The semantic field of television in TV news

Tv news – over timeDevelopment of a sense of a being a

profession and having tradecraftTechnological developments and affordancesDevelopment of a sense of legitimacyDevelopment of self confidenceDevelopment of self-importance?Entitlement to space?

Self referentiality in the mediaCADS work marrying the quantitative with

the qualitative (e.g TV news vs press keywords accent on affect.)

Exploring the wordlist: Grammatical words give stylistic or genre style info; lexical words give ‘aboutness’ info

Investigations of the construction of identity

Previous workPartington: newspaper corpus on the Iraq

war

Marchi forthcoming: journalists on journalism

Self referentiality as a post-modern phenomenon

Examination of wordlists

The lexicon of fieldsNounslabelling technical features, artefacts,

equipment, structures etcVerbs identifying and distinguishing between

processes, types of event methods etc.Adjectives and adverbsindicating conventional properties of the

above

And…Phrases and conventional collocations

that may expand, modify or combine any of the above

Figurative extensions of the terms may be used outside the field of discourse to general usage

The field of discoursethe particular activity, cultural feature,

social institution or topic for which a particular set of ideationally related lexical items is evolved or adapted.

Each field has a specialised topic-related vocabulary which makes up the lexical set

Scott and Tribble: nouns and proper nouns are more likely to be key words (up to 45% of KW)

our corpus 666,ooo wordsSoviet coup 1991ChechnyaKosovoIraq war 2003Intune 2007 (2 months)Intune europe 2009 (2 months)

: Tokens 666,233Distinct types : 21,157

Quantative dataSemantic field tokens and frequencies in

666,233 word corpus (Distinct types : 21,157)How much is taken up by the lexical set?Tot: 4618% of tokens = 0,693 % of corpusWords with this frequency approx. the

pronouns, deictics, wh-Q words

Qualitative How does television news reference

television and news?What kind of identity does it construct?Have there been changes over time?

The field of television newsProper nouns such as BBC, ITV, 421 ITN, 27SKY, 34Virgin, Channel 5

Proper nouns Much used as part of the identification,

naming, identifying ,and sign off :

Emily Buchanan BBC newsJeremy Cook BBC News NorfolkJames Monroe BBC News near Pisa in Italy

Promotion as well as namingAn informant who says he helped to jail

leading extremist animal rights protestors has given an exclusive television interview to ITV News about his undercover mission.

ITV News has managed to track down one shopper who fears she is a victim.

The cost of this contract to ITV is a very, very small percentage of the billion pounds a year that we invest in content. And this will only enhance viewers' enjoyment of ITV.

Nouns from the wordlistItem Hits in the corpusBroadcast* 90Channel* 66News 1612Journalist* 91Report* 922Picture* 315Image* 127

But alsoItem Hits in the corpus

Media 88Journalist 91Studio 34Website 45

Noun / verb proceduresItem Hits in the corpus

BroadcastReportQuestionAnswer

TV watching people watching tv<NP> <Vincent_Geraint> <CAMERA>Our correspondent Tim Rogers has been with

the parents of Captain Chris Air, who you saw earlier.

He reports now on one family's joy.  <VOX> <Air_Robin> <CAMERA>There is

Chris, there is Chris.  <VOX> <Air_Sally> <CAMERA>Oh there is

Chris on the tv now. YeahYeah. Yeah.

TV the moment when it sinks in<R> <Rogers_Chris> <VO>This was the moment after the news of the

release when it started to sink in. After all the worry, the sleepless nights and

the pressure for Chris Air's family, they know now, he is coming home.

(we see them watching television)

We see man seeing self on TVAmong the walking wounded, back in Manchester

Antony Wilson had been in the front line. Recovering at home today, he was able to

recognise himself in the tv pictures. Here in the white hat. As he was battered unconscious.

<VOX> <Wilson_Antony> <CAMERA>The pictures sort of speak for themselves. You see me walking away, my hands in the air.

TV – the way she would have wanted itAnd so today in the Bahamas, the Anna

Nicole Smith story comes to its conclusion. Millions of Americans will watch it all on tv. Surely just the way she would have wanted it. Jeremy Cook BBC News.

TV deprivationWar reportage – witnessing:VO“Home is now one bare room with no

furniture or tv. The children sit on the floor to do their

homework. For the Syrian school which has enrolled

them.”

