Post on 29-Oct-2019
THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
FROM INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES IN THE POEM PANTUN TERANG
BULAN DI MIDWEST BY TAUFIK ISMAIL
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
Siti Aisyah
1110026000058
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITY FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2015
ABSTRACT
Siti Aisyah, NIM: 10026000058, The Shift and Equivalence in The English
Translation From Indonesian Noun Phrases in The Poem ‘Pantun Terang Bulan di
Midwest’ By Taufik Ismail. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.
In This research, the writer focuses on translation study that is the translation shift and
equivalence in the poem „Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest’. The aims of this research
are to describe the types of shift translation that occur in the poem and to describe the
result of equivalence both of source and target language. The writer uses qualitative
descriptive method in order to reach the objectives of the research. She is collecting,
classifying, and analyzing the data.
The results of this research are: first, all of types of translation shift based on
Catford‟s theory are used in translating the poem. They are structure shift, intra-
system shift, unit shift, and class shift. Second, the most translation shift occur is
structure shift. Third, formal and dynamic equivalence was analyzed based on Nida‟s
theory. Fourth, based on analyzing the data, it can be concluded that shift can be
defined as problem solving to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when
rendering a text from one language into another language. Also, the equivalence is
not similar. Form and meaning are frequently not fully equivalent, but forms may
change but meaning must not change.
Key Word: Shift, Equivalence, Noun Phrases
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APPROVEMENT
THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH
TRANSLATION FROM INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES IN THE
POEM Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest BY TAUFIK ISMAIL
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanity Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Strata 1
SITI AISYAH
NIM.1110026000058
Approved by
Advisor 1 Advisor 2
Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H,.M.H.,M.Pd. Atik Yuliani, MA TESOL.
NIP.19700310 200003 1 002
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
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STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2015
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, March 2015
The Writer
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In The Name Of Allah, the Most Gracious, And the Most Merciful
First of all, there is no word better than praises be to Allah, who always gives the
writer much of strength and His amazing guidance so, the writer able to accomplish
all the processes of this thesis. Peace and salutation forever be given to our prophet
Muhammad SAW as the greatest prophet for Muslims.
Secondly, the writer would like to express her greatest honor to her family,
especially her Parents, Mrs. Fauziyah Hanim, S.kom and Mr. Wahyudi Suherman
S.H who has been fulfilling the writer‟s needs and always supports in many aspects,
may Allah always bless you. The most thanks is addressed to her greatest honor and
thankful to her advisors, Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H,.M.H.,M.Pd and Mrs. Atik Yuliani,
MA TESOL, who had been fully guiding, support, and encourage the writer very
well in making this thesis from the beginning until the ending. The writer will never
forget about all of their kindness until the end of time.
Furthermore, the writer would like to express her honor to those who have
helped her in finishing this thesis, they are:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA, as the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty,
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
2. Drs. Asep Saepuddin, M.Pd, as the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Elve Oktaviyani, M.Hum, as the Secretary of English Letters Department.
4. All the staffs of English Letters Department.
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5. All the Lectures who had been taught her in English Letters Department from
the first semester until he accomplished the study.
6. Dyan Agustina, Deri Indriya Shanti, Fadilah Mahmuda, Saidah Turahmah,
Meyriska, Riyan Fahlepi, Liyon Akbar, Fahmi Fahrurroji, Aida Soraya, Arin
Dwi tahira, Nur Alfy Ilmi, and Khuzaimah for sharing and supporting me.
7. Adea Fitriana, for striving together to graduation list.
8. Friends of KKN Aksi who supports her, Anjar Ningtias, Shelly Novianita and
Reza Nugraha for sharing and supporting me.
9. Mr. Duha Hadiyansyah that give some advices and support her thesis.
Jakarta, March 2015
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i
APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................. ii
LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii
DECLARATION .................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1
B. Focus of The Study ................................................................................ 3
C. Research Question .................................................................................. 3
D. Significance of the study ........................................................................ 3
E. Research Methodology........................................................................... 4
1. The Objectives of Research ....................................................... 4
2. The Method of Research ........................................................... 4
3. The Instrument of the Research ................................................. 4
4. The Unit of Analysis .................................................................. 5
5. The Technique of Data Analysis ................................................ 5
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................ 6
A. Previous Researches ............................................................................... 6
B. The Concept of Translation Shift and Equivalence of Noun Phrase ..... 8
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CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 21
A. The Data Description ........................................................................... 21
B. The Data Analysis ................................................................................ 22
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................... 31
A. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 31
B. Suggestion ............................................................................................ 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 34
APPENDICCES ................................................................................................... 36
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Poem is a unique literature work. The words are expression of soul from a
poet. In poem, we can find a noun phrase. If noun phrase translated from source
language into target language, the translation shift could be occurred for achieve
the meaning equivalence. Such in a poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and
its translation Full of Moon in The Midwest.
