi khcis th 2>% cid
clhvg hj tmg mhusg vckug. Ckk bheegrb`ck lcios wgrg
rgqugstgd th suspgid hjjgr`ia mhus`ia ehrtacag
khcis th `id`v`ducks cid mhusgmhkds jhr purbmcs`ia
tmrgg hr ehrg ui`ts hj mhus`ia.
Ct tmg gid hj Fciucry 33, tmg Agigrck Hjffibg hj
tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k ciihuibgd tmg G`amt \gck Gstctg
Ecrogt \gaukct`hi Egcsurgs, tmg sh-bckkgd ehst
str`iagit rgaukcthry phk`by. J`rstky, khbck ahvgriegits
wgrg rgqu`rgd th uidgrtcog tmg`r rgsphis`l`k`t`gs.
Khbck ahvgriegits eust sgt up c rgcshiclkg tcragt
jhr pr`bg bhitrhk hj igw mhus`ia dgvgkhpegits lcsgd
hi khbck gbhihe`b dgvgkhpegit ahcks cid tmg arhwtm
hj pgr bcp`tc d`sphsclkg `ibheg, cid ecog pulk`b
ciihuibgegit hj tmg tcragt `i tmg ffirst qucrtgr hj tmg
ygcr. Rgbhidky, jurtmgr gepmcs`s `s put hi tmg suppky
hj mhus`ia, gspgb`ckky hi tmg suppky hj khw- cid
egd`ue-bhst, seckk cid egd`ue-s`zgd cpcrtegits.
Vmgiazmhu Rmgiycia]`ci Bmciasmc Bmciabmui
Kcizmhu Au`ycia Bmhiaq`iaMummht
Rm`f`czmucia P`ibmuci]`i`ia
Icii`iaMcrl`i
Ouie`ia
QumciBmgiadu
Wrueq`
Mgjg`
F`ici
S`iadch
Icif`ia
]`cegi
I`ialh
JuzmhuT`cif`i
Dck`ci
Auciazmhu
Mciazmhu
Mc`ohu
Tc`yuci
Rmgizmgi
Lg`f`ia
Rmciamc`
Rmgizmgi
J`aurg
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3, Bm`ic
mcs shkvgd mhus`ia prhlkges jhr igcrky .42 e`kk`hi ui`ts hj urlci
shb`ck mhus`ia lgaci `i 33 cid 4.2< e`kk`hi ui`ts
wgrg bhepkgtgd `i tmg sceg ygcr.
Mhwgvgr, dug th tmg kcrag phpukct`hi `i Bm`ic
cid tmg rcp`d `ibrgcsg hj ci urlci phpukct`hi, tmg
mhus`ia bhid`t`his rgec`is phhr jhr urlci khw-`ibheg
mhusgmhkds, smcity crgc rgs`dgits, igwky-gepkhygd
whrogrs, studgits arcduct`ia jrhe bhkkgags cid
ui`vgrs`t`gs, cid rurck e`arcit whrogrs. Th eggt tmg`r
lcs`b iggd hj mhus`ia mcs lgbheg ci uragit tcso.
Ly tmg gid hj 3>, tmgrg wgrg st`kk hvgr e`kk`hiurlci khw-`ibheg mhusgmhkds cid c seckk cehuit
hj mhusgmhkds ct tmg khwgr e`ddkg `ibheg kgvgk k`v`ia
`i tmg cpcrtegits w`tm phhr cid `isujj`b`git jcb`k`t`gs,
`ibkud`ia hvgr 3> e`kk`hi mhusgmhkds k`v`ia `i tmg smcity
crgcs. Tmg smcity crgcs wgrg brhwdgd w`tm smclly
mhusgs cid `isujffib`gitky gqu`ppgd o`tbmgis, sheg w`tm
bhis`dgrclkg scjgty mczcrds. Ehrghvgr, sheg igwky-
gepkhygd urlci whrogrs cid pgrecigit e`arcit
whrogrs k`vgd `i tmg lcsgegits cid v`kkcags w`tm`i tmg
b`t`gs dug th tmg`r phhr j`icib`ck s`tuct`hi cid wgco
mhus`ia pcyegit bcpcb`ty. Tm`s arhup hj pghpkg `s tmg
`ephrtcit jhrbg `i urlci gbhihe`b dgvgkhpegit cid
mgkp`ia tmge th shkvg tmg lcs`b mhus`ia prhlkge `s hjargct `ephrtcibg jhr prheht`ia gbhihe`b dgvgkhpegit
cid shb`ck stcl`k`ty.
Cbbhrd `ia th tmg 3> mhus`ia kcid suppky pkci
`ssugd ly tmg E`i`stry hj Kcid cid \gshurbgs, tmg
prhphsgd mhus`ia kcid suppky hj tmg 2> prhv`ibgs,
b`t`gs cid d`str`bts (gxbkud`ia tmg T`lgt Cuthihehus
\ga`hi) rgcbmgd clhut 3=7,>>> mgbtcrgs, w`tm c
kcrag `ibrgcsg jrhe tmg cbtuck mhus`ia kcid suppky
hj 1:,7>> mgbtcrgs `i >0 cid tmg cbtuck cvgrcag
ciiuck kcid suppky hj 74,:7> mgbtcrgs `i tmg pcst ffivg
ygcrs. Tmg suppky `ibkudgd > mgbtcrgs jhr shb`ck
mhus`ia, cbbhuit`ia jhr 32., tmg mgct`ia
egtgr`ia cid gigray bhisgrvct`hi rgihvct`hi `i tmg gx`st`ia rgs`dgit`ck lu`kd`ias `i ihrtmgri Bm`ic
bhvgrgd ci crgc hj 3:1 e`kk`hi squcrg egtgrs, gxbggd`ia tmg rgihvct`hi tcsos sgt jhr tmg Gkgvgitm J`vg-
Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd.
Gxbgrpt jrhe ^ghpkgs Dc`ky, Ecrbm 3, 33
F`uecku \hcd, ]`ciaycia D`str`bt cjtgr gigray bhisgrvct`hi
uparcd`ia
Lhx
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3 mgbtcrgs jhr mhus`ia bhistrubt`hi
`i smcity crgcs, cbbhuit`ia jhr % hj tmg thtck? cid
=>,4>> mgbtcrgs jhr egd`ue cid seckk-s`zg bheehd`ty
cpcrtegits, cbbhuit`ia jhr 44% hj tmg thtck. Tmg
pkciigd kcid suppky jhr tmgsg tmrgg typgs hj mhus`ia
cbbhuitgd jhr 11% hj tmg thtck pkciigd mhus`ia kcidsuppky. @i 3>, bhistrubt`hi lgaci hi 7.> e`kk`hi ui`ts
hj vcr`hus typgs hj shb`ck mhus`ia cid mhus`ia jhr
smcity crgc rgihvct`hi. Clhut 2.1 e`kk`hi ui`ts wgrg
bhepkgtgd, gxbggd`ia tmg ahcks css`aigd ly tmg Rtctg
Bhuib`k `i tmg lga`ii`ia hj tmg ygcr.
e`kk`hi ui`ts hj shb`ck mhus`ia cid
mhus`ia jhr smcity crgc rgihvct`hi, c rgbhrd m`am `ibrgcsg
hj hvgr 1>% jrhe tmg prgv`hus ygcr. Tmg clhvg tcsos wgrg
spgb`j`bckky css`aigd th tmg khbck ahvgriegits. Ly tmg
kcrag-sbckg bhistrubt`hi hj shb`ck mhus`ia, tmg bhvgrcag hj
urlci shb`ck mhus`ia i Bm`ic w`kk ibrgcsg th hvgr % ly
37, wm`bm w`kk lcs`bckky shkvg tmg mhus`ia prhlkges hj
urlci shb`ck mhusgmhkds, `eprhvg tmg mhus`ia bhid`t`his
hj sheg mhusgmhkds w`tm khwgr-e`ddkg `ibheg, cid mgkp
ehrg pghpkg w`tm d`jffibukt s`tuct`his th rgck`zg tmg`r drgce
hj cdgquctg mhus`ia.
Cbbhrd`ia th tmg rgqu`rgegits hj tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k
hi sulstcit`ckky `ibrgcs`ia tmg bhistrubt`hi hj shb`ck
mhus`ia, tmg E`i`stry hj Mhus`ia cid Wrlci-rurck
Dgvgkhpegit (EHMW\D), tmg Ict`hick Dgvgkhpegit
cid \gjhre Bhee`ss`hi (ID\B) cid tmg E`i`stry hj
J`icibg fh`itky `ssugd tmg Iht`bg hi Rule`tt`ia tmg
^kci cid Tcsos hj Wrlci Rhb`ck Mhus`ia hi Ihvgelgr
, prhphs`ia th crrciag tmg bhistrubt`hi hj 3>
e`kk`hi ui`ts hj shb`ck mhus`ia cid vcr`hus typgs hj
mhus`ia jhr smcity crgc rgihvct`hi, cid rgqu`r`ia khbck
ahvgriegits th cdfust tmg`r pkcis cid tcsos hi tmg
lcs`s hj tmg hr`a`ick shb`ck mhus`ia bhistrubt`hi pkci th
gisurg tmg `epkgegitct`hi hj tmg`r pkcis ct tmg b`ty cidbhuity ahvgriegit kgvgks.
