The New Nation Faces Challenges

Essential Questions1)What actions did Washington,

Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson take as presidents?

2)What were the effects of the religious and reform movements that emerged in the eighteenth century?

3)What is Manifest Destiny and how did the U.S. expand to the Pacific coast?

1) What actions did Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson take as President?

Washington’s PresidencySet up Cabinet

Dept of State: Thomas JeffersonDept of Treasury: Alexander HamiltonDept of War: Henry Knox

Set up Supreme Court w/ Judiciary Act of 1789Hamilton’s Financial Plan = compromise

Fed gov’t take on all debtsRaise revenue by taxing importsCreate national bank

Conflict Over National BankThomas Jefferson: Strict ConstructionistAlexander Hamilton: Loose ConstructionistHamilton convinces Washington to sign bill for

New National Bank

Jefferson’s PresidencyMarbury v. Madison 1803

Adams appointed many Federalists to judgeships: “Midnight Judges”

Thomas Jefferson and Madison refused to deliver commissions

Supreme court ruled they did not have power to make Madison deliver Commission (one branch cannot force action on another)

Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave court this power was declared unconstitutional

Established Judicial review: courts can declare laws unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase• Purchased from

France• Jefferson felt

uncomfortable: constitutional?

• Decided it was acceptable• Presidents can

negotiate treaties• Doubled the size of

U.S.

War of 1812Causes: impressment, helping Nat-AmsEffects: Foreign respect for U.S., national pride,

less Nat-Am resistance

Monroe’s Presidency“Era of good feelings”Domestic Policy:

1. McCulloch v. Maryland Agreed w/ idea of National Bank National gov’t interests above state

interests

2. Gibbons v. Ogden National gov’t has right to regulate

trade between states

Foreign Policy: Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819)Acquired FloridaEstablish

boundary w/SpainMonroe Doctrine

Americas off limits to European colonization

Missouri CompromiseMissouri petitioned to join union1819: 11 states free, 11 slave statesCompromise: Maine=free AND Missouri=slaveSlavery banned above compromise line

Age of JacksonIndian Removal ActRelocation of five native tribes

to area west of Mississippi (Indian Territory)

Known as Trail of TearsNational Bank2nd Bank charter runs outUnconstitutional state banks

Conflict over States Rights1832 Congress passes

Tariff on imported goodsNullification crisis

South declared law “null and void”

Threatened to secedeCompromise: Tariffs

would be reduced for 10 years

Talk to your neighbor: What are some of the most important events that took place during the Presidencies of Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson?

2) What were the effects of the religious and reform movements that emerged in the nineteenth century?

The Second Great Awakening1st Great Awakening1730s, emphasis on repenting

sins, church membership grew2nd Great AwakeningAmericans join churches and

attend revival meetings in record #s in 1820s and 1830s

Emphasis: Live well, work hard, do God’s work on earth

Reform EraTemperance Movement – alcohol awarenessEducation Reforms – increased access to

educationPrison Reforms – separate mentally ill

Urban Reform Many immigrants from

Germany and Ireland in mid 1800s

Worked in factories, lived in crowded apt buildings

Local boards of health were est.

Workers began to organize to demand better working conditions

Ten hour movement

Women’s RightsSeneca Falls Convention 1848First women’s rights

meetingOrganized by Lucretia

Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Declaration of Sentiments“All men and women are

created equal”

AbolitionAntislavery Efforts in the SouthBy 1850 250,000 freemen

Helped others escapeSpoke out against slavery

Slave Uprisings - Nat TurnerUnderground Railroad

Abolition Movement in NorthSlavery seen as morally wrongAmerican Anti-Slavery SocietyAbolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Grimke

sisters, Frederick Douglass

Garrison Grimke Sisters Douglass

Kerry Washington Performs Sojourner Truth’s“Ain’t I A Woman” speech

Talk to your neighbor:What were some causes and effects of the reform movements in the 1800s?

3) What is Manifest Destiny and how did the U.S. expand to the Pacific coast?

Manifest DestinyDefinition: Belief that it was America’s God

given right to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

• 80,000 move to CA in 1849• 1850 31st State

The California Gold Rush – 1848

• Set US - British Canada border at 49th parallelThe Oregon Treaty

• Americans settle Texas• Belonged to Spain, then Mexico• In exchange for land must surrender American

citizenship, swear allegiance to Mexico, adopt Roman Catholic religion

• Texans declare independence from Mexico on Mar 2 1836

Texas Independence

The Alamo- Fort in San Antonio- Mexicans kill nearly all defenders- Texans win Battle of San Jacinto and

gain independence

• Texans vote to join Union• Opinion of Americans mixed • Texas joins Union in 1845 as a

slave state • Mexico breaks diplomatic

relations with U.S.• U.S. offers to pay for New

Mexico and CA• Mexico refuses, boundary

dispute and war begins

War With Mexico

• Californians easily defeat Mexican forces• Declare CA to be independent Republic of

California• U.S. forces arrive and gain control of CA• U.S. forces overwhelm Mexican forces in U.S.

and Mexico

Bear Flag Revolt

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 18481. Mexico gives up TX2. Mexican Cession: U.S. gets land in

present day CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, AZ, NM 3. US pays Mexico $15M

4. Gadsden Purchase

Area in red: Mexican CessionArea in orange: Gadsden Purchase