Noun phrase consists of group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain
determiners (the, a, this), adjectives, adverbs and nouns1. In Indonesian and
English, structures of noun phrase are different. As we know that noun phrase
exist in every sentence of language, especially in Indonesian and English as the
source and target language of this research. Many students are still confused in
differentiating the word order in head words of the Indonesian and English noun
phrase. It is because the Indonesian and English head words are not the same. In
Indonesian noun phrases, the head word is head – initial position, while in
English the head word is head – final position. Therefore, the core of the phrase is
head word, which is used to determine the meaning and the word class2.
In translating noun phrase from Indonesian into English case, a translator
usually has a difficult in determining structure of noun phrase in target language
1 Marcella Frank, Modern Englis.2000, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall,inc.) p.53
2 Diani Mahasari, Ni Ketut. 2012. The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The Translation Shift of
TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to “The Twilight: New Moon. Denpasar:
Udayana University. www.pps.unud.ac.id accessed on January 25, 201. p.4
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because of the different structure between both languages. When translated in one
language, translator should follow the rules and the principle from a language that
translated. In generally, translator should learn all of text before translated. After
geting the common idea, translator could divide it into certain parts and try to
analyze it with divide into: word, phrase, clause, sentences, and paragraph.
Equivalent in structure of language is a similarity derives study structure of
syntax in two different languages. Structure of syntaxes in every language is
content from every formation of word even sentences in formation of class of
word or its sentences.
In equivalence and shift, the meaning is more important than the form.
Besides, equivalence focuses to cases when language describes the same situation
by different structure. As Vinay and Dalbenet states that equivalence refers to
cases where languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or
structuran means3. Whereas when the form in source language has a new form or
different form from the target language, it is called shifts.
Like a source of data usually finded a noun phrases. In poem that unique, we
can find a noun phrases. There is translation shift in translating noun phrases in a
poem. These translation shifts occur to get the appropriate meaning. If these shifts
not occur so the result of translation poem will be awkward. Therefore, researcher
wants to research types of translation shift of noun phrase and its equivalence in
3 JP. Vinay and Darbelnet J. comparative stylistic of Rench and English: a Methodology for
Translation. 1995. (Philadelpia: John Benjamins),
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the poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in The
Midwest.
B. Focus of The Study
This research is focused on finding the types of shifts and the equivalence in
the result noun phrase translation from the Indonesian noun phrase from the
Indonesian into English in poems; Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest, by Taufik
Ismail was translated into English by John H. McGlynn.
C. Research Question
Based on the focus of study above, this research questions can be formulated
as follows:
1. What types of shift of noun phrase translation in Pantun Terang Bulan di
Midwest poem?
2. How is the equivalence in the result of noun phrase translation?
D. Significances of The Study
The research will be benefit in enriching the studies in translation Indonesian
into English, in particular enriching translation shift of noun phrase and
equivalent of translation from Indonesian language into English language in the
poetry translation. The research also can be a first description to a deeper research
for the next researcher.
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E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of the Research
Based on formulation of the problem, this research aims:
1. To analyze the types of shift translation in the English translation from the
Indonesian noun phrase.
2. To analyze the result of equivalence in the English translation from the
Indonesian noun phrase.
2. Method of Research
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It means that all
the data in this research are in the form of sentences and words, not in the
form in numbers. The writer identify the data of noun phrase, describe the
noun phrase that find in the Indonesian and English poem, analyzes types of
shift and the result of equivalence in the English translation from the
Indonesian noun phrase.
3. The Instrument of the Research
The main research instrument in this research is the writer to get more
data she needs by reading and understanding the poem of both source
language and target language. The writer also is supported by other
instruments, such as: journal, internet, poem, and reliable dictionaries in the
way analyzing, classifying and concluding the findings in this research.
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4. The Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is a poem by Taufik Ismail:
Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest from Sajak Ladang Jagung book, published
in 1971 and its translation Full of Moon in the Midwest by John H. McGlynn,
from On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry book,
published in 1990.
5. Technique of Data Analysis
In this research, the writer analyzes the data using descriptive analysis
technique. The steps of analysis as follows:
a. Reading the poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and Full of Moon
in the Midwest repeatedly to find the noun phrase. Giving the notation
of the noun phrase in the poem of Indonesian verse and English verse.
b. Collecting the data of noun phrase that is found in poem of Indonesian
and English versions.
c. Classifying the noun phrase which is found in the poem of Indonesian
and English versions.
d. Analyzing the type of shift in the English translation from the
Indonesian noun phrase to get the result of its.
e. Analyzing the result of translation equivalence in the English
translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.
f. Making the conclusion of this research and giving the suggestion.