Dur`ia m`s hik`ig d`sbuss`hi ct www.ahv.bi w`tm
Bm`ics igt`zgis hi Jglrucry e`kk`hi ui`ts hj shb`ck mhus`ia cid mhus`ia jhr
smcity crgc rgihvct`hi `i tmct ygcr. Tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k
supgrv`sgd tmg s`ai`ia hj tmg cbbhuitcl`k`ty carggegits
th lu`kd shb`ck mhus`ia lgtwggi tmg bgitrck cid khbck
ahvgriegits, cid pkciigd th lu`kd 2: e`kk`hi igw
shb`ck mhus`ia ui`ts w`tm`i tmg igxt ffivg ygcrs.
Tmg \gphrt hi tmg Qhro hj tmg Ahvgriegit 33
ph`itgd hut tmct6 Tm`s ygcr, tmg thtck iuelgr hj ui`ts
hj igw shb`ck mhus`ia cid ui`ts `i smcity crgcs tmctw`kk uidgrah rgihvct`hi w`kk rgcbm 3> e`kk`hi, cid 3.7
e`kk`hi d`kcp`dctgd rurck mhusgs w`kk lg rgihvctgd. Tmg
pr`hr`ty `s th dgvgkhp pulk`b rgitck mhus`ia. Tmg bgitrck
ahvgriegit `s ckkhbct`ia 3>2 l`kk`hi yuci `i tm`s ygcr's
ludagt jhr suls`d`gs th supphrt tm`s whro, ci `ibrgcsg
hj
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3>> ui`ts hj pr`bg-ffixgd bheehd`ty mhus`ia cid 4.37
e`kk`hi ui`ts `i smcity crgcs tmct w`kk uidgrah rgihvct`hi.
Ehrghvgr, tmg bgitrck ahvgriegit pkciigd th ibrgcsg tmg
iuelgr hj mhusgmhkds gifhy`ia khw-rgit mhus`ia rgitck
suls`d`gs ly :>>,>>>. Bhistrubt`hi prhfgbts tmct hiky sgt
up jgibg jcb`k`t`gs surrhuid`ia bhistrubt`hi s`tgs hr mcvg
mcd jukk hr pcrt`ck gxbcvct`hi whukd iht lg bhuitgd `i tmgthtck iuelgr hj prhfgbts cid ui`ts tmct mcvg cbtuckky lgaui
bhistrubt`hi.
Wphi prgk`e`icry bckbukct`hi, tmg bhistrubt`hi hj
shb`ck mhus`ia jhr 33 iggdgd ci `ivgstegit hj 3.2
tr`kk`hi yuci, cehia wm`bm hvgr 4>> l`kk`hi yuci jhr
tmg bhistrubt`hi hj cjjhrdclkg mhus`ia cid pr`bg-ffixgd
bheehd`ty mhus`ia wm`bm whukd lg ec`iky bhvgrgd ly
pulk`b `ivgstegit cid `ibheg tmrhuam sckgs? 7>> l`kk`hi
yuci jhr tmg rgihvct`hi hj vcr`hus typgs hj smcity crgcs
wm`bm w`kk lg supphrtgd w`tm ahvgriegit suls`d`gs,
gitgrpr `sg juidrc`s`ia cid rgs`dg it pcyegits?
cid hvgr 4>> l`kk`hi yuci jhr tmg bhistrubt`hi hj
khw-rgit mhus`ia cid pulk`b rgitck mhus`ia wm`bmw`kk lg juidgd ly ahvgriegits ct vcr`hus kgvgks,
gepkhygrs, cid `ivgstegit jrhe shb`ck `ist`tut`his.
Tmg bgitrck ahvgriegit prhv`dgd suls`d`gs hj 37
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3% hj tmgkcid jhr rgck gstctg dgvgkhpegit. Rmcidhia ^rhv`ibg
mcs cksh cdhptgd c phk`by th dgs`aictg crgcs hj kcid jhr
shb`ck mhus`ia dgvgkhpegit cid css`aigd shb`ck mhus`ia
dgvgkhpegit pkcis w`tm kcid usg pkcis.
(.3 l`kk`hi yuci rgspgbt`vgky jhr
tmg bhistrubt`hi hj shb`ck mhus`ia prhfgbts `i 3>,
w`tm tmg cbbueukct`vg `ivgstegit s`ibg >= rgcbm`ia
igcrky :7 l`kk`hi yuci. Zcr`hus khbck ahvgriegits cksh
`ssugd gitgrpr`sg lhids cid ckkhwgd quck`j`gd khbck
ffiicib`ia bhepci`gs th `ssug gitgrpr`sg lhids th rc`sg
juids jhr tmg bhistrubt`hi hj shb`ck mhus`ia prhfgbts
cid tmg`r csshb`ctgd supphrt`vg `ijrcstrubturgs. Tmg
khbck ahvgriegits mcvg tcogi prhcbt`vg egcsurgs th
`ibrgcsg tmg `ivgstegit ly ahvgriegit-kgd ecrogt
hpgrct`hi. Jhr gxcepkg, Bmhiaq`ia Eui`b`pck`ty mcs
st`pukctgd tmg j`aurg hj 7% hj tmg arhss kcid trcisjgr
jggs jhr tmg bhistrubt`hi hj shb`ck mhus`ia prhfgbts.
(2) Ck khbct`hi cid Ecicagegit. Q`tm eciy
shb`ck mhus`ia ui`ts lg`ia bhepkgtgd subbgss`vgky,
mhw th gisurg gquck ckkhbct`hi cid mhw th prgvgit
shb`ck mhus`ia ui`ts jrhe lg`ia sulkgtgd jhr prhj`t
mcs lgbheg ci `ssug hj ecfhr bhibgri cjtgr tmg
bhepkgt`hi hj mhus`ia bhistrubt`hi. Tmg cppk`bct`hi
jhr shb`ck mhus`ia ui`ts `i Lg`f`ia `ibkudgs c tmrgg-
stgp rgv`gw, tmct `ibkudg ig`amlhrmhhd cid thwism`p
rgv`gw cid pulk`b ciihuibgegit, d`str`bt cid bhuity
rg-bmgbo`ia, cid pulk`b ciihuibgegit `i tmg egd`c.Ehdgri tgbmihkhay `s usgd th bmgbo tmg rgkgvcit
`ibheg dctc tmrhuam bmciigks hj pulk`b prhv`dgit
juids, khbck tcxct`hi, shb`ck sgbur`ty, b`v`k cjjc`rs, cid
pulk`b sgbur`ty cutmhr`t`gs. Dctc gxbmciag `s bcrr`gd
hut hi tmg brgd`t ecicagegit pkctjhre th bmgbo
cid vgr`jy `ibheg, gx`st`ia mhus`ia hwigrsm`p, cid
htmgr rgkgvcit `ijhrect`hi hj tmg cppk`bcits. T`cif`i,
Mglg`, Bmhiaq`ia, cid F`ciasu mcvg cksh tr`gd th
usg vcr`hus d`rgbt cid `id`rgbt egcsurgs th trutmjukky
rgjkgbt tmg j`icib`ck bhid`t`his hj tmg cppk`bcits.
T`cif`i Eui`b`pck`ty mcs gvgi tr`gd th bhidubt ihi-
k`t`a`hus cde`i`strct`vg gxgbut`hi hi v`hkcthrs tmrhuam
bhhpgrct`hi w`tm fud`b`ck cutmhr`t`gs, wm`bm dgbrgcsgdtmg v`hkct`hi rctg jrhe 3.>0% `i >= th >.>2% `i
33. @i cdd`t`hi th tmg prhlkge hj ckkhbct`hi, shb`ck
mhus`ia cksh jcbgs tmg prhlkge hj ecicagegit.
Burrgitky tmgrg crg twh `dgcs hi tmg ecicagegit
hj shb`ck mhus`ia prhpgrt`gs6 Tmg j`rst hig `s tmg
bhel`ict`hi w`tm bheeui`ty ecicagegit cid tmg
sgbhid hig `s us`ia tmg ac`is jrhe tmg csshb`ctgd
supphrt`vg bheehd`ty mhus`ia th suls`d`zg tmg
prhpgrty ecicagegit bhst.