Media 88 often preceded by the determiner denoting a

specific entity (shared knowledge) The war has produced its first heroine, and

the media descended on the tiny community of Palestine in the hills of West Virginia, home of the Lynch family.

</C VO>

I think stabbings are getting worse. But the media is also making it bigger than what it is.

Media phraseologiesThere can be: voices in the media, reports in the media and

leaks in the mediaThere can be leaks to, warnings to and warning markers to the

mediaThere can be control of the media and there is the full glare of

the mediaAnd you can get trench war with the media(Donald Rumsfeld’s)

Media can be Extent and limitations

InternationalCensored Government controlled Tightly controlled and official

And Old New

Media collocatesYou can have: media moguls, a media presence, media reception committees, media regulator, media empiresmedia frenzy, media circus and even a new media baby (Youtube) and

old media games

What the media doesMedia can be hoping, talking, sayingCan conceal, report, trail every inch of the

way and scramble to get their hands on a text,

descend on a tiny community or just look on

And so in defencePeople can become:

media savvy

Evidentiality: show and tellafter the break, while we've been on the air

200 million Soviet citizens have been glued to their nightly news broadcast watching their version of today's events. we'll show you something of what they've seen.

well since we've been on the air soviet television news has also been giving its viewers the details of President Gorbachev's speech today. we've been monitoring how the main Soviet evening news bulletin has been telling the story.

Choosing to showWe are filming at an academy for officer recruits

to the new Iraqi army.But we can not show the faces of these young men, because if we do, the chances are they will be kidnapped and shot. This is not a war with the normal rules of conflict.

Finally. We just could not go this evening without showing you these. These pictures of Knut who is an abandoned polar bear cub at Berlin Zoo.

Forensics: the replay

Closer examination of what happened shows Italian fans charging towards perspex barrier after Roma scores. But there were no police on that side and little attempt made to stop them. When United fans attempted to charge back, riot police who were positioned on their side weighed in.

doubt in the last few minutes Soviet television has

been showing new pictures of demonstrations against the government in contrast to the reports we've received from Moscow, Soviet television shows people apparently welcoming the troops

Throughout, the sailors have been shown well fed, relaxed and looked after. Iran trying to show its civilised treatment of the prisoners.

Images 77These amazing images of life before birth were

created to learn more about multiple pregnancies.

This report by Tim Hewitt contains distressing images of a slaughter at sea.

They are all disturbing images. And extraordinary images have helped cast light

on so called Vanishing Twin Syndrome, where two babies develop but one dies before birth.

The jolting images of a real war are beginning to land in the living rooms of America.

Attributing affectThe painful images of the past are now

confined to gallery walls.Serious weather, leaving searing images. A

president once slow to respond to a hurricane called Katrina, was quick to say and do what is expected.

They are sobering images of the devastation that might have been

Nonetheless, they must be concerned at the images coming out of parts of Iraq. What are they going to do about it?

Attributing ……tv news dependency

the break, while we've been on the air 200 million soviet citizens have been glued to their nightly news broadcast watching their version of today's events.

[Matt Frei] Much of America is glued to this war, the ultimate reality television, today they were more

[Matt Frei] The president too has been glued to his television set in the oval office. This is after all his war

glue

Andrew is it safe to assume that Mr Blair like so many of the rest of us was glued to his television for parts of today?

(visual data does not always show people glued to their screens)

You must want moreNo time or space??Dozens more images of course on the website. And you can get more on the fourth anniversary

of the war at our website.

Well, George, the initial reports we had suggested we were looking at a strip that ran from East Anglia down to Wessex, down into Kent. But during the afternoon the emails coming in to our website, calls in, have suggested this is actually more widespread.

And more…

And on our website you can find more details on this week’s G20 summit, including an interactive map showing what each country’s hoping to get out of it.

And there’s more advice from Deirdre Saunders on our website at ITV.com/news.

And you can keep up with Sir Ranulph's progess by logging on to our website itv dot com forward slash news.

Pictures 222The shared experience:In the meantime, it seems, Fuji has become quite

accustomed to his new fin and to his new lease of life.