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CHAPTER II
CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE OF
NOUN PHRASE
A. Previous Studies
There are some researches related to this topic of study which also
discussed about shift which occur in the translations studies. Therefore we
need to do the literature review in order to know how the other researchers
analyze the topic, so that we can avoid the possibility of duplication. There are
thesis and journals related to this topic are reviewed.
Monireh Akbari in the international journal of linguistics entitled
“Structural Shifts in Translation of Children's Literature.” The researcher's
intention was to focus upon the types of "structural shifts" in literary
translation from English into Persian and their significant role in
Compensation and Explicitation of meaning. The main objective of this
research was to see whether and how translators incorporate structural shifts
into their schedule, what kinds of structural Shift are made and what kinds of
structural shift are more frequently used in literary translation. The second
objective of the research was to examine whether structural shifts help the
literary translators to better transfer the meaning.4
Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum and Azadeh Shahbaiki, in the
academic journal of Interdisciplinary Studies entitled “Translation Shifts in the
Persian Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens”. This study
4
Monireh Akbari. 2012. Structural Shifts in Translation of Children's Literature.
international Journal of Linguistics. Iran: Islamic Azad University
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intends to find the realization of Catford‟s shifts in the Persian translation of
Charles Dickens‟ “A Tale of Two Cities” by Ebrahim Younesi. The aim of
this study is to find which types of shifts the translator uses, to compare the SL
and the TL versions, and to investigate how faithful the translator is to the
original text. Furthermore, it intends to find the problems translators face
during the translation process. This paper analyses different kinds of category
shifts which Catford divides into four subgroups: structure shifts, class shifts,
unit shifts and intra-system shifts in translation. To this end, forty sentences of
the first six chapters of the novel were selected randomly and compared with
their corresponding parts in the Persian translation. This study shows that
among forty sentences that include forty-three shifts, unit shift is the most
frequent type of shift. 37.5% of shifts are unit shifts, 30% class shifts, 12.5%
structure shifts and 27.5% intra system shifts. It also shows that shifts are
inevitable in some places in the translation process and this is because of
different natures of languages and variations that exist among them, so the
translator is forced to deviate from the source text.5
Parlindungan Pardede. Penerjemahan Tiga Puisi Taufik Ismail ke dalam
Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Univaersutas Kristen. One of the corpus in this thesis
is my corpus. It is “Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest”. This thesis compare the
result of analysis three poems of Taufik Ismail as source language text with
the result of translation in Englis target language to know the aspects that
makes its target language accepted as the good translation. The Aspects are
5 Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum and Azadeh Shahbaiki. 2013. Translation Shifts in
the Persian Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Academic Journal of
Interdisciplinary Studies. Iran: MCSER-CEMAS-Sapienza University of Rome.
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comparing meaning, comparing esthetics value, and comparing the structure
and expressive value.
This paper has different focus among those researches. It brings into a
theory of shifting and equivalence in translation. The writer analyzes the type
of shifting that occur in translation and their result of equivalence.
B. The Shift of Translation
The term shift is used in the literature to refer to change which occur may
occur in the process of translation. Based on Oxford Advance Leaner‟s
Dictionary, “Shift is change position or place substation of one thing to
another”6. Catford gives the idea on shift, namely “The change of formal
structure of the source language into the target language.”7 Meanwhile, Vinay
and Dalbernet state shift as transposition. According to Vinay and Dalbernet,
“transposition is interchange of parts of speech that don‟t affect the meaning, a
noun phrase for a verb phrase.” Furthermore, Newmark refer that “shift is a
translation procedure invoving a change in the grammar in source language to
target language.”8
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that shift in
translation is step in the process of doing translation. It is change the part of
6Hornby A.S, Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of Current English (New York:
Oxford University Press, 2000) p. 406 7 J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press.), p. 73 8 Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall International
(UK) Ltd,), p. 85
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speech, structure or system language from source language to target language
without affecting the meaning.
1. The Translation Shift
Every translator has an obligation to transfer all the messages from
source language to target language without changes the meaning.
Translator should determine the form and content of the source language
text with form that appropriate in target language text. Translator usually
finds the difficulties in getting the same equivalent and appropriate form in
target language, because “language has its own genius and possesses
certain distinctive characteristics that give it a special character, such as a
word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, technique for
linking clause into sentences, etc.”9 In this case, translator has to know the
structure of the translation in appropriate with rules and grammar of the
target language. Translator sometimes makes some replacements or shifts
to establish translation equivalence between different language systems..
According to Catford, translation shift mean departures from
formal correspondence in the process of going from the Source Language
to the Target Language. There are two kinds of translation shifts, level
shift and category shift10
.
9 Nida, E. A.1975. Language Structure and Translation. (California. Standford University
Press.), 10
Ibid, p.45
10
Level shift is meant that a source language item at one linguistic
level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level11
.