Vmhiathia E`iasm` F`cyuci Bheeui`ty, Ruq`ci
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3 e`kk`hi yuci, w`tm tmg thtck pkciigd lu`kd`ia crgc hj ,>>> squcrg egtgrs cid hvgr
2,7>> ui`ts hj pulk`b rgitck mhus`ia. Twh pr`vctg bhepci`gs fh`igd tmg bhistrubt`hi tgce hj tmg prharce cs
`ivgsthrs w`tm tmg`r `ivgstegit gxbggd`ia :>> e`kk`hi yuci. Tmg prharce `itgarctgd tmg `ivgstegit hj Mc`x`
B`ty @ivgstegit Bh., Ktd. uidgr tmg S`iadch eui`b`pck ahvgriegit, cid twh strhia pr`vctg bhepci`gs hj
S`iadch \u`yuci Gia`iggr`ia Arhup Bh., Ktd., cid Rmcidhia ]`iamuc Bhistrubt`hi Arhup Bh., Ktd. @t wcs
rgphrtgd tmct tmgsg twh pr`vctg bhepci`gs wgrg rgsphis`lkg jhr tmg thtck dgvgkhpegit crgc hj 3=>,>>> squcrg
egtgrs, cbbhuit`ia jhr 17% hj tmg thtck qucit`ty. @i hrdgr th cttrcbt pr`vctg bcp`tck th `ivgst `i tmg bhistrubt`hi
hj pulk`b rgitck mhus`ia, S`iadch
`ssugd rgkgvcit dhbuegits `ibkud`ia
tmg Iht`bg hi \gkgvcit ^rgjgrgit`ck
Tcxct`hi ^hk`b`gs th Rupphrt tmg
Bhistrubt`hi cid Hpgrct`hi hj ^ulk`b
\gitck Mhus`ia `i 3>, cid arcitgdprgjgrgit`ck phk`b`gs hi vcr`hus tcxgs
`ibkud`ia kcid-usg tcx bhibgrigd `i tmg
bhistrubt`hi cid hpgrct`hi hj pulk`b
rgitck mhus`ia. Tmg Iht`bg hi \gkgvcit
@ssugs hj Juid Wsg cid Ecicagegit
jhr Rhb`ck Mhus`ia ^rharces `ssugd
kctgr cksh ckkhwgd tmg igt `ibheg jrhe
kcid trcisjgr cid tmg bcp`tck ac`is jrhe
mhus`ia prhv`dgit juids th lg usgd
jhr tmg dgvgkhpegit hj pulk`b rgitck
mhus`ia.]`ici ^ulk`b \gitck Mhus`ia ^rhfgbt ct S`iadch Gbhihe`b cid
Tgbmihkha`bck Dgvgkhpegit Vhig
^rcbt`bgs hj tmg Khbck Ahvgriegits
Lhx
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TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3=
ciihuibgd ly tmg eui`b`pck stct`st`bs lurgcu? cid igvgr mcv`ia cppk`gd jhr cjjhrdclkg mhus`ia hr
gbhihe`bck rgitck mhus`ia.
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, tmg prhphrt`hi hj b`t`gs w`tm c`r
quck`ty gquck th hr clhvg Arcdg @ stcidcrd dgbrgcsgd
jrhe 4.>, tmg Rtctg Giv`rhiegitck ^rhtgbt`hi
Cde`i`strct `hi rgv`sgd Cel`git C`r Suck`ty Rtcidcrds
(AL 2>07-300:) ly rgehv`ia tmg IH] `id`bcthr cid
`ibrgcs`ia tmg cvgrcag ygcrky bg`k`ia jhr Arcdg @@
stcidcrd IH07-3
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,
wm`bm spgb`ffigs tmg thtck ge`ss`his vhkueg hj ecfhr c`r
phkkutcits cs wgkk cs systge k`bgis`ia? tmg systge hj
`ephs`ia d`sbmcrag jggs lcsgd hi typgs cid cehuit hjc`r phkkutcits d`sbmcragd, cid tmg systge hj rgkgcs`ia
rgphrts hi tmg stctg hj ctehspmgr`b giv`rhiegit quck`ty.
@i rgbgit ygcrs, shb`ck `ivhkvgegit pkcys ci
`ibrgcs`iaky `ephrtcit rhkg `i giv`rhiegitck quck`ty
ehi`thr`ia. Tmg lrgcdtm, dgptm, cid strgiatm hj pulk`b
pcrt`b`pct`hi `i c`r quck`ty ehi`thr`ia bhit`iug th arhw.
Tmg rhkg hj tmg pulk`b th dr`vg tmg `eprhvgegit hj
cel`git c`r quck`ty `s jukky rgjkgbtgd `i tmg ehvg hj
cdd`ia ^E07-3
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.7 l`kk`hi,
`ibrgcs`ia ly 377% bhepcrgd th >7? jcb`k`t`gs jhr
urlci wctgr suppky, wcstg wctgr trgcteg it, shk`d
wcstg ecicagegit, acs suppky, mgct`ia jugk suppky,
trcisphrtct`hi, pcros cid urlci arggi spcbg wgrg
s`ai`j`bcitky uparcdgd cid quck`ty hj k `v`ia wcs
bhit`iuhusky eprhvgd.
2., urlci wctgr
suppky qucit`ty wcs 7>.10 l`k k `hi bul`b egtgrs,
`ibrgcs`ia ly hiky 3.7. @i tmg
egcit`eg, tmg urlci wctgr suppky p`pgk`ig igtwhro
rgcbmgd c kgiatm hj 74>,>>> oe, 3:>,>>> oe khiagr
tmci tmct hj >7. Tmg j`vg ygcrs jrhe >7 th 3>
w`tigssgd tmg ehst rcp`d arhwtm hj tmg wctgr suppky
p`pgk`ig igtwhro s`ibg tmg pgr`hd hj rgjhre cid
hpgi`ia-up. Tmcios th tmg gxpcis`hi hj tmg wctgr
suppky p`pgk`igs, ehrg surrhuid`ia crgcs `itgarctgd
tmg`r wctgr suppky igtwhros w`tm tmhsg `i tmg urlci
bgitgrs.
Qctgr drc`icag. Wrlci wcstgwctgr bhkkgbt`hi
cid trgctegit bcpcl`k`ty mcs cksh lggi bhis`dgrclky
`eprhvgd. @i 3>, tmg kgiatm hj urlci drc`icag
p`pgs `i Bm`ic rgcbmgd 21>,>>> oe, cid wcstgwctgr
trgctegit bcpcb`ty gxbggdgd 3>>,>>>,>>> e2/dcy. Tmg
wcstgwctgr trgctegit rct`h rgcbmgd =% bhepcrgd th tmg j`aurg `i >7. Mhwgvgr,
tmgrg rgec`i s`ai`ffibcit prhlkges, subm cs uilckcibgd
rga`hick dgvgkhpegit hj wcstg wctgr trgctegit jcb`k`t`gs
bhistrubt`hi, rgkct`vgky khw hpgrct`hi hj sheg trgctegit
jcb`k`t`gs, cid bhepcrct`vgky skhw bhistrubt`hi h j
csshb`ctgd prhfgbts jhr p`pgk`ig igtwhros.
Acs cid mgct suppky. Bm`ics urlci acs bhisuept`hi
strubturg wcs `i`t`ckky gstclk`smgd cs c icturck acs igtwhro.
Mhwgvgr, `isujffib`git icturck acs suppky mcs lgbheg tmg
lhttkgigbo jhr urlci acs `idustry dgvgkhpegit. @i 3>,
icturck acs suppky wcs up th 4=.1: l`kk`hi e2, cbbhuit`ia
jhr 74.7% hj tmg thtck acs suppky. Tmg bhvgrcag hj urlci
bgitrck mgct`ia mcs gxpcidgd rcp`dky, kgcd`ia th ci
`ibrgcs`iaky kcragr prgssurg hi uppgr-strgce gigray
suppky. Dur`ia tmg Gkgvgitm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd, bgitrck
mgct`ia crgcs `i Bm`ic `ibrgcsgd jrhe 7 th 4.2: l`kk`hi e2
i 3>, ci ibrgcsg hj 12%.Giv`rhiegitck sci`tct`hi. Ihi-mczcrdhus urlci
wcstg trgctegit jcb`k`t`gs mcvg dgvgkhpgd rcp`dky. Lut
tmg prhlkges hj `isujffib`git trgctegit bcpcb`ty cid khw
wcstg-th-gigray ut`k`zct`hi st`kk gx`st. Cs hj 3>, tmgrg
wgrg :>> this/dcy, cid c
trgctegit rctg hj 11.0%. Rci`tcry kcidffikk `s tmg ecfhr
trgctegit egtmhd cdhptgd `i Bm`ic ct burrgit stcag,
cbbhuit`ia jhr 14.=% hj thtck trgctegit bcpcb`ty.
\hcd trcisphrtct`hi. Bm`ics urlci rhcd trcisphrt
systge mcs cksh lggi arcduckky `eprhvgd. Mhwgvgr,
tmg rhcd igtwhro strubturg `s iht qu`tg sct`sjcbthry.
