The Reformation

The ReformationThe demand for religious changes in the church

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

--born into a miner’s family

in Saxony in central

Germany

--Studying to become a

lawyer

--Has two life changing

experiences

Sheg-Stanford.edu

The ReformationBolt of Lighting

He is crossing a field during a thunderstorm. He is thrown to the ground by a bolt of lighting. He cries out to St. Anne that he would enter a monastery.

He is obsessed with his own sinfulness and joins a monastery in the hope that he would overcome his sense of guilt.

His superiors realized his intellectual gifts and assigned him to the university at Wittenberg in 1508. He has his second life changing experience in 1512.

The ReformationThe Experience in the Tower

He realized that he only needed to rely on god’s mercy. This was achieved by faith alone.

The ReformationIndulgence Controversy

What is an indulgence?

It released a sinner from a certain period of punishment in purgatory before they went to heaven. It was sold originally to

people going on a crusade.

Why is this an issue?

In 1517, Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences as part of a fund-raiser to pay for St. Peter’ s church in Rome

The ReformationSo, why is it a problem?

Tetzel sells indulgences without mentioning repentance.

Martin Luther hears of this and posts the

95 Theses on October 31, 1517.

He believes the promise of a general pardon is

DAMNABLE

The ReformationMuseum-digital.de

The ReformationThe Diet of Worms 1520

Pope Leo X issued a bull excommunicating Luther.

In 1521, Emperor Charles V, the Pope’s secular representative calls for Luther’s arrest and

burning of his works. German princes aid him.

The ReformationDiet of Worms Anton Alexander von Werner

Kunst-fuer-alle.de

The ReformationDiet of Worms

Law2.umkc.edu

The ReformationMartin Luther at the Diet of Worms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xQsCtpcj_E

The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice

1. Nominalism

The primacy of faith, the inadequacy of reason and the unknowableness of God.

The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice

2. Faith and the Bible

The Bible is the sole source of religious authority. Faith alone, not good works or

receiving the sacraments, justifies the believer.

The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice

3. Sacraments and the Mass

Baptism and Eucharist are the only ones mentioned in the Bible.

Transubstantiation VS. ConsubstantiationChristian Lutheran

Wafer and wine retain their appearance The real presence of Christ and the natural

but their substance is transformed into substance coexist within the wafer and wine.

the body and blood of Christ.

The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice

4. Translation of the Bible

The translation of the Bible was completed in 1534.

The Reformation

The Reformation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi5qR7tflG0

The ReformationSpread of Lutheranism

Ways Lutheranism spread

printing press pamphlets

broadsides princes/rulers

Any person who accepted the basic doctrines of faith alone and scripture as the sole authority could

be a Lutheran

The ReformationSpread of Lutheranism

Princes’ Issues

If they follow Luther ……….

but

If they remain loyal ………

The ReformationSpread of Lutheranism

Princes’ Issues

If they follow Luther, they could lose their titles

but

If they remain loyal, they could blackmail the church to becoming Lutheran

The ReformationWhy Lutherans = Protestants

Diet of Speyer 1529Princes sign a decree protesting that no religious innovations were to be introduced in the Empire.

1550s—half the population of Europe is Lutheran

The Reformation

Diet at Augsberg 1555

Compromise, each prince was allowed to determine the religion of his own territory

The ReformationJohn Calvin (1509–1564)

--a lawyer

--moves to Switzerland

because of his religious

views.

--He had been persecuted

in FranceLibrary.calvin.edu

The ReformationSimilarities with Lutherans

--Accepted Baptism and Eucharist

--Regarded all occupations as worthy

--Upheld social and political authority

Differences with Lutherans

--Eucharist, the body of Christ was there only in spirit and consumed only in spirit

--Predestination nothing can be done to save a person. It’s up to god to save a person.

The ReformationMorality and Discipline

--Strict moral code

--Self-examination, Bible study

--Public confession

French Calvinist=Huguenot

English Calvinist=Puritan

Counter ReformationThe Catholic Revival

Begins in the 1530s, Pope Paul III elected in 1534 until 1549. The church was reacting as a

result of criticism

Counter ReformationThe Council of Trent

Pages.uoregon.edu

Counter ReformationDoctrine

--Affirm teachings that the Protestants rejected

--Human will is free

--Good works and faith = salvation

--Seven sacraments are channels of grace

Counter ReformationReformsInquisition

Index of Forbidden Books

Informed Catholics of heretical works they were not allowed to read

Women

Religious orders for women identified with charitable works

Philanthropic Activities

Assistance to the poor, new hospitals, assistance to to orphans and other unfortunates

inquisition

Inquisition

An inquiry before a jury (Catholic tribunal) for the discovery of heresy.

inquisition

Inquisition

An inquiry before a jury (Catholic tribunal) for the discovery of heresy.

inquisition

Inquisition--History

Medieval Inquisition 1231

Pope Gregory IX

--Started for the apprehension and trial of heretics also witches, diviners and blasphemers

--A method of formal trial for heretics instead of mob mentality.

inquisition

Inquisition

Spanish Inquisition--started in 1478 by Pope Sixtus IV until 1834.

Ferdinand and Isabella assume power in 1474.

By 1479, they consolidated their power and utilized religion as a means of control, this

completed their drive for centralization of power.

inquisition

Inquisition

Jews—Marranos (Conversos)

Pretended to accept Christianity but retained original beliefs

Muslims—Moriscos

inquisition

Inquisition

Roman Inquisition

Pope Paul III

--Started in 1542, alarmed by the spread of Protestantism

inquisition

InquisitionHow does it work?

Edict of Grace—anyone conscious of heresy given the chance to confess.

Tribunal Officers—Accusations were made

Act of Faith—those accused of heresy were sentenced.

inquisition

Inquisition

Punishment

Confinement to a dungeon, physical abuse or torture.

If one did not confess, burned at the stake.