Level shifts as a shift from grammatical unit in source language to a
lexical unit in target language. For example12
:
SL : Roni has completed an assignment
TL : Roni telah mengumpulkan tugas
From the example above, there is a shift from grammar to lexis in
which the patterns which is in English if has contiguous with past
participle of complete, then it indicates that the act of completing has
begun before the time of speaking and the effect of the action still resumes
at the time of speaking. The form has + past participle (grammar) in
English is translated into telah (lexis) in Indonesian language. There is a
shift in rank of grammatical unit into lexical unit.
Meanwhile, category shift is departure from formal correspondence
in translation. Catford referfs uses unbounded and rank-unbound
translation term. The unbounded translation means that translation
equivalent may occur in appropriate rank such as morpheme, word, phrase,
clause, and sentence. The while, rank-unbound translation refers to cases
where equivalence is intentionally limited to ranks below the sentence13
.
Category shift is subdivided into four kinds. They are structure shift,
class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift.
11
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press.), p. 73 12
Rochaya Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.) p.
96 13
Ibid. p. 75-76
11
a. Structure Shift
Structure shift is the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in
translation. It is enclose a change in grammatical structure between source
language into target language14
.
Example15
:
SL : new shirt
TL : baju baru
From the example, the noun phrase new shirt in the source
language text is constructed of modifier (new) + head (shirt), meanwhile in
the target language it becomes baju baru which is constructed of head
(baju) + modifier (baru).
b. Class Shift
Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a
member of a different class from the original item16
.
Example17
:
SL : medical student
TL : mahasiswa kedokteran
In this example, medical in the source language is an adjective is
shifted into pendidikan which is in the target language is noun.
14
Ibid, p. 77 15
Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the Hannah
Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 16
Ibid, p. 78 17
Ibid, p.79
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c. Unit Shift
Unit shift involves change in rank. It departs from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in
the SL is the unit at a different rank in the TL18
.
Example19
: a phrase into a clause.
SL : Hari Jum‟at adalah hari baik.
TL : Friday is a good day.
For the example, there is alteration of rank from phrase to be word.
d. Intra-System Shift
Catford said that intra-system shift occur because there is internal
system between source language and target language based on their
regulation of language constitution20
.
SL : Many books
TL : Banyak buku
Books in the source language is a plural form. It is translated into
buku in the target language in a singular form.
According to Newmark a shift called as transposition which
involves a change in the grammar from source language to the target
language. There are four types of transposition21
:
18
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press.) p. 79 19
Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the Hannah
Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 20
Ibid, p. 80.
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1. The First Type
This type is an obligatory transposition or automatic shift. It is
caused by the grammatical structure of a language22
. So it offers the
translator no choice and must make the equivalence in the target language.
This type category divided into two kinds:
a. Plural in source language changes become singular in target language, for
example: a pair of shorts is translated into sebuah celana pendek23
.
b. Adjective + noun in source language changes become noun + adjective in
target language, for example: good news is translated into berita bagus.
2. The Second Type
The shift needful when grammatical structure in source language does
not exist in the target language24
. There are three kinds of this type.
a. In Indonesian language, the object is in front of the sentence, but there
is no in English grammatical structure.
For example: buku itu harus kita bawa25
is translated becomes we
must bring the book.
b. In Indonesian language, the adjective is in front of the sentence, and
then followed by the subject, but there is no in English grammatical
structure.
21
Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall International
(UK) Ltd,), p. 85-87 22
Frans sayogie, 2009. Teori & Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa
Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, p.70 23
Ibid, p.71 24
Ibid, p.72 25
Rochaya Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka) p. 95
14
For example: malu aku is translated becomes I’m shy
c. In Indonesian language, the verbal is in front of the sentence, but it is
not unusual in English, except the imperative sentence.
For example: its usage has been approved26
is translated becomes
telah disahkan penggunaannya.
3. The Third Type
It is the shift grammatically possible but may not accord with natural
usage in the target language.27
There are four kinds of this category:
a. Noun or noun phrase in source language becomes verb in target
language.
For example28
:
SL: We must all responsible for the existence of the earth.
TL: Kita semua bertanggung jawab menjaga bumi.
b. Noun phrase + adjective form verb intransitive in source language
becomes noun + clause in target language.
For example29
:
SL: Thinking person
TL: Orang yang berfikir
c. Adjective + noun or noun phrase in source language becomes noun +
noun in target language.
26
Ibid, p. 96 27
Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall International
(UK) Ltd,) p. 86 28
Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.) p. 96 29
Ibid. p. 97
15
For example30
:
SL: Medical student
TL: Mahasiswa kedokteran
4. The Fourth Type
It is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical
structure. It has textual function such as, -lah, -pun in the target language
and also the unit (rank) shift as termed by Catford is the kind of this
shift.31
For example:
SL: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant.