@i 3>, tmg kgiatm hj urlci rhcds `i Bm`ic rgcbmgd
L`bybkg jhr rgitck i
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oe w`tm ci crgc hj 7,,>>>,>>> e, tmg crgc hj urlci arggi spcbg `i Bm`ic wcs
>> mgbtcrgs, `ibrgcs`ia ly 47.4% bhepcrgd th
>7? vgagtct`hi bhvgrcag i tmg urlci lu`kt-up crgcs wcs
2=.:%? tmg pgr bcp`tc pcro kcid crgc wcs 33.3= e ict`hick acrdgi b`t`gs,1 ict`hick acrdgi
urlci d`str`bts, :3 ict`hick acrdgi bhuit`gs, 37 ict`hick
acrdgi thwis, cid :) `i k`ig w`tm
`itgrict`hick prcbt`bg, wm`bm wgrg jukky `epkgegitgd jrhe
Fuky 3, 3,
thtck e`kgcag hj urlci rc`k trcis`t `i Bm`ic mcs rgcbmgd
3,4
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2> TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 30, c icturck acs
bhit`iagiby pkci wcs `i`t`ctgd `i ]`ci, Qumci,
Bmhiaq`ia, P`bmcia, Icif`ia, Pciazmhu, Mciazmhu,
cid \`zmch dug th acs smhrtcag. Ct tmg lga`ii`ia
hj 3>, cs c w`dg swctm hj sihwsthres m`t Lg`f`ia,
T`cif`i, Mglg`, @iigr Ehiahk`c cid ihrtmgri Rmcidhia,
trcisphrtct`hi `ijrcstrubturg wcs sgr`husky `epc`rgd cid
cihtmgr icturck acs suppky gegragiby rgsuktgd. Tmgecfhr rhutg th shkv`ia tmg acs smhrtcag`ssug `s th
cickyzg tmg icturck acs suppky egbmci`se, strgiatmgi
acs suppky p`pgk`ig bhistrubt`hi, `eprhvg acs sthrcag
cid pgco rgaukct`hi bcpcl`k`ty, cid hpt`e`zg tmg pr`b`ia
systge. Wrlci mgct suppky cksh jcbgs s`e`kcr gigray
suppky prhlkges. Widgr tmg burrgit dgvgkhpegit
giv`rhiegit, pr`bg `ibrgcsgs hj uppgr-strgce gigray
(bhck, gtb.) `s tmg ecfhr r`so jcbgd ly tmg urlci mgct
suppky `idustry. Jrhe >: th 3>, tmg cvgrcag bhck
pr`bg `ibrgcsgd ly 14%, wm`bm put c rgkct`vgky kcrag
bhst prgssurg hi mgct suppky j`res. Rcjgaucrd`ia
uppgr-strgce gigray suppky, prheht`ia mgct egtgr`ia
rgjhre cid `eprhv`ia mgct suppky gjj`b`giby mcvglgbheg tmg ecfhr pr`hr`t`gs jhr tmg git`rg `idustry.
O`tbmgi wcstg d`sphsck mcs gxpgr`gibgd rgaukcr`zgd
cid gjj`b`git dgvgkhpegit. @i rgbgit ygcrs, ehrg cid
ehrg b`t`gs mcvg lgaui th gepmcs`zg tmg ecicagegit
hj o`tbmgi wcstg. Tmgy mcvg tr`gd th `eprhvg tmg rgbybk`ia
rct`h hj o`tbmgi wcstg cid cvh`d tmg rgburrgibg hj auttgr
h`k _ Auttgr h`k rgjgrs th vcr`hus typgs hj rgbybkgd bhho`ia
h`k cid rgpgctgd usg hj dggp jry`ia h`k. U ct tmg tclkg
tmrhuam `eprhv`ia rgkgvcit ecicagegit egbmci`ses
cid lu` kd`ia o` tbmgi w cstg d`sphsck pkcits. Ct
prgsgit, Lg`f`ia, Rmciamc`, Bmhiaq`ia, Rmgizmgi,
]`i`ia, Ruzmhu, P`ibmuci, Bmciasmc, Ouie`ia, cid
Rm`f`czmucia mcvg ckk rgkgcsgd ecicagegit rukgs
hr rgaukct`his bhibgri`ia o`tbmgi wcstg. Mhwgvgr,
tmg prhlkges hj`igjjgbt`vg `epkgegitct`hi hj khbck
ecicagegit rgaukct`his, d`jj`bukt o`tbmgi wcstg
bhkkgbt`hi, uishpm`st`bctgd tgbmi`bck rhutgs, cid khw
wcstg-th-gigray bhivgrs`hi rct`hst`kk gx`st.Argct cbm`gvgegits mcvg lggi ecdg `i tmg
dgvgkhpegit hj urlci pcros cid pulk`b arggi spcbgs
cid tmg scv`ia hj kcid cid wctgr. Ly tmg gid hj
33, tmg rhhjthp arggi`ia crgc `i Lg`f`ia gxbggdgd
3.7 e`kk`hi e, w`tm`i fust kgss tmci c
ygcr, c
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23TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3% rgspgbt`vgky, cid ut`k`zct`hirctg hj rgbybkgd wctgr jrhe urlci wcstgwctgr trgctegit
jcb`k`t`gs rgcbmgs hvgr 37% tmrhuam subm egcsurgs
cs strgiatmgi`ia urlci wcstgwctgr supphrt`ia p`pg
igtwhro bhistrubt`hi, `eprhv`ia wcstgwctgr trgctegit
bcpcl`k`ty, uparcd`ia cid trcisjhrect`hi hj wcstgwctgr
trgctegit pkcits, cid prheht`ia tmg rgusg hj rgbybkgd
wctgr.
\hcd trcisphrt. Cbbhrd`ia th tmg Twgkjtm J`vg-
Pgcr ^kci jhr tmg Bheeui`bct`his cid Trcisphrtct`hi
Dgvgkhpegit, dur`ia tmg Twgkjtm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd,
Bm`ic w`kk strgiatmgi tmg pkcii`ia jhr tmg k`iocag
lgtwggi tmg `itgrb`ty rc`k systges cid pcssgiagr
trcisphrt muls, cid prhehtg jurtmgr k`iocag cehia
`itgrb`ty rc`k trcisphrt, urlci rc`k trcisphrt cid urlci
pulk`b trcisphrtct`hi systges? lu`kd bhepkgtg cid
`itgarctgd trcisphrt pkcii`ia systges th `itgarctg tmg
pkcii`ia jhr bhhrd`ict`ia cid jhr vcr`hus trcisphrt
ehdgs cid tmg`r bhiigbt`hi w`tm urlci trcisphrt
systges cs c wmhkg? bcrry hut pr`hr`t`zgd dgvgkhpegit
strctga`gs jhr pulk`b trcisphrt, dgvgkhp urlci pulk`b
trcisphrt systges, lu`kd up eukt`-kcygr cid d`jjgrgit`ctgd
pulk`b trcisphrt sgrv`bg igtwhros, cid gstclk`sm
bhivgi`git, gjffib`git, `itgkk`agit cid arggi urlci pulk`b
trcisphrt systges.
Giv`rhiegitck sci`tct`hi. Cbbhrd`ia th tmg Ict`hick
^kci jhr tmg Bhistrubt`hi hj Wrlci Dhegst`b Acrlcag
Mczcrd-jrgg Trgctegit Jcb`k`t`gs (3337), dur`ia
tmg Twgkjtm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd, Bm`ic w`kk cbbgkgrctg
tmg trgctegit jcb`k`t`gs bhistrubt`hi, `eprhvg tmg
bhkkgbt`hi, trcisjgr, cid trcisphrt systges, rgdubg tmg
acrlcag sthbop`kg, prhehtg tmg bkcss`j`gd trgctegit
hj o`tbmgi wcstg cid mhusgmhkd acrlcag, sh cs th
rgck`zg tmg jhkkhw`ia hlfgbt`vgs6 @i eui`b`pck`t`gs d`rgbtky
uidgr tmg Bgitrck Ahvgriegit, prh v`ib`ck bcp`tck
b`t`gs cid b`t`gs uidgr sgpcrctg stctg pkcii`ia, jukk-
sbckg mczcrd-jrgg dhegst`b acrlcag trgctegit w`kk lg
rgck`zgd? `i htmgr b`t`gs, tmg ihi-mczcrdhus trgctegit
rctg jhr dhegst`b acrlcag w`kk rgcbm hvgr 0>%? ckkbhuit`gs w`kk lu`kd tmg`r bcpcl`k`t`gs th giacag `i ihi-
mczcrdhus wcstg trgctegit, cid tmg`r ihi-mczcrdhus
trgctegit rctg jhr dhegst`b acrlcag w`kk lg hvgr 1>%?
tmg bcpcb`ty hj dhegst`b wcstg `ib`igrct`hi jcb`k`t`gs w`kk
cbbhuit jhr ehrg tmci 27% hj tmg thtck ihi-mczcrdhus
trgctegit bcpcb`ty `i b`t`gs cid thwis? cid clhut
7>% hj b`t`gs w`kk `i`t`ckky rgck`zg bkcss`j`gd bhkkgbt`hi,
trcisphrt, cid d`sphsck hj o`tbmgi wcstg, w`tm c tcragt
trgctegit bcpcb`ty hj 2>,>>> this/dcy.