Luisa Baldini BBC News.  <<NP> <Kaplinsky_Natasha> <CAMERA>And a wave.  <NP> <Alagiah_George> <CAMERA>We have been waiting to see these pictures all day. <NP> <Kaplinsky_Natasha> <CAMERA>We have indeed.

Hook for the lead in

You may remember these pictures and even the song. What you mightn’t recall is that one of Labour’s key slogans before it took power was that two million out of a job was conclusive proof the Tories weren’t working.

Pictures of people looking at pictures<C CAM> [Caroline Hawley]There’s a real sense of disbelief here about the

latest news from Baghdad and the scenes of the Iraqi regime’s collapse. Many Jordanians say it’s not just the defeat of Saddam Hussein but of the entire Arab world. </C CAM> 

<C VO> [Caroline Hawley] And these are the pictures Arabs will now wake to. For Imad editing Jordan’s biggest newspaper it’s a potentially dangerous turning point for the whole middle east.

Awareness of the effect

There is, though, a particular tension here tonight. I was sitting with a senior British officer and a senior official as those first pictures came in from Baghdad a few hours ago. We were watching them on BBC World and this entire briefing centre went very quiet, it was a very solemn atmosphere.

Mixing the media: old mediaWell a reaction of great excitement and

euphoria. Let me show you the front page of this morning's Washington Post, can't get much bigger than that as a headline. Coup fails Gorbachev returns, it says and everyone here is really very excited

Radical newspapers like Moscow News which might have taken his message to the people were banned. As these pictures show, they continued to print in secret but had no means of reaching their usual wide readership.

. (newspapers as the evidence and as news) 1991Some papers used coloured library pictures to

symbolize Mr Gorbachev's return to Moscow in the early hours of this morning, but in late editions that reached us here at TV center only the Star and the Daily Telegraph have the real thing: a black and white picture of the Soviet president emerging from a plane at Moscow airport and as with all such historic shots it's worth a thousand words. But words there are aplenty about the staggering turn of events in the Soviet Union and many showed British newspapers at their best

Mixing the media: new media 2007Caught on a mobile phone; the final moments

of a teenage killer. This is Tim Kretchmer; just after he’d murdered 15 people.The pictures are shaky but you can see him brandishing a pistol then the gunman goes down on one knee. Seconds later he’s seen lying on the ground, apparently having shot himself in the head.

Sharing media pictures1. And take a look at these pictures, filmed by

cctv at a jewellers in Grange. You see the men enter the shop with the little boy. As the men start to chat to the assistant to distract her, the little boy starts to wander. He sees what he wants.

2. As these pictures from local television show, the friendship express was an inferno.

Let’s show it anyway(Live) here at RAF Fairford. You can probably

see from one of our other cameras pictures of the aircraft standing idle on the tarmac tonight. As you said er cameras appeared to show pictures of bombs or cruise missiles being loaded into the B52s earlier today but there’s been no official confirmation that they are armed.

Pictures as resultsAnd also, of course, we’ve started to see

pictures of smiling, cheering Iraqis on the streets – something the Coalition commanders have been waiting a fortnight to try to achieve.

collaborationThe Tornadoes fly in formation, the military

call this a package. We flew alongside them on their way to Serbia last night. These pictures are the first from inside a Tornado since the campaign began. They were filmed by the navigator with a BBC camera. You can see the tanker aircraft which we were on.

wow<VO>And as he makes his painstaking

progress up the mountain, how far away must that summit seem?

<NP> <Nightingale_Mary> <CAMERA>Well, Phil this is absolutely extraordinary;We

can get pictures back from half way up the north face of the Eiger, is it not!

daring<REPORT><R> <ReaySmith_Phil>

<CAMERA>Yeah. We have been able to do daily updates

from the north face of the Eiger, something that has never been done before.

And it is thanks to my cameraman Rob Turner who has been hanging out of helicopters.

Constructing the protagonistsJournalist* 91

We get a concern with the size of the crowd or the select nature

The massesSo, for the more than 2,000 journalists

covering this summit, there really is something to report and write about but the new investment initiative will not have a direct impact on British businesses or workers and their job prospects.

Hundreds of journalists around the world have signed a petition for his release.

In the midst of this battle Iraq’s Minister of Information strode through the mass of assembled journalists.

Mass and fewThere was also renewed fighting in the heart

of Baghdad, outside a hotel where many journalists are based.