TL: Dia sangat baik (sekali), tetapi istrinya sangat sombong.
Another example:
SL: Amenity
TL: Tata karma
Both Catford and Newmark have their own opinion about shift.
Catford‟s theory has large shift coverage in translation. He explains shift
from the smallest unit into text, whereas Newmark only focuses on
grammatical structure.
30
Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the Hannah
Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. (UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta) p. 50 31
Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall International
(UK) Ltd,), p. 87
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C. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase can be identified by the determiners the, a, and an. Noun
phrase consist of four constituents, that is, the head, the determiner, pre-
modifier, and post-modifier. In a sentence, a noun phrase can function as
subject, object, and complement. The noun phrase is essential part of every
sentence. Noun phrase is constructed from words a noun and a phrase. Some
of experts give the similar definition of noun phrase. Brown & Miller state
that noun phrases is Noun phrases are traditionally thought of as consisting
minimally of a head noun, together with any number of noun phrases
modifier, they are determiners, quantifiers and quantifiers phrases, adjective
and adjectives phrases, noun and noun phrases, ad position and ad position
phrases and clause.32
According to Baker, “Noun phrase consist of a noun or pronoun with
modifiers, including pronouns, adjectives, other phrases and clause.”33
From definitions above it can be conclude that noun phrase comes from
group of words, which consist of head (noun or pronoun) with their modifiers.
A noun phrase can act as a subject in a sentence function (e.g. The child read
the book), as the object of a verb (e.g. The child read the book), as the object
complement of a verb (e.g. John bought a cake), or as the object of a
preposition (e.g. Jill is swimming in the pool).
32
Ni Ketut Diani Mahasari, 2012. The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The
Translation Shift of TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to
“The Twilight: New Moon. (Denpasar: Udayana University.), p.19-20 33
Peter S. baker, 2007. Introduction to Old English (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,),
17
D. Equivalence in Translation
The main purpose of translation is delivering the meaning of text which
achieves equivalence. In relation to equivalence in translation, Vinay and
Darbelnet state, “Equivalent refers to cases where languages describe the same
situation by different stylistic or structural means”.34
Catford wrote texts in
different languages can be equivalent with different degrees (fully or partially
equivalent). In respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect
of context, of semantics, grammar, of lexis, ect), and at different ranks (word-
for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).35
Furthermore, Baker used the notion of equivalence for the sake of
convenience. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition
for translations, an obstacle to a progress to translation studies or useful
category for describing translation.36
1. Types of equivalence
There are some concepts of equivalence in translation with different
approaches from scholars. Nida and Taber state that the best translation
does not sound like translation37
. Nida is much more interested in the
message of the text or, in its semanctic quality38
a. Nida divided equivalence into formal equivalence and dynamic
equivalence.
34
J.P. Vinay and Darbelnet. 1995. Comparative stylistics of French and an English: A
Methodology for Translation.. (Amsterdam/Philadephi: John Benjamins Publishing Company.), 35
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press.), p.27 36
Mona Baker. 1997. In other words: a Coursebook on Translation. (London: Routledge,), 37
Eugene A. Nida and Taber C.R. 1982. The theory and Practice of Translation. (.Leiden:
E.J. Brill.), p.12 38
Vanessa Leonardi, 2000.”Equivalence in Translation Between Myth and Realty” in
Translation Theory. http://accurapid.com/journal/14equiv.htm accessed 02 Feb,2015
18
1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both
form and content. One is concerned that the message in the
receptor language should match as closely as possible the different
elements in the source language.
2. Dynamic equivalent is the relation between receptor and message
should substantially the same as that which existed between
original receptor and the message.39
There are some types of equivalence according to experts:
b. Popovic as cited in Bassnett the classification of equivalence.
According to him, there are four types equivalence as follow40
:
1. Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the
linguistic level both source language and target language texts, i.e.
word for word translation.
2. Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the
elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e. elements of
grammar.
3. Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is „functional
equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at
an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.
4. Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence
structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
39
Jeremy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.
(London and New York: Routledge), p. 41 40
Susan Bassnett. 1998. Translation Studies: revisited edition. (London: Routledge), p. 32
19
c. According to Catford‟s model of equivalence41
:
1. Formal correspondence is any target language category (unit, class,
element of structure, etc) which can be said occupy as nearly as
possible the “same” place in the “economy in the target language as
the given source language category occupies in the source language.
For example: translating a noun by a noun.
2. Textual equivalence is any target language text or portion of text which
is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given
source language text or portion of text. for example: translating
adjective by adjective phrase.
41
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press.), p. 27
20
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description
As the writer mention about chapter 1, this study focuses on analysis
types of shift translation of noun phrase and result of equivalence in English
translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.