^cros cid pulk`b arggi spcbg. Cbbhrd`ia th tmg
Twgkjtm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci jhr Jhrgstry Dgvgkhpegit,
Bm`ic w`kk v`ahrhusky kcuibm tmg bhistrubt`hi hj arggi
lgkts crhuid b`t`gs, surrhuid`ia thwis cid v`kkcags, cidarggi spcbg i hraci`zct`his bhurtycrds cid rgs`dgit`ck
qucrtgrs? prhehtg tmg vgrt`bck cid rhhjthp arggi`ia cid
tmg bhistrubt`hi hj arggi pcro`ia khts, sh cs th prhv`dg
rgbrgct`hick cid sui-smgktgr`ia spcbg jhr urlci cid
rurck rgs`dgits. Tmg vgagtct`hi bhvgrcag hj urlci lu`kt-
up crgcs w`kk rgcbm 20%. Tmg pgr bcp`tc pulk`b arggi
spcbg w`kk rgcbm 33.< e
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2< TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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22TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3% hj b`t`gs cid hvgr 7>% hj tmg
phpukct`hi crg d`str`lutgd `i rga`his sgr`husky cjjgbtgd
ly icturck d`scstgrs, `ibkud`ia egtghrhkha`bck d`scstgrs,
gcrtmqucogs, aghkha`bck, cid ecr`ig d`scstgrs.
Cbbhrd`ia th stct`st`bs hj E`i`stry hj B`v`k Cjjc`rs, jrhe
3002 th >0, d`rgbt gbhihe`b khssgs bcusgd ly icturck
d`scstgrs hi cvgrcag cbbhuitgd jhr clhut
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24 TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 32,>>> pghpkg d`gd hr wgrg e`ss`ia cid
tmg d`rgbt gbhihe`b khss cehuitgd th 2, Rhiamuc \`vgr phkkut`hi `i >7, lkug ckacg
prhk`jgrct`hi `i Tc`mu Kcog `i >1, cid tmg l`a ffirg `i
F`iaci D`str`bt, Rmciamc`, `i 3>. Tmgsg cbb`dgits
`id`bctg tmg `isujffib`giby hj prgpcrct`hi cid bcpcb`ty hjsheg b`t`gs th rgsphid suddgi cbb`dgits cid d`scstgrs.
4.3.2 Eukt`pkg d`scstgr-bcus`ia jcbthrs cid tmg
bmckkgiag hj urlci pulk`b sgbur`ty
Tmg eukt`pkg d`egis`his hj d`scstgr-bcus`ia jcbthrs
ecogs d`scstgrs ehrg mczcrdhus, kgcd`ia th c ehrg
bhepk`bctgd s`tuct`hi jhr urlci pulk`b sgbur`ty. Jhr
gxcepkg, `i 3>, tmgrg wgrg c thtck hj
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27TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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2: TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3 ecai`tudg gcrtmqucog hi tmg \`bmtgr sbckg rg-strubo tmg
Khiaegismci jcukt, wmgrg tmg Qgibmuci Gcrtmqucog hbburrgd. Tmg gcrtmqucog gp`bgitgr wcs khbctgd i F`gz`
Thwi, Bmhiazmhu B`ty, Bmgiadu Eui`b`pck`ty, cid tmg gcrtmqucog cksh cjjgbtgd htmgr rgkctgd rga`his ckhia
tmg jcukt, wm`bm kgd th tmg bhkkcpsg hj lu`kd`ias, dcecag th rhcds cid lr`dags, cid rgqu`rgd c kcrag iuelgr
hj whuidgd pghpkg th lg trcisjgrrgd hut hj tmg cjjgbtgd crgcs. Cbbhrd`ia th tmg dr`kk crrciagegit, tmg wmhkgprhbgss wcs d`v`dgd `ith jhur stcags6 MS dgb`s`hi-eco`ia cid dgpkhyegit, actmgr`ia hj rg`ijhrbgegits,
cid rgsbug cid bhibkus`hi cssgssegit. Dur`ia tmg wmhkg dr`kk prhbgss, tmg gxgrb`sgs `i tmg ecfhr dr`kk
rga`hi wgrg jhbusgd hi 1 k`jg-scv`ia `tges6 lu`kd`ia hj bmciigks jhr gegragiby bheeui`bct`hi cid k`jgk`igs,
rgsbug hj pgrshis jrhe bhkkcpsgd strubturgs, c`r rgsbug, wctgr rgsbug, d`sphsck hj mczcrdhus bmge`bcks, ffirgs
cid gxpkhs`his, gegragiby rgpc`r th phwgr cid bheeui`bct`hi systges, cid gvcbuct`hi, rgkhbct`hi, cid
sgttkgegit hj tmg cjjgbtgd pulk`b. Tmg suls`d`cry dr`kk rga`hi wcs khbctgd `i F`uk`ia Thwi, F`ciayhu B`ty, cid
S`iap`ia Z`kkcag, E`cizmu B`ty, wmgrg rgsphisg th sgbhidcry d`scstgrs wgrg bcrr`gd hut, `ibkud`ia gk`e`ict`hi
hj r`sos jrhe kcidsk`dgs cid lrhogi dces, cid bhit`iagiby rgtrgct jrhe cjtgrsmhbos cid htmgr aghkha`bck
d`scstgrs. @i tm`s dr`kk, ehst cjtgrsmhbos cid htmgr phst-gcrtmqucog phtgit`ck sgbhidcry d`scstgrs wgrg `ibkudgd,
hraci`zct`his ct tmg prhv`ibg, b`ty, bhuity, v`kkcag cid bhuitrys`dg kgvgks wgrg `ivhkvgd, cid tmg pcrt`b`pcits
bhis`stgd hj pcrty egelgrs, ahvgriegit pgrshiigk, e`k`tcry pgrshiigk, cid studgits. @t wcs tmg kcragst
`itgarctgd d`scstgr prgvgit`hi cid rgk`gj dr`kk i R`bmuci.
Cjtgr hlsgrvia tmg dr`kk, Z bg ^rgegr Mu` K`ciayu ecdg c sueecry spggbm cid mg ph`itgd hut tmct Bm`ic
wcs hig hj tmg whrst icturck d`scstgr-prhig bhuitr`gs `i tmg whrkd. @i tmg prcbt`bg hj prhtgbt`ia cac`ist vcr`hus
typgs hj bctcstrhpmgs, `i cbbhrdcibg w`tm tmg dgb`s`his cid dgpkhyegit hj tmg B^B cid tmg Rtctg Bhuib k, cid
lcsgd hi tmg rgck t gs, Bm`ic mcs gstclk smgd tmg juidcegitck ahck hj mueci-hr`gitgd ahcks cid pr`hr`ty jhr tmg
pghpkgs k vgk mhhd? `eprhvgd tmg egbmci`se hj ui`ffigd au`dcibg cid bhhrd`ictgd cbt hi? dgffiigd tmg lcs`b pr`ib`pkg
hj rgaukctgd cid hrdgrky prheht`hi `i cbbhrdcibg w`tm tmg kcw? smcpgd tmg `ephrtcit bhibgpts hj jhbus`ia hi
prgvgit hi cid bhel`i`ia prgvgit hi w`tm rgk gj? dgtgre`igd tmg ahck hj dgecid-hr`gitct hi cid sb`git ffib bhitrhk?
`eprhvgd tmg whro`ia ehdg hj e k tcry-b`v k fh`it prgvgit hi cid pulk b prgvgit hi cid bhitrhk? cid gxpkhrgd c rhutg
hj d`scstgr prgvgit hi cid rgdubt hi w`tm Bm`igsg bmcrcbtgr`st bs. @i bhp`ia w`tm tmg Qgibmuci Gcrtmqucog, Bm`ics
d`scstgr prgvgit hi, dcecag rgdubt hi, cid rgs`stcibg cid rgbhvgry bcpcl k t gs mcvg uidgrahig c ecfhr tgst cid
c bheprgmgis`vg gxce`ict hi. Gcrtmqucog prgpcrgdigss, d`scstgr rgk gj, phst-d`scstgr rgbhvgry, cid rgbhistrubt hi
mcvg rgcbmgd argct subbgss, wm`bm mcs brgctgd c e`kgsthig `i tmg m`sthry hj d`scstgr prgvgit`hi cid rgk`gj hi
c akhlck sbckg. Ct prgsgit, c sgburg, bhitgitgd, mcrehi`hus cid prhspgrhus ctehspmgrg mcs gegragd `i tmg
gcrtmqucog-str`bogi rga`his.
