The Role of Women in Social Entrepreneurship

Professor Elisabeth SundinLinköpings universitet

Östersund den 2 oktober 2013

• Introduction and key-questions• Well-fare regimes and the position of the civil sector and

social enterpreneurship• Changes in the well-fare regimes• Organizational settings for social intentions• The Swedish case• Capital and trust• Conclusion

The position of women in society• Gender segregation in all societies but• Great differences

• The female label of the social (?)

• Women – female - femininity

2013-10-02 The Role of Women in EntrepreneurshipElisabeth Sundin

Women are everywhere to a lower extent than men small business owners and considered to be less entrepreneurial than men

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entrepreneurshipElisabeth Sundin

• The male label of entrepreneurship and• Gender segregation in the SME-sector and in E-ship

Is the male label of entrepreneurship stronger than the female label of the social?

Are social enterprises less gender segregated than other organizations?

Are social initiatives less gendered than other initiativesAre social engagement gendered

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2013-10-02 The Role of women in social entrepreneurshopElisabeth Sundin

Well-fare regimes

• Liberal• Conservative• Socal democratic

(Esping-Andersen; Mahon; emphasizing child and elderly care)

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entrepreneurshipElisabeth Sundin

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Market State

Civil Society

Including family?

The social entrepreneurship andits positioning internationally

2012-10-02 The role of women in social entrepreneurshipElisabeth Sundin

Market State

Civil Society

UK

EuropeanSocial

Democraties

Asia

Eastern Europe

LatinAmerica

Nicholls (2006) New Models of Sustainable Social Change, p.5.

GEM: Social entrepreneurship is entrepreneurship with a social purpose

• Factor driven: Elementary needs, Health, Water, Sanitary

• Innovation driven:Culture, Handicapped, Disabled, Environment, Nature, Open-source

2013-10-02 The Role of women in social entrepreneurshiopElisabeth Sundin

More classifications possible

Purpose

Social/Ecological Economical

Actor

Collective

Individual

Civic E-shipTripplehelix

CSR

Social economy

Trad. Social E-shipCommunity E-ship

Social E-ship

Traditional E-ship

Activist E-ship

Public E-ship

Figure: Concepts related to Social Entreprenurship.(Gawell, Johansson & Lundqvist 2009)

BusinessOwner

Corporate Enrepreneur

Public SectorEntrepreneur

SocialEntrepreneur

Motive Freedom Goal-oriented Power, not limited to profit motives

Social

Time-horizon 5–10 years 3–15 years 10–15 years

Knowledge Enterprising Technical Political/Power

View of the system

Frustrating Manipulative Re-design Restructuring

Fokus External Internal andExternal

Co-opt, External powers for Internal goals

Risk Financial Career Organizational

Källa: Zerbinati & Souitaris

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entrepreneurship Elisabeth Sundin

Organizations and sectors are connected – so changes in one have consequences in others

Example – start with NPM (New Public Management in the public sector

2013-10-02 The role of women in the social sectorElisabeth Sundin

New Public Management

• Introduction of private-style management• Measures of performance• Greater emphasis on output control• Disaggregation of units• Internal competition

• Gives consequences inside the public sector but also in the other sectors

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Changes in the public sector and social entrepreneurship

• Inside the public sector– ”Street level” bureaucrats – less initiatives allowed– Managers – more power– Professions – less power and less initiatives allowed

• .. Less public sector entrepreneurship

2013-10-02 The role of women in the social sectorElisabeth Sundin

Changes in the private sector and social entrepreneurship

• Inside the private sector the public sector an expanding market

But also – Corporate Social Responsibility– Small firms challenged by the social sector?

2013-10-02 The role of women in the social sectorElisabeth Sundin

Changes in the civil sector and social organizations

• Adapt to NPM

• Compete with CSR

• New areas due to shortcomings in the other

2013-10-02 The role of women in the social sectorElisabeth Sundin

Organizational settings for social intentions

• Social engagement • Social initiatives• Social enterprises

Social engagement in Sweden

• Gender division of activities – Sport– Housing– Hierarchy – More men than women!

•

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entrepreneurshipElisabeth Sundin

Social initiatives

For women For men

By women Shelters for battered women

Lower levels at the Salvation Army

By men Philantropists Crisis centras for men

Social enterprises

• The failure of the market and the ”state”• Groups with disadvantages like immigrants and disabled• Sex and gender of minor importance

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entrepreneurshipElisabeth Sundin

Social entrepreneurship needs different forms of capital:

2013-10-02 The role of women in the social sectorElisabeth Sundin

• Financial capital • Social capital• Human capital

• Of relevance in all kinds of contexts• To what extent can they, as well as trust, be translated?• There are gender-dimensions in all kinds of capital

So the position and role of women in social activites as well as in social entrepreneurshipis a mirror of the role of women in society

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entreprenurshipElisabeth Sundin

Elisabeth.Sundin@liu.se

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entreprenurshipElisabeth Sundin

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entreprenurshipElisabeth Sundin

Indelning enligt GEM 2009

Entrepreneur

Investors

Employees

Suppliers Customers

Globalcommunity

Agent-principlemodel

Marketingmodel

Cooperative / franchisemodel

‘Fair-trade’model

Localcommunity

LocalGovernmentmodel

NGO model

Charitymodel

2013-10-02 The role of women in social entrepreneurship Elisabeth Sundin