In the data description, the writer finds the type of shift of the source
language into target language in translating a noun phrase of Pantun Terang
Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in the Midwest and its
result of equivalence.
Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem is a descriptive poem that reveals
amazement of poet toward the natural beauty Midwest, America. When the
reader read this poem, the reader like faced to a riveting landscape painting.
Everywhere the eyes see, that look is natural charm which is sprinkled
moonlight. The poem begins with the picture of full of moon that sheds rosy
light. Illuminated by the moon, The Mississippi clearly visible includes the
wide and the water which is murky. When switch off the stare, visible the
overlay of cornfield, swamps, hills, smoke, lakes, grouse and hillside that a
lot of pines. The beautiful panorama accompanied by nature music produce
by roll likes thunder, the hum of insects and wind gusts which eventually
turned into drizzle.42
42
Taufiq Ismail. 1971. SAJAK LADANG JAGUNG. (Bandung: Masa Baru.) p. 23
21
B. Data Analysis
In the data analysis, the writer gets the noun phrases in the source language
text from Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem and its translation. Then, the
writer analyzes the process of shift translation and analyzes the equivalence of
noun phrase both of them.
The data are presented both in source language text and the target language
text. The data are analyzed based on the theory of Catford about shift and
Nida‟s theory about equivalence.
Datum 1
SL: Sebuah bulan sempurna (line 1)
TL: A perfect moon (line 1)
According to the datum 1 above, it can be seen that the shift in translation
namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase in the
source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation can
be shown by the translation of bulan sempurna into perfect moon. The phrase
is shifted from head (noun, bulan) + modifier (adjective, sempurna) into
modifier (adjective, kotor) + head (noun, moon). Catford‟s called it is structure
shift43
. This structure shift occurs due to the different linguistic system
between Indonesian and English, in which Indonesian uses the form of head +
modifier, meanwhile English uses the form of modifier + head. Then, SL noun
phrase sebuah bulan sempurna is translated into TL noun phrase a perfect
43
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press), p. 77
22
moon. Here, prefix se- as ‘one’ of the markers of the Indonesian singular noun
and the word „buah‟ is a noun as classifier a fruit or another thing outside the
human being. Bulan translated into moon and sempurna translated into
perfect. It is indicated that TL has the same word order and meaning with
SL44
. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.
Datum 2
SL: Sungai Mississippi (line 5)
TL: The Mississippi (line 5)
From the datum 2 above, we know that the noun phrase in the source
language text has the constitution of noun (sungai) + noun (mississippi).
Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into noun phrase which has
the constitution of determiner (the) + noun (mississippi). This noun phrase in
the source language text is also translated into noun phrase in the target
language text. However, the shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun
sungai in the source language is translated into mississippi. There is one
Mississippi in the America. Mississippi is the river in America. There is
internal system between source language and target language based on their
regulation of language constitution. Catford mention it is as intra-system
shift45
. Then, SL and TL has same word order. It means that the form and the
meaning are the same46
.
44
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.
(London and New York:Routledge), p. 42 45
J.C. Catford, op. cit.. p.80 46
Jermmy Munday. Op. cit. p. 42
23
Datum 3
SL: Bunyi-bunyi sepi (line 7)
TL: Sounds of silence (line 7)
The datum 3 above shows that the noun phrase bunyi-bunyi sepi in the
source language text has the constitution of noun (bunyi-bunyi) + determiner
(adjective, sepi). Meanwhile the target language which is a noun phrase has
the constitution of noun (sounds) + preposition (of) + adjective (silence). It
can be said that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which
the word of‟ in the target language is appeared. This type of shift is namely
structure shift according to the theory proposed by Catford47
. Then, SL noun
phrase bunyi-bunyi sepi is translated into TL noun phrase sounds of silent.
Actually, there is yang in the bunyi-bunyi sepi that translated to be sounds of
silent, but author not use yang in his words. It is not change the meaning. So,
increasing of is precise. It is indicated that TL has the same word order and
meaning with SL48
. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.
Datum 4
SL: Awan gemuruh (line 8)
TL: Roll like thunder (line 8)
We can see that the English noun phrase awan gemuruh in the source
language text has the constitution of noun (awan) + adjective (gemuruh). This
Indonesian noun phrase is translated into noun phrase (roll like thunder)
47
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press), p. 77 48
Jermmy Munday,op. cit. p.42
24
which has the constitution of noun (roll) + noun phrase (like thunder). Then
the noun phrase (like thunder) is constituted out of the adjective (like) + noun
(thunder). There is translation shift occurs. According to the theory of Catford,
this type of shift is called the structure shift which occurs due to the different
linguistic system between English and Indonesian, in which occur disappear
of adjective (like) from source language to target language. Actually, it can be
add “seperti” in the “awan gemuruh” to be “awan seperti gemuruh”. So, “roll
like thunder” is formal equivalence.