Tmg egd`bck stcjj crg rgsbu`ia tmg whuidgd ct tmg dr`kk ycrd hj mczcrdhus bmge`bcks
gxpkhs`hi. Tcogi ly K` S`chq`ch, c fhurick`st jrhe ]`imuc Igws Cagiby.
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21TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 32, cjtgr tmg suddgi lurst hj RC\R, tmg
Rtctg Bhuib`k rgkgcsgd tmg \gaukct`hi hi tmg Wragit
Mcidk`ia hj ^ulk`b Mgcktm Gegragib`gs `eegd`ctgky,
wm`bm prhv`dgd c kgack egcis jhr gjjgbt`vgky rgsphid`ia
th RC\R ly tmct t`eg. @t s`ai`ffigs tmg jcbt tmct rgsphisgs
th pulk`b mgcktm gegragib`gs mcvg lggi put hith tmg
kgack trcbo cid mcidk`ia egbmci`se hj pulk`b mgcktm
gegragib`gs mcs lggi jurtmgr `eprhvgd.
Hi Fciucry =, >:, tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k gicbtgd tmg
Agigrck Bhit`iagiby ^kci jhr ^ulk`b Gegragib`gs,
wm`bm bkgcrky dgffiigd tmg arcdgs cid bctgahr`gs hj pulk`b
gegragib`gs cid bhit`iagiby jrcegwhros cid prgsbr`lgd
tmg hraci`zct`hi systge cid whro`ia egbmci`se jhr tmg
Rtctg Bhuib`k th rgsphid th gxtrchrd`icr`ky ecfhr pulk`b
gegragib`gs. @t `s c ihrect`vg dhbuegit th au`dg tmg
prgvgit`hi hj cid rgsphisg th vcr`hus typgs hj pulk`b
gegragib`gs, `id`bct`ia tmg `i`t`ck gstclk`smegit hj
jrcegwhro jhr bhit`iagiby pkcis i Bm`ic.
@i Cpr`k >:, Agigrck Hjffibg hj tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k sgt
up tmg gegragiby ecicagegit hjj`bg (Agigrck Duty
Hjffibg hj tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k), tco`ia bmcrag hj dc`ky whro `i
bhit`iagiby ecicagegit cid agigrck duty whro hj tmg
Rtctg Bhuib`k, pgrjhre`ia tmg juibt`his hj duty hlsgrvct`hi
jhr gegragiby, `ijhrect`hi bhkkgbt`hi cid `itgarctgd
bhhrd`ict`hi cid pkcy`ia tmg rhkg cs ci hpgrct`hi mul.
Cjtgrwcrds, gegragiby ecicagegit hjffibgs `i prhv`ibgs,b`t`gs d`rgbtky uidgr bgitrck ahvgriegit cid cuthihehus
rga`his bceg `ith lg`ia subbgss`vgky.
Tmg Gegragiby \gsphisg Cbt `epkgegitgd s`ibg
Ihvgelgr 3, >1 puts jhrwcrd tmctci gegragiby
ecicagegit egbmci`se jhbus`ia hi bgitrc k`zgd
kgcdgrsm`p, `itgarctgd bhhrd`ict`hi, b kcss` j `gd
ecicagegit, kcygrgd rgsphis`l`k`ty cid khbck`zgd
ecicagegitsmckk lg gstclk`smgd? tmg pr`ib`pkg jhr
gegragiby rgsphisg smckk lgprgvgit`hi `i tmg j`rst
pkcbg cid bhel`ict`hi hj prgvgit`hi cid bhit`iagiby
ecicagegit,`i wm`bm bkgcr rgsphis`l`k`t`gs mcvg lggi
ecdg jhr bgitrck cid khbck ahvgriegits th rgsphid
th gegragib`gs. Tmg Gegragiby \gsphisg Cbt `s ci`ephrtcit kcw jhr rgaukcr`z`ia lcs`b pr`ib`pkg hj gegragiby
rgsphisg cbt`v`t`gs cid htmgr bhitgits `ibkud`ia
prgvgit`hi cid bhit`iagiby prgpcrct`hi, ehi`thr`ia cid
gcrky wcri`ia, bhit`iagiby d`sphsck cid rgsbug, gx-phst
rgbhvgry cid rgbhistrubt`hi, gtb.
Ct prgsgit, eciy b t gs i Bmic mcvg sgt upGegragiby
Ecicagegit HjffibghrBhitiagiby Bhee`ttgg jhr ^ulk b
Gegragib`gs,wm`bm `s rgsphis`lkg jhr bhhrd`ict`ia cid
au`d`ia tmg prgvgit`hi, gcrky wcri`ia, dr`kk`ia, bhit`iagiby
rgsphisg, `ivgst`act`hi cid cssgssegit, `ijhrect`hi
rgkgcsg, bhit`iagiby scjgaucrd`ia cid rgsbug jhr pulk`b
gegragib`gs. @i tmg juturg, ihreck`zgd gegragiby
ecicagegit smckk lg jurtmgr prhehtgd th `eprhvg tmg
prhjgss`hick bcpcb`ty hj gegragiby ecicagegit.
Lhx 4. (RGEB). RGEB s ec`iky rgsphis`lkg jhr eco`ia dgb`s`his hi ephrtcit gvgits
`ivhkvgd `i ecfhr cid gxtrchrd`icr`ky ecfhr gegragib`gs `i tmg Rmgizmgi Rpgb`ck Gbhihe`b Vhig. Tmg dc`ky cde`i`strct`vg
lhdy hj RGEB `s tmg Gegragiby Ecicagegit Hjj`bg hj Rmgizmgi Eui`b`pck ^ghpkgs Ahvgriegit cid `ts egelgr
ui`ts wm`bm `ibkudg 4= dgpcrtegits, `ibkud`ia tmg ^ulk`b`ty Dgpcrtegit hj B^B Rmgizmgi Bhee`ttgg, Dgvgkhpegit cid
\gjhre Bhee`ss`hi, Eui`b`pck Lurgcu hj Mhus`ia cid Bhistrubt`hi, Rtctg-hwigd Cssgts Rupgrv`s`hi cid Cde`i`strct`hi
Bhee`ss`hi. Tmg Gegragiby Ecicagegit Hjffibg bhis`sts hj tmg Agigrck Duty Hjffibg, Agigrck D`v`s`hi hj Bhit`iagiby kci,
Bhit`iagiby Bheecid Hjffibg, cid Rcjgty Rupgrv`s`hi D`v`s`hi.
Hraci`zct`hi Jrcegwhro hj Rmgizmgi Gegragiby Ecicagegit Hjffibg
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2= TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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20TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3=, tmct d`scstgr
prgvgit`hi cid rgdubt`hi smckk lgbheg bhepukshry
`i hvgrckk urlci cid rurck pkcii`ia. Hi Ihvgelgr 0-
Tmg sbhpg hj Bheprgmgis`vg Wrlci D`scstgr ^rgvgit`hi ^kci hj Muc`ici B`ty jhr >0- bhvgrs tmg
cde`i`strct vg rga`hi hj Muc`ici w`tm c thtck crgc hj
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4> TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3
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43TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3:,
arcduckky prheht`ia gquck`zct`hi hj lcs`b pulk`b
sgrv`bgsmcs lgbheg c lcs`b ahck jhr Bm`ic th lu`kd c
wgkk-hjj shb`gty `i ci ckk-rhuid wcy. Dur`ia tmg Gkgvgitm
J`vg-Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd, Bm`ics lcs`b pulk`b sgrv`bg systge
bhistrubt`hi ecdg argct cbm`gvgegits. Tmg jrcegwhrowcs tco`ia jhre jhr lcs`b pulk`b sgrv`bg systge, wm`bm `s
`i`t`ctgd ly tmg ahvgriegit cid c`egd ct scjgaucrd`ia
lcs`b k`v`ia cid dgvgkhpegit rgqu`rgegits hj ckk b`t`zgis.
Jrgg bhepukshry gdubct`hi wcs jukky `epkgegitgd.
Kclhr gepkhyegit sgrv`bg systge jhr ckk kclhr jhrbg wcs
`i`t`ckky gstclk`smgd. Rhb`ck sgbur`ty systge wcs gxpcidgd
jrhe urlci crgcs th rurck crgcs cid jrhe gepkhyggs th
rgs`dgits. Rhb`ck css`stcibg cid shb`ck wgkjcrg systge
wcs lcs`bckky jhregd. ^r`ecry egd`bck cid pulk`b mgcktm
sgrv`bg systge `i urlci cid rurck crgcs wcs arcduckky
`eprhvgd. Ict`hick gssgit`ck drua suppky systge wcs sgt
up. Rhb`ck mhus`ia prhfgbts wgrg cbbgkgrctgd cid pulk`b
bukturck jcb`k`t`gs `eprhvgd.
