Transcript of The Rise of Russia Chapter 18. 1450-1750: Russia’s great land empire formed Limited commercial...
- Slide 1
- The Rise of Russia Chapter 18
- Slide 2
- 1450-1750: Russias great land empire formed Limited commercial
exchange 1450-1480: Mongols (Tatars) were driven out of Russia
Followed by Russian expansion (much of the land Asian) 17 th
century gained leading role in Eastern Europe Regional kingdoms
remained in Eastern Europe (differed from Russia) 17 th century
Poland and Lithuania rival Russia
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- Russian Empire 1721-1917
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- Culture of Russia influenced by Byzantine Empire Orthodox
Christianity Vibrant cultural traditions Rich art Two centuries of
Mongol rule had reduced Russias cities and trade and lowered its
cultural and educational levels Controversy of Western influence
developed Embrace it or reject it? Eurasian Russian Empire would
dominate region
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- Russias Expansionist Politics under the Tsar First Russia
needed to defeat Mongols 14 th century Duchy of Moscow was center
for liberation effort Local princes established more autonomy
Effectiveness of Mongol control began to diminish Moscow princes
had gained political experience through the collection of taxes for
the Mongols Moved toward regional independence
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- Ivan III (Ivan the Great) Styled himself tsar (autocrat of all
Russians) 1462 freed large part of Russia Organized a strong army
Government had a military emphasis Used loyalties to the Orthodox
Christian faith and to Russia (blend of nationalism and religion)
to win support Head of the Orthodox Church 1480 Moscow freed from
all payments to Mongols Russia gained a vast territory running from
the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom to Ural Mountains
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- The Need for Revival Mongol control never reshaped basic
Russian values Rulers were only interested in tribute Most Russians
remained Christians Most local administrative issues remained in
hands of regional princes, landlords, or peasant villages Mongol
period reduced the vigor of Russian cultural life Lower levels of
literacy among priesthood Economic life deteriorated Trade down
Manufacturing limited Russia had become a purely agricultural
economy dependent on peasant labor
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- Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) Continued policy of Russian
expansion Greater emphasis on controlling the tsarist autocracy
Earned nickname by killing many Russian nobles (boyars)
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- Patterns of Expansion Territorial expansion focused on Central
Asia Pushed southward toward Caspian Sea Moved East into Ural
mountains Motivated by desire to push back former Mongol overlords
Ivan III and Ivan IV recruited peasants (cossacks) to migrate to
newly seized lands Combined agriculture with daring military feats
on horseback Conquered Caspian Sea area Moved into western Siberia
(across the Urals)
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- Expansion also offered tsars: A way to reward loyal nobles and
bureaucrats by giving them estates in new territories Provided new
agricultural areas Sources of labor Russia used slaves for certain
kinds of production work into the 18 th century Expansion added
diversity of people (multicultural empire)
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- Western Contact and Romanov Policy Early tsars carefully
managed contacts with western Europe Realized Western Europe was
superior culturally and economically Ivan III eager to launch
diplomatic missions to leading Western states Ivan IV British
merchants established trading contacts with Russia Manufactured
products in exchange for furs and other raw materials (from
Russia)
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- Foreign architects modified Renaissance styles to take Russian
building traditions into account elaborate, onion-shaped domes
Distinctive form of classicism
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- Ivan IV died without a heir Led to new power claims by boyars
(The Time of Troubles) Swedish and Polish attacks on Russian
territory 1613 assembly of boyars chose a member of the Romanov
family as tsar Romanov dynasty was to rule Russia until great
revolution of 1917
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- Michael (first Romanov) reestablished internal order Drove out
foreign invaders Resumed expansionist policy of predecessors A
successful war against Poland brought Russia part of Ukraine
(including kiev); Russian territory to south also expanded Alexis
Romanov (Michaels successor) abolished assemblies of nobles and
gained new powers over the Russian church Policies resumed the
Orthodox tradition of state control over the church
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- Russias First Westernization (1690-1790) End of 17 th century
Russia had become one of the great land empires Unusually
agricultural Peter I (son of Alexis; aka Peter the Great) ruled