Datum 5
SL: Ladang-ladang jagung (line 9)
TL: Fields of corn (line 9)
The datum 5 above shows that the noun phrase ladang-ladang jagung in
the source language text has the constitution of noun (ladang-ladang) + noun
(jagung). Meanwhile the target language which is a noun phrase has the
constitution of noun (fields) + preposition (of) + noun (corn). It can be said
that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which the word of‟
in the target language is appeared. If SL translated into field corn it would be
more confuse. This type of shift is namely structure shift according to the
theory proposed by Catford49
. Then, SL noun phrase ladalng-ladang jagung is
translated into TL noun phrase fields of corn. ladang-ladang is plural form
translated into fields, it is plural form too. jagung and corn are both the same
49
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press), p.77
25
meaning. It can be seen that TL has the same word order and meaning with
SL50
. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.
Datum 6
SL: Rawa-rawa dukana (line 10)
TL: Sensual swamps (line 10)
According to the datum 6 above, it can be seen that the shift in translation
namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase in the
source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation can
be shown by the translation of rawa-rawa dukana into swamps. The phrase is
shifted from head (noun, rawa-rawa) + modifier (adjective, dukana) into
modifier (adjective, sensual) + head (noun, swamps). This structure shift
occurs due to the different linguistic system between Indonesian and
English51
, in which Indonesian uses the form of head + modifier, meanwhile
English uses the form of modifier + head. Then, SL noun phrase rawa-rawa
dukana is translated into TL noun phrase sensual swamps. rawa-rawa
translated into swamps which are both of them are plural form. Then, dukana
is strong lust, it have same meaning with sensual52
. So, It can be seen that TL
has the same word order and meaning with SL53
. So, this type equivalence is
formal equivalence.
50
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.
(London and New York:Routledge), p.42 51
J.C. Catford,, op.cit. p.77 52
Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengexmbangan Bahsa. 1998. Kamus Besar
Bahasa Indonesia. (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka), p.215 53
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.
(London and New York:Routledge), p.42
26
Datum 7
SL: Cuaca musim gugur (line 13)
TL: in the auntumn air (line 13)
The datum 7 above shows that the noun phrases cuaca musim gugur in
the source language text has the constitution of noun (cuaca) + (musimgugur).
The target language has the constitution of preposition (in) + (the auntumn
air). We can see that musim gugur in SL translated to auntumn. There is
alteration of rank from phrase to be word. According to the Catford, this
namely unit shift54
. Unit shift occurs due to the different linguistic system
between Indonesian and English. Then, SL noun phrase cuaca musim gugur is
translated into TL noun phrase in the auntumn air. There is increment the
word in and the in TL that not found in the SL. But TL has the same word
order and meaning with SL. So, this is formal equivalence.
Datum 8
SL: Asap yang hancur (line 15)
TL: Smoke transforms (line 15)
From the datum 8 above, we know that the noun phrase in the source
language text has the constitution of noun (asap) + prep. (yang) + adj
(hancur). Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into sentence which
has the constitution of noun (smoke) + verb (transfroms). This noun phrase in
the source language text is translated into sentence in the target language text.
54
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press), p.77
27
The shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun hancur in the source
language is translated into verb transform. This type of shift is class shift
according to the theory proposed by Catford55
. Class shift occurs when the
translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the
original item. Then, SL noun phrase asap yang hancur is translated into TL
senctence smoke transforms. They have same meaning but different form56
.
So, this type equivalence is dynamic equivalence.
Datum 9
SL: Danau yang di sana (line 17)
TL: On the lake beyond (line 17)
The datum 9 above shows that the noun phrases danau yang disana in the
source language text has the constitution of noun (a) + preposition (yang) +
pronoun/noun (di sana). The target language has the constitution of
preposition (on) + noun phrase (the lake) + N (beyond). We can see that
preposition in the SL changes to the end of phrase in TL. There are different
structure between SL and TL. According to the Catford, this namely structure
shift57
. Structure shift occurs due to the different linguistic system between
Indonesian and English. Then, SL noun phrase danau yang di sana is
translated into TL noun phrase on the lake beyond. There is different position
of preposition in the SL di sana and on in TL. It‟s occurring because there is
55
J.C. Catford, op. cit. p.90 56
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.
(London and New York:Routledge), p.42 57
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press), p.77
28
different linguistic system between Indonesian and English. However, form
and meaning between SL and TL did not change. The form and meaning in SL
and TL are the same58
. So, this is formal equivalence.