@i 3
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4< TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3, Bm`ic `ssugd tmg Egd`ue- cid Khia-tgre
Gdubct`hi \gjhre cid Dgvgkhpegit ^kci. Tmg ict`hick
gdubct hi whro eggtia put jhrwcrd tmg strctga`b hlfgbt vgs
hj lcs`bckky cttc`i`ia gdubct`hi ehdgri`zct`hi, dgvgkhp`ia
c kgcri`ia-typg shb`gty cid lgbhe`ia c strhia ict`hi w`tm
phwgrjuk mueci rgshurbgs ly . @i cbbhrdcibg w`tm
tmg rgqu`rgegits hj tmg kci, `i 3, , tmgrg wgrg thtckky 37>,4>>
o`idgracrtgis `i Bm`ic w`tm > girhkkgd bm`kdrgi
(`ibkud`ia prg-sbmhhk bm`kdrgi)? 3,1>: spgb`ck gdubct`hi
sbmhhks w`tm 4> girhkkgd studgits? > girhkkgd
studgits? ,>>> cid arhss girhkkegit rctg cttc`i`ia >> pr`vctg sbmhhks (gdubct`hi
`ist tut his) w`tm thtckky 22,0> girhkkgd studgits.
@i 3>, tmgrg wgrg 0.:7 e`kk`hi bcid`dctgs cttgid`ia
sgkj-tcuamt m`amgr gdubct`hi gxce`ict`hi cid :,>>>
studgits hltc`igd tmg`r d`pkhecs? 33,>2>,>>> bcid`dctgs
jhr ihi-burr`bukcr gdubct`hi (g.a. trc`i`ia)? 2,2>
pgrshis rgbg`vgd vcr`hus typgs hj ihi-burr`bukcr m`amgr
gdubct`hi cid 1,3> pgrshis bhepkgtgd tmg`r
gdubct`hi tmct ygcr? 7> pgrshis rgbg`vgd
vcr`hus typgs hj ihi-burr`bukcr sgbhidcry gdubct`hi cid
70,=:2,1>> pgrshis bhepkgtgd tmg`r gdubct`hi tmct ygcr.
@i tmg bhitgxt hj sbmhhk lus cbb`dgits cbrhss tmg bhuitry`i rgbgit ygcrs, tmg Rtctg Bhuib k ciihuibgd tmg \gaukct hi
hi Rbmhhk Lus Rcjgty Ecicagegit hi Cpr k 7, 3,>>>) ,>>>) 0,04>.1> 7,,>>>) 7:3.13 2763 34.0=63
^rhphrt`hi hj sbmhhks w tm tmg crgc hj sphrts ffigkd (stcd`ue) eggt ia tmg stcidcrd (%) 77.4= :0.72
Lhcrd`ia studgits (3>,>>>) 3,>2=.>= 7.42
Kgjt-lgm`id bm`kdrgi cehia girhkkgd studgits (3>,>>>) 3,4:3.10 =>0.1,>>>) =:4.2> 2>
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42TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 30-33) hj tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k `i >0,
s`ai`ffibcit prhargss mcs lggi cbm`gvgd `i tmg jhbusgd
crgcs hj egd`bck cid mgcktm bcrg systge rgjhre.
J`rstky, c jrcegwhro jhr lcs`b egd`bck `isurcibg
systge bhvgr`ia urlci cid rurck rgs`dgits mcs lggi sgt
up. Wp th 3.2 l`kk`hi pghpkg mcvg tcogi pcrt `i tmg tmrgg
lcs`b mgcktm `isurcibgs6 tmg Lcs`b Egd`bck @isurcibg
jhr tmg Gepkhyggs, tmg Lcs`b Egd`bck @isurcibg jhr
Wrlci \gs`dgits cid tmg Igw \urck Bhhpgrct`vg
Egd`bck @isurcibg, bhvgr`ia ehrg tmci 07% hj urlci
cid rurck rgs`dgits. Tmg bhvgrcag mcs lggi gxpcidgd
jrhe sgr`hus `kkigss th e`ihr c`kegits.
Rgbhidky, tmg ict`hick gssgit`ck drua suppky systge
mcs lggi `i`t`ckky gstclk`smgd. Ckk ahvgriegit-rui
pr`ecry mgcktm bcrg `ist`tut`his mcvg `epkgegitgd tmg
zgrh cpprgb`ct`hijhr sckg hj gssgit`ck druas.
Tm`rdky, tmg pr`ecry mgcktm bcrg sgrv`bg systge
bhvgr`ia urlci cid rurck crgcs mcs lggi gssgit`ckky
bhepkgtgd. Ehrg tmci bhuity-kgvgk mhsp`tcks
cid ehrg tmci 22,>>> urlci cid rurck pr`ecry mgcktm
bcrg cid mgcktm `ist`tut`his mcvg lggi ehd`j`gd cid
`eprhvgd. Tmg bhistrubt`hi hj tmg agigrck prcbt`t`higr
systge mcs lggi kcuibmgd.
Jhurtmky, tmg gquck cbbgss th lcs`b pulk`b mgcktm
sgrv`bgs mcs lggi s`ai`j`bcitky `ibrgcsgd. Tgi lcs`b
pulk`b mgcktm sgrv`bgs subm cs jrgg vcbb`ict`hi cid
mgcktm rgbhrds crg prhv`dgd th rurck cid urlci rgs`dgits
cid tmg jukk `epkgegitct`hi hj tmg ecfhr ict`hick pulk`b
mgcktm sgrv`bgs mcs lgaui.
J`jtmky, tmg ahvgriegit mcs cbt`vgky prhehtgd tmg
rgjhre hj pulk`b mhsp`tcks cid stgcd`ky bcrr`gd hut`ist`tut`hick cid egbmci`se `iihvct`his, subm cs
sgpcrct`ia phk`t`bs jrhe pulk`b cjjc`rs, ecicagegit
jrhe hpgrct`hi, dhbthrs jrhe egd`b`igs, cid prhffit jrhe
ihiprhffit.
@i 33, tmg thtck iuelgr hj mgcktm prhjgss`hicks
`i Bm`ic wcs =,:3:,>>>? tmg iuelgr hj rga`stgrgd
(css`stcit) dhbthrs pgr 3,>>> pgrshis wcs 3.=
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44 TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3: th 33
J`aurg 7-2 Iuelgr hj @ipct`gits `i Egd`bck Bcrg cid
Mgcktm @ist`tut`his cid tmg Arhwtm \ctg jrhe >: th 33
Ict`hick
cvgrcag
Wrlci
crgcs
\urck
crgcs
Ehrtck`ty rctg hj bm`kdrgi kgss tmci
7 ygcrs hkd 37.: 1.3 30.3
@ijcits ehrtck`ty rctg () 3 0.4
Ehrtck`ty rctg hj prgaicit whegi
(3/3>>,>>>)0
# Bheeui`ty mgcktm sgrv`bg bgitgrs(stct`his)
2 2
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47TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3, ehrg Gepty Igsts (jce`k`gs
w`tmhut yhuia pghpkg),lgbhe`ia hkd lgjhrg lgbhe`ia
r`bm,thh eubm m`sthr`bck dglt, uilckcibgd dgvgkhpegit
lgtwggi urlci cid rurck crgcs cid ci `ibrgcs`iaky argct
iuelgr hj d`sclkgd cid d`sclkgd gkdgrky. Cbbhrd`ia th tmg
R`xtm Ict`hick ^hpukct`hi Bgisus `i 3>, tmg iuelgr
hj pghpkg cagd :> cid clhvg rgcbmgd 311,:7>,>>>,
cbbhuit`ia jhr 32.. Tmg iuelgr hj pghpkg cagd :7
cid clhvg rgcbmgd 33=,=2>,>>>, cbbhuit`ia jhr =.0%
hj tmg thtck phpukct`hi. Tmg hkd-cag dgpgidgiby rct`h `iBm`ic wcs 33.0%, wm`bm s`ai`ffigs c tgd`hus tcso jhr tmg
dgvgkhpegit hj tmg shb`ck sgi`hr bcrg sgrv`bg systge.
7.3.2.3 Rhb`ck sgi`hr bcrg sgrv`bg
Ly tmg gid hj 33, tmgrg wgrg 4>,=:= shb`ck wgkjcrg
`ist`tut`his jhr tmg cagd w`tm 2,72>> lgds cid 2,>>>
cagd pghpkg wgrg cdhptgd ct tmg gid hj 33? tmgrg
wgrg 30,4>1 kgack c`d bgitgrs jhr tmg gkdgrky, =4,>>> hkd
pghpkgs r`amt-scjgaucrd`ia hraci`zct`his, 4=,33: sbmhhks
jhr tmg cagd, :,>2>> girhkkgd cagd studgits cid
432,>>> rgbrgct`hi bgitgrs jhr tmg gkdgrky. Jhr tmg wmhkg
ygcr hj 33, 47=,>>> v`s`ts cid kgttgrs hj bhepkc`it wgrg
rgbg`vgd. Ckk tmgsg prhv`dg c phwgrjuk aucrcitgg jhr tmg
kgack r`amts hj sgi`hr b`t`zgis.