from 1689 to 1725 Extended his predecessors policies Built up
tsarist control Expanded Russian territory Added a more definite
interest in changing selected aspects of Russian economy and
culture by imitating Western forms
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- Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great Peter was an autocrat
(absolute ruler, dictator) Put down revolts against his rule with
great cruelty Had no interest in parliamentary features of West
Recruited bureaucrats from outside aristocratic ranks and gave them
noble titles to reward bureaucratic service Freed the state from
exclusive dependence on aristocratic officials Peter imitated
Western military organization Specially trained fighting force Set
up a secret police (survived until the 1990s) Prevent dissent
Supervise the bureaucracy
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- Peter attacked the Ottoman Empire (won no great victories)
Warred with Sweden and gained territory on eastern coast of the
Baltic Sea Russia became a major factor in European diplomatic and
military alignments The tsar commemorated Russias shift of
interests westward by moving his capital from Moscow to a new
Baltic city that he named St. Petersburg Peter the Great Meditating
the Idea of Building St Petersburg at the Shore of theBaltic Sea by
Alexandre Benois, 1916Baltic SeaAlexandre Benois
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- What Westernization Meant Peter concentrated on: Improvements
in political organization Selected economic development Cultural
change Modernized Russias small bureaucracy and altered the
military structure by using Western organizational principles
Well-defined military hierarchy Specialized bureaucratic
departments Improved armys weapons First Russian navy
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- Provincial governors were appointed from St. Petersburg
Systemized law codes Revised tax systems Taxes on ordinary Russian
peasants increased steadily Economic efforts focused on building up
metallurgical and mining industries Benefited from extensive iron
holdings Financed state-run weapons and shipbuilding
facilities
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- Peter was eager to make Russia culturally respectable in
Western eyes Required nobles to wear Western clothes and shave off
beards Many of the Western-oriented changes impacted only the upper
class Provide more education in mathematics Founded scientific
institutes and academics along Western lines Western fads and
fashions came into new capital Ballet (France) Christmas tree
(Germany)
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- Peter also pressed for improvements in the condition of upper
class women Could now attend public events (like women in Western
Europe) Peter did not try to involve ordinary people of Russia in
the technological and intellectual aspects of Westernization There
was no interest in building the kind of worldwide export economy
characteristic of the West Peter wanted economic development to
support military strength rather than to achieve wider commercial
goals Westernization that did occur brought hostile responses Many
peasants resented this Westernization and expenses of their
landlords (some of whom no longer even knew Russian but spoke only
French)
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- Consolidation Under Catherine the Great Death of Peter the
Great in 1724 was followed by several decades of weak rule
Ineffective emperors and empresses Russian territorial expansion
continued Several clashes with Ottoman Empire and further
exploration and settlement in Siberia
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- 1761 Peter III (new of Peter the Greats youngest daughter)
reached the throne He was retarded His wife Catherine (later known
as Catherine the Great) Ruled after death of Peter III
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- Catherine resumed Peter the Greats interests in many respects
Defended the powers of the central monarch Put down a vigorous
peasant uprising Selective Westernizer Summoned various reform
commissions to discuss new law codes and other Western style
measures Reduction of traditionally severe punishments Combined
genuine Enlightenment interests with her need to consolidate power
as a truly Russian ruler
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- Catherine was a centralizer (advocate of a strong tsarist hand)
But Catherine also gave new powers to the nobility over their serfs
Nobles served a strong central government and staffed it as
bureaucrats and officers Nobles were a service aristocracy (not an
independent force) Most of the actual administration over local
peasants (except for those on government run estates) was wielded
by noble landlords Landlords could demand peasant labor, levy taxes
in money and goods, and even impose punishments for crime because
landlord dominated courts administered local justice Catherine
increased the harshness of punishments nobles could decree for
their serfs
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- Catherine supported Western- style art and architecture
Continued to build St. Petersburg in classical styles When the