Datum 10
SL: Seribu burung belibis (line 18)
TL: a thousand ducks (line 18)
From the datum 10 above, we know that the NP in the source language
text has the constitution of determiner (seribu) + noun (burung) + noun
(belibis). The NP is also translated into NP in the target language which is
constituted out of the determiner (a) + noun (thousands) + noun (ducks). This
translation shows that there is the occurrence of
translation shift in this data in which burung belibis in the source language
text which is
in single form is translated into ducks in the target language text which is in
plural form. Such kind of shift is namely intra – systems shift according to the
theory of Catford59
. This shift in translation occurs because in Indonesian as
the target language, we cannot put the translation into seribu burung-burung
belibis since the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases does not use the
same system as in English. Then, SL noun phrase seribu burung belibis is
translated into TL noun phrase a thousand ducks. Here, prefix se- as „one‟ of
58
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.
(London and New York:Routledge), p.42 59
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University
Press), p.88
29
the marker of the Indonesian singular noun and the „ribu‟ is a noun as unit of
multiple number of thousand. Based on the text above, it can be seen that in
the TL burung belibis translated into ducks. It is appropriate translation,
because belibis is small wild duck in An Indonesian English Dictionary60
. So
SL and TL have same word order, it is formal equivalence.
Data 11
SL: Lereng pohon pina (line 19)
TL: The hillside pines (line 19)
From the datum 10 above, we know that the NP in the source language
text has the constitution of noun (lereng) + noun (pohon) + noun (pina). The
NP is also translated into NP in the target language which is constituted out of
the determiner (the) + noun (hillside) + noun (pines). This translation shows
that there is the occurrence of translation shift in this data in which pohon pina
in the source language text which is in single form is translated into pines in
the target language text which is in plural form. Such kind of shift is namely
intra – systems shift according to the theory of Catford61
. This shift in
translation occurs because the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases
does not use the same system as in English. Then, SL noun phrase lereng
pohon pina is translated into TL noun phrase the hillside pines. In KBBI pina
60
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, 1980. An Indonesian~English Dictionary. (Jakarta:
PT. Gramedia. New York: Cornell University Press-Ithaca), p.46 61
J.C. Catford, op. cit. p.88
30
is shrub that spread62
. In the TL translate into pines. So, this type equivalence
is dynamic equivalence.
62
Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. 1998. Kamus Besar
Bahasa Indonesia. (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka), p.684
31
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
The writer concludes that shift should be considered as the consequence of
the translator effort to establish translation naturalness between two different
languages, SL and TL. In this explanation, shift can be defined as problem
solving to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from
one language into another language. In this research, all of types of translation
shift based on Catford‟s theory are used in translating the poem, except level
shift.
The writer also concludes that the equivalence is not similar. Form and
meaning are frequently not fully equivalent, but forms may change but
meaning must not change. Dynamic equivalence, although the form is
different, but one thing is important, which is the meaning is the same. There
are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence as the result of equivalence
in this research.
B. Suggestion
A translator should be aware of the complexity and faithfulness in
translating and perpetuating the meaning of the message in the source
language which is translated into the target language. In this case, it is also
advised for the translator to understand the meaning of the noun phrase in the
source language and able to translate it into the target language in the proper
32
translation. A translator also needs to widen the knowledge about every term
in the source language and target language.
33
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Machali, Rochaya. 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, Bandung: PT Mizan
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Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengexmbangan Bahsa. 1998.
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35
APPENDIX
All data of shift of noun phrase and equivalence in the Pantun Terang
Bulan di Midwest.
No.
Source Language
Target Language
Type of Shift and
Equivalence
1. Sebuah bulan sempurna
(line 1)
A perfect moon
(line 1)
Structure Shift and
Formal
Equivalence
2. Sungai Mississippi
(line 5)
The Mississippi
(line 5)
Intra-System Shift
and Formal
Equivalence
3. Bunyi-bunyi sepi
(line 7)
Sounds of silence
(line 7)
Structure Shift and
Formal
Equivalence
4. Awan gemuruh
(line 8)
Roll like thunder
(line 8)
Structure Shift and
Dynamic
Equivalence
5. Ladang-ladang jagung
(line 9)
Fields of corn
(line 9)
Structure shift and
Formal
Equivalence
6. Rawa-rawa dukana
(line 10)
Sensual swamps
(line 10)
Structure Shift and
Formal
36
Equivalence
7. Cuaca musim gugur
(line 13)
in the autumn air
(line 13)
Unit Shift and
Formal
Equivalence
8. Asap yang hancur
(line 15)
Smoke transform
(line 15)
Class Shift and
Dynamic
Equivalence
9. Danau yang di sana
(line 17)
On the lake beyond
(line 17)
Structure Shift and
Dynamic
Equivalence
10. Seribu burung belibis
(line 18)
a thousand ducks
(line 18)
Intra-System Shift
and Formal
Equivalence
11. Lereng pohon pina
(line 19)
The hillside pines
(line 19)
Intra-System Shift
and Dynamic
Equivalence