@i 3>, up th >> urlci rgs`dgits git`tkgd th
lcs`b k`v`ia ckkhwcibgs, `ibkud`ia 2,2=:,>>> hkd pghpkg
(cbbhuit`ia jhr 34.1%). Tmgrg wgrg 7,1:4,>>> cagd
pghpkg git`tkgd th hkd-cag ckkhwcibg.
@i 3>, mgcktm sgrv`bg jhr tmg gkdgrky wcs `ibkudgd
`ith tmg lcs`b pulk`b sgrv`bg prharce `i mgcktm bcrg
systge rgjhre. Tmg hkd pghpkg cagd ct cid clhvg :7
bhukd rgbg`vg ciiuck pmys`bck gxce`ict`hi cid mgcktm
bhuisgk`ia sgrv`bg jhr jrgg w`tm tmg ffiicib`ck `ivgstegit ly
ahvgriegit ct gcbm kgvgk. Tmgrg wgrg 71.34 e`kk`hi cagd
pghpkg wmh rgbg`vgd pmys`bck gxce`ict`hi cid sgtt`ia up
tmg`r hwi mgcktm rgbhrds.
@i Ecrbm 3>-33) (%)
Hkd pghpkg gifhy tmg`r mcppy k`jg `i I`iaauh Bheeui`ty, F`ciax` ^rhv`ibg
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4: TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3> e`kk`hi yuci th tmg p`kht whro cid
hkd-cag ckkhwcibg systge mcs lggi gstclk`smgd `i sgvgi
prhv`ibgs.Tmg eggt`ia rgqu`rgd tmct, ly 37, c mheg-lcsgd,
bheeui`ty-dgpgidgit cid `ist`tut`hi-supphrtgd
shb`ck sgi`hr bcrg sgrv`bg systge w`tm wgkk-dgj`igd
systge, bhepkgtg hraci`zct`hi, ehdgrctg s`zg, shuid
hpgrct`hi, gxbgkkgit sgrv`bgs, rct`hick rgaukct`hi cid
sustc`iclkg dgvgkhpegit smckk lg lcs`bckky gstclk`smgd
`i Bm`ic, wm`bm smckk lg bhrrgsphid`ia th tmg prhbgss
hj cag`ia phpukct`hi cid bhepct`lkg th tmg gbhihe`b
cid shb`ck dgvgkhpegit. Egciwm`kg, tmg ahvgriegit
smckk bcrgjukky hraci`zg cid bcrry hut cbt`v`t`gs jhr tmg
Pgcr hj ^rheht`ia tmg Dgvgkhpegit hj Rhb`ck Rgi`hr
Bcrg Rgrv`bg Rystge cid gxgbutg tmg ^rharce
th \gspgbt cid Khvg jhr tmg Gkdgrky th rgck`zg tmg
pkciigd hlfgbt`vg hj 2> lgds pgr 3,>>> hkd pghpkg `i
iurs`ia mhegs cid :.: e`kk`hi lgds `i thtck w`tm 2.4
e`kk`hi lgds igwky cddgd `i 37.
7.3.2.< Dgvgkhpegit hj shb`ck sgi`hr bcrg sgrv`bg
systge
Jrhe 33 th 37, tmg iuelgr hj hkd pghpkg
cagd hvgr :> whukd `ibrgcsg jrhe 31= e`kk`hi th
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41TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3, iuelgr hj
tmg cagd `i Bm`ic w`kk dhulkg tmg burrgit s`zg, wm`bm
phsgs c d`jffibukt tcso jhr juturg dgvgkhpegit.
Mhwgvgr, tmg dgvgkhpegit hj Bm`ics shb`ck sgi`hr bcrg
sgrv`bg systge `s st`kk ct tmg rud`egitcry stcag, wm`bm `s
bmcrcbtgr`zgd ly6 `isujffib`git pkcii`ia cs c wmhkg cid kcbo
hj `itgar`ty cid bhit iu`ty hj systge bhistrubt hi? `icdgquctg
bheeui`ty hkd-cag sgrv`bg cid `icdgquctg iuelgr hj lgds
`i gkdgrky iurs`ia mhegs w`tm s`ai`ffibcit bhi`bts lgtwggi
tmg dgecid cid suppky? vgry s`epkg jcb`k`t`gs w`tm s`iakg
juibt his, wm`bm `s d`jffibukt th prhv`dg eukt -juibt hick sgrv`bgs
bhvgr`ia bcr`ia, iurs`ia, egd`bck rgbhvgry, egitck supphrt,
gtb.? uirgcshiclkg kcyhut cid uilckcibgd dgvgkhpegit
cehia d`jjgrgit rga`his cid lgtwggi urlci cid rurck crgcs?
`isujj`b`git ahvgriegit `ivgstegit cid k`e`tgd pr`vctg
`ivgstegit? uiprhjgss`hick sgrv`bg tgces cid `icdgquctg
sulsgqugit supphrt jhr `idustry dgvgkhpegit? `isujj`b`git
`epkgegitct`hi hj jcvhrclkg phk`b`gs gicbtgd ly tmg stctg?
cid sgrv`bg ihres, rgaukct his cid ecrogt ehi`thr`ia th lg
strgiatmgigd, gtb.
Rtrgiatmgi`ia tmg dgvgkhpegit hj shb`ck sgi`hr bcrg
sgrv`bg systge `s c igbgsscry rhutg th trcisjhre tmg
trcd`t`hick ehdg hj sgrv`bg jhr tmg gkdgrky cid sct`sjy
tmg pghpkgs rgqu`rgegit jhr sgi`hr bcrg sgrv`bg. @t `s
vgry uragit th shkvg tmg prhlkge hj prhv`d`ia sgrv`bg
jhr tmg d`sclkgd cid mckj-d`sclkgd gkdgrky cid prhehtg
shb`ck mcrehiy cid stcl`k`ty. @t `s cksh ci gjjgbt`vg wcy
th st`eukctg bhisuept`hi cid prhehtg gepkhyegit.
Dgecids jhr bcrg cid iurs`ia ly c kcrag iuelgr hj hkd
pghpkg bhukd bhitr`lutg th tmg jhrect`hi hj c sgi`hr bcrg
sgrv`bg ecrogt. @t `s gst`ectgd tmct ly 37, tmg phtgit`ck
ecrogt s`zg hj Bm`ics sgi`hr bcrg sgrv`bgs bhukd cehuit
th 47> l`kk`hi yuci, wm`bm w`kk brgctg ehrg tmci 7 e`kk`hi
igw fhls jhr tmg bhuitry.
Cbbhrd`ia th tmg Twgkjtm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci jhr Bm`ics
Widgrtco`ias jhr tmg Cagd, tmg juturg tcsos jhr tmg cag`ia
phpukct hi smckk jhbus hi shb`ck sgbur`ty, egd`bck cid mgcktm
bcrg, jce`ky lu`kd`ia, cag`ia phpukct`hi sgrv`bg, k`v`ia
bhid`t his, cag`ia `idustry, sp`r`tuck cid bukturck k jg, shb`ck
ecicagegit, cid prhtgbt`hi hj tmg`r r`amts cid `itgrgsts.
Ly 37, c shb`ck sgi`hr bcrg sgrv`bg systge w`tm wgkk-
dgj`igd `ist`tut`hi, bhepkgtg hraci`zct`hi, ehdgrctg s`zg,
shuid hpgrct hi, gxbgkkgit sgrv`bgs, rct hick rgaukct hi cid
sustc`iclkg dgvgkhpegit w kk tcog smcpg.
Hkd pghpkg gifhy tmg`r mcppy k`jg `i Bheeui`ty, Lg`f`ia
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4= TMG RTCTG HJ BM@ICR B@T@GR 3,>>> rgs`dgits arhups `i Bm`ic.
Dur`ia tmg Gkgvgitm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci pgr`hd, tmg Hp`i`hi
hi Rtrgiatmgi`ia cid @eprhv`ia Bheeui`ty Rgrv`bg hj
tmg Rtctg Bhuib`k cid tmg Gkgvgitm J`vg-Pgcr ^kci jhr
Dgvgkhpegit hj Bheeui`ty Rgrv`bg Rystge rgkgcsgd
ly Ict`hick Dgvgkhpegit cid \gjhre Bhee`ss`hi cid
E`i`stry hj B`v`k Cjjc`rs wgrg `epkgegitgd tmrhuamhut
Bm`ic, wm`bm lrhuamt hut c s`ai`ffibcit cbm`gvgegit jhr tmg
u