French Revolution broke out (1789), Catherine was quick to close
Russias doors to the seditious writings of liberals and democrats
Censored a small but emerging band of Russian intellectuals who
urged reforms along Western ideals One Western-inspired radical
(noble named Radishev) sought to abolish serfdom Harassed by
Catherines police (his writings were banned) St. Petersburg
Cathedral; started by Peter III and finished by Catherine the
Great
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- Catherine pursued Russian expansion Resumed campaigns against
the Ottoman Empire Won territories in Central Asia The
Russian-Ottoman contest became a central diplomatic issue for both
powers Russia became increasingly ascendant Claimed territory of
Alaska in Russias name Russia was able to win agreements with
Austria and Prussia for partition of Poland Eliminated Poland as an
independent state, and Russia held the lions share of the spoils
Russias ultimate role in putting down the French armies of Napoleon
after 1812
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- By the time of Catherines death in 1796, Russia had passed
through three centuries of extraordinary development Won
independence Constructed a strong central state Brought new
elements into Russias culture and economy Much of this borrowed
from the West
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- Themes in Early Modern Russian History Because of its great
estates, its local political power, and its service to the state,
the Russian nobility maintained a vital position in Russian
society
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- Serfdom: The Last of East Europes Masses 17 th and 18 th
centuries power of the nobility over the serfs increased steadily
Before the Mongol conquest, Russian peasants had been largely free
farmers After the expulsion of the Tatars, increasing numbers of
Russian peasants fell into debt and had to accept servile status to
the noble land owners when they could not repay Russian government
actively encouraged this process from 16 th century onward Serfdom
gave the government a way to satisfy the nobility and regulate
peasants when the government itself lacked the bureaucratic means
to extend direct controls over the common people As new territories
were added to the empire, the system of serfdom was extended
accordingly
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- By 1800 half of Russias peasantry was enserfed to landlords
Much of the other half owed comparable obligations to the state 17
th and 18 th century laws passed tied serfs to the land and
increased the legal rights of the landlords 1649 law created
hereditary status of serfs Flogging a serf
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- Russia was setting up a system of serfdom very close to
outright slavery Bought and sold Gambled away Punished by their
masters Unusual case of slavery people essentially enslaved many of
its own members
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- Coerced labor was used to produce grain surpluses sold to
Western merchants for the growing cities of western Europe In
return, Western merchants brought in manufactured goods, including
the luxury furnishings and clothing essential to the aristocratic
lifestyle Serfs on the estates of eastern Europe were taxed and
policed by their landlords Paid high taxes or obligations in kind,
and they owed extensive labor service to the landlords or
government 1785 allowed landlords to punish harshly any serfs
convicted of major crimes or rebellion Most peasants were
illiterate and poor
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- Trade and Economic Dependence In between serfs and landlords,
there were few layers of Russian society Cites were small 95% of
population remained rural Some nonnoble bureaucrats and
professionals Small merchant groups Most of Russias European trade
was handled by Westerners Russias economic system produced enough
revenue to support an expanding state and empire Russia was able to
trade in furs and other commodities with areas in central Asia
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- Russias expansion yielded significant population growth There
was little motivation among the peasantry for improvement because
increased production usually was taken by the state or landlord
Manufacturing lagged behind Western standards
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- Social unrest Russias economic and social system led to protest
By the end of 18 th century, a small but growing number of
Western-oriented aristocrats such as Radishev were criticizing the
regimes backwardness Wanted to abolish serfdom Recurrent peasant
rebellions Russian peasants for the most part were politically
loyal to the tsar, but they harbored bitter resentments against
their landlords Accused them of taking lands that were rightfully
theirs
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- 1770s Pugachev uprising Pugachev Cossack chieftain who claimed
to be the legitimate tsar Promised an end to serfdom, taxation,
military conscription, and abolition of landed aristocracy He was
brought to Moscow in a case and cut into quarters in a public
square