The Philippines 1899-1902The Herrero people in Namibia 1903-4

The Armenians 1915Ukrainian kulaks 1932-3The Holocaust 1939-45

Indonesia and East Timor 1965-6, 1975-99Bangladesh 1971

Burundi 1972Cambodia 1975-9

Iran-Iraq war Anfal, Iraq 1988

Chechnya Bosnia 1992-5Rwanda 1994Darfur 2003-

Nuba 1990-5, 2011-

Monsters and angels

Is genocide part of human nature?

Hilde Schramm

We are all capable of genocide

The Salem Witch Trials 1692 - Arthur Miller “The Crucible” 1953

Ken Burns – Prohibition

The Cultural Revolution – “Wild Swans” Jung Chang

McCarthyism – “Good Night and Good Luck” 2005

Zimbardo, Stanford, 1971 www.prisonexp.org

Milgram, Yale, 1963

Wannsee Conference, Berlin, 1942

*Treaty of Westphalia 1648*Convention of the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide 1948

*Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948*European Convention on Human Rights 1953

*Responsibility to Protect Doctrine 2005

The perfect victim

AIDS – 39 ,000,000Mao’s Great Leap Forward 1958-61 38,000,000Stalin’s purges 1936-7 13 ,000,000Mao’s Cultural Revolution 1966-69 11 ,000,000Democratic Republic of Congo since 1994 5,000,000South Sudan since 1989 1,500,000Rwanda 1994 1,000,000Iran-Iraq War 1,000,000Darfur ongoing 300,000Yugoslavia 1992-6 260,000Syria ongoing 250,000Iraq ongoing 171,000Algeria 1992-99 150,000Mexico ongoing 45,700Libya ongoing 30,000Northern Ireland 3,000Kosovo1999 2,000Holy Land since 2000:Israelis 1,195Palestinians 9,131

The big picture

• Enforce existing laws and treaties• Strengthen regional bodies• Class actions on behalf of victims• The ICC• An early warning system• Leverage = $ £ = smart sanctions & soft power