Well our correspondent, Bethany Bell, was one of only two British journalists allowed in court today and she joins me now.

Our Middle East correspondent Julian Manyon is one of the few western journalists in Tehran.

The first and onlyOur special correspondent Ben Brown is one

of the first journalists to be allowed into Az Zubayr since it fell, and he’s just sent us this report.

He is just about the only western journalist to live there.

Our correspondent Ian Pannell is the only journalist on board and he has just sent us this report.

Qualified journosThey are qualified in terms of their

nationality or perceived alignment (Palestinian, western, American,Italian, from

Nato countries,) or in terms of their affiliation: ( the Arabic station Al-Jazeera) or their temporary posting (covering this

summit, covering the visit to Indonesia, in Gaza, in Teheran, in Belgrade,)

It’s a hard lifewe get told about the difficulties in the life of

a journalist

This visit has been, frankly, chaotically organised; journalists spent ages outside unable to get in, we weren’t sure who was gonna be allowed in, we weren’t sure whether there was gonna be a press conference and you might say don’t be so egotistical, why does all that matter?

:real danger – reflections of a conflict-heavy corpusIn collaboration with Guardian Films, who work

with Iraqi cameramen and producers here in Baghdad, at great risk to themselves, we will bring you the stories Western journalists simply can not cover.

And the Taliban are reportedly holding an Italian journalist kidnapped today.

There are fears for the safety of a BBC journalist kidnapped in Gaza.

A secret world where no one will reveal their identity and journalists just like the police are regarded as the enemy.

Well, Terry Lloyd was of course one of many dozens of journalists who have been killed in the world' s conflicts. Never before have camera crews and reporters been so much at risk. Today ITN is launching a campaign to change international law and make killing journalists in war zones a specific crime.

It seemed as though the idea was that the journalists should be part of some kind of human shield, presumably completely voluntarily, so uhm several organisations including the BBC decided not to take part in what would presumably be an essentially propaganda exercise.

Journalists remain banned. But Martin and his cameraman Andy Rex have

travelled undercover into the capital Harare to see a country and a people at breaking point.

Among those killed in today’s fighting in Baghdad were three journalists. Two cameramen died when the Americans fired at the hotel where most of the international media is based.

It is too dangerous for western journalists to go there.

Last night the air raid sirens were sounding again in the Serbian capital Belgrade and civilians took to the underground bomb shelters. As did our world affairs editor John Simpson. He now reports on the mood of those who take cover each night. Like all journalists in Belgrade, his movements are being monitored.

Time and time again today me and my fellow journalists here have had to run for cover alongside the soldiers we’re reporting on. Together, we put on our gas masks and chemical protection suits.

The atmosphere is intimidating. I asked for police protection for other journalists here have been beaten up.

Several journalists have been abducted in Gaza. Last August a Fox news team was released after two weeks.

But the Americans also shelled one of the hotels occupied by Western journalists, and two cameramen were killed. A third journalist died in a missile attack on the offices of Al Jazeera Television.

Among the missing are several Autralians, including government officials and a journalist covering a visit to Indonesia by their foreign minister.

Back under cover in Zimbabwe. It has never been more dangerous for journalists. The regime is looking for us as we report on President Mugabe's savage crackdown.

We extend our condolences to the family of your journalist and, ah, to the families of other journalists who have lost their lives throughout this conflict. Er, it’s most unfortunate, indeed. We certainly know that we don’t target journalists. That’s just not something we do.

Because we know that police are now on the lookout for journalists.

conclusionsThe lexical field of television news has a

prominent place in tv newsQuantitative data act as a lead inRepeated regularities of form can be grouped

into sets or sematic fieldsWhen we look into the texts we find patternsThe patterns can reveal constructions and

phraseologies also represent space and time used which

excludes other constructions of reality

The semantic field of television is relatively prevalent in tv news discourse

This means other fields are being excludedSelf confidence or self importance??The self awareness of having been the subject

of analysis (journalism schools, media studies)The self awareness of having been the heroes

of fact and fiction (affect, danger, hyperbole)The ability to develop in the light of this

reflexivityThe relationship with new media (blogs, social

networks, twitter etc)

Work in progressMore elements of the semantic field to be

investigatedDiachronic aspects to be looked at more

closelyAwareness that corpus is slightly skewed