The New Life Under theLash of a Dictator

• Lat Sunday John Dickson told in the Graphic Section how NationalSocialism had changed the standards of civil liberty in Germany, com-paring the present civil right., or lack of th.m, under Hitler with America'scOl1ltitution·guaranteed libertie.. Today Mr, Dickson preaenll a picture

of W. in Germany.

By JOHN DICKSONOopenhagen.

ON THE BASIS of Naziracial theories, life inGermany is undergoing

great changes. The Nurembergghetto laws prohibited mar-riages between gentiles and Ger-man Jews. On the strength ofthese and similar laws, regula-tions, and "discreet warnings,"Germans are no longer expectedto associate or deal with GermanJews. Systematically Jews arebeing frozen out of economic andprofessional life. Their Nazicompetitors are profiting there-by. Their friends and clientsare not allowed to stand by themunless they are willing to incurNazi disfavor.For the sake of the ••race"

the good German is expectedto produce a big family. In quitea number of cases he must showcause why he does not. I've metyoung wives who were deeplyperturbed because elderly wom-an officials of the Nazi Weolfareassociation had called on themto warn them they must see toit that babies arrive promptly,otherwise they would be brand-ed as shirking their nationalduty. In quite a number of prov-inces and towns officials wereordered to marry and have chil-dren if they wanted to retaintheir jobs.Once the German has his child,

he can't do what he pleases withit. The Nazis expect a loyalGerman to send his youngstersinto the Nazi youth organiza-tions whether he distrusts themor not. The religious youth or-ganizations have been smashed.Parents must allow their chil-

dren to serve in the landjahr,or "rural year," helping onafarm. Only children who havedone their "rural duty" maybecome apprentices.If a wife can get a job in a

foreIgn country she must applyfor official permission to do so.As a rule authorities refuse thispermissIon, because "the youngcouples must remain together."

• • •The social and economic prob-

lems in Germany are so closelyintertwined with the governmentagencies that it is hard to keepthem apart.The "labor front," w hie h

unites 23 million German work-ers, employes, and employers ina compulsory union, deals most-ly with social and labor prob-lems. Through its cells, itslabor trustees, I abo r courts,schools, and labor chambers," strength through joy" and" beauty In working plants"movements it directs the livesof the workers in workIng hoursand in their leisure time.The real chief of German eco-

nomic life is Hermann Goering,field marshal, minister of avla-tion, and chief of the four-yearplan to achieve self-suffloiency.He is empowered by Hitler toissue decrees and to issue ordersto all Nazi bodIes.Everything in Germany is mo-

bilized under the four-year plan.Goering may draft every Ger-man and compel him to workwhere he sees fit and at what-ever labor he deems SUitable.Thus In recent months 500,000men had to help build Germany'snew fortifications. They includ-ed 20,000 men with universitytraining who had never done anyphysical work in their lives.The" free professions," united

In the National Chamber of Cul-ture, together with the Nazimedical and scientific assocla-tlons, see to it that artists, doc-tors, and scientists obey Nazirules. Doctors and professors,for instance, according to anorder issued recently, are notallowed to read medical or seten-tific magazines that contain ar-ticles by Jews. Prominent doc-tors have been summoned by themedical c ham b e r requestingthem to explain why they hadused methods in treating theirpatients which did not figure inthe officially allowed medicalliterature.

The lengthy discussions on thepractical value of a new medi-cine which filled the old Germanmedical journals have been cur-tailed, if not banned. Whereasin America a doctor can get apicture of the experiences bf hiscolleagues with a new medicine,the German doctor must takethe word of the leaders withoutseeing the full evidence.Only persons who belong to

the professional chambers maytry to earn their living as actors,or painters, or musicians. "Theymust beware of political pitfalls.Musicians are not allowed to

play music composed by Jewsor Marxists or having textstranslated or written by Jewsor Marxists;When German opera groups

travel in the countries surround-ing Germany their pay is drawnby the Nazi chief, who foots theirhotel bills and gives them asmall amount of pocket" money.What happens to the balance isa matter of conjecture.The Nazi Woman's organiza-

tion, the National Welfare, andWinter Relief organization su-pervise the "national welfare."They collect "voluntary" dona-tions which the state uses as itsees fit for the 9,000,000 dfficialpoor. A German cannot managehIs charity donations accordingto his own wishes. The. statedoes that for him. Special of-fices cross-examine persons whofail to give to Nazi charity.Let us take a concrete exam-

ple to get an idea of what therestrictions mean. A businessman, for instance:He cannot move, enlarge, or

reduce the size of his businesswithout official permission.He cannot start a new bust-

ness or close an enterprise with-out official permission.He cannot hire or fire a work-

er without official sanction.He must pay wages and prices

dictated by the governmentagencies.He must sell at goverrlment-

fixed prices.He cannot alter the rules pre-

vailing in his plant or enterprisewithout official sanction.He is told where to bUy and

to sell.Besides paying the official

taxes, which are more numerous

(Photo from Tribune Berlin Bllreau.)Members of the voluntary laborcorp. "preaent shovela" for Hitl.r.

and higher than in America, theGerman employer must providefunds for the social welfare ofhis workers by donating to the"strength through joy" move-ment, beautify his plant tor thesake of the beautification ofplants movement, and he mustdonate to the winter relief. Ac-cording to official statistics, 590German concerns spent $87,000,-000 on voluntary social improve-ments in the year 1936-'37, on topof the compulsory payments.This represented 6.8 per cent oftheir pay roll and 61.5 p4!r centof the dividends paid to theshareholders.Most plants must make dona-

t ion s to the "Adolf HitlerSpende" to "show their grati-tude to the Fuehrer," antI theymust contribute to the subsidyon exports. The latter changesaccording to the branch of in-dustry. Sawmills, for instance,need pay only 2 per cent of theirgross profits to this fund, while

ITA LY is the other major Fascist power, andnext Sunday in the Graphic Section Ed-

mortd Taylor will present the first of two articles revealingwhat has happened to personal liberty in the revived

Roman empire .

ployes, engineers, and directorsin many industries are not al-lowed to change jobs even ifthey could improve their lot. Ifthey try to they are traducedbefore a labor court, where theycan be fined and compelled tocontinue to work on the job theydropped.The workers and employes

must belong to the Nazi asso-ciations and attend Nazi" school-ing, courses" and subscribe toNazi magazines issued for theirbenefit. If a worker gets tiredof paying his dues to the laborfront he may quit, but he iswarned that he'll never get an-other job. Despite the shortageof sktlled labor, workers apply-ing for jobs are turned down inmost plants if they don't belongto the labor front.The worker may go on

"strength through joy" trips.Quite a number of workers saythey want to spend their vaca-tions as they please and not goon tours carried out under of-ficial supervision. The eight-hour day is becoming a thingof the past, with workers inmany German plants workingten hours a day and more, owingto the absence of skilled laborand the great need of extra laborfor the creation of new rawmaterials.When their work is done Ger-

man workers and employes. arenot" through for the day. Mostof them must attend Nazi school-ing courses, or if they are Nazisthey hold some kind or post inthe par t y organization, forwhich they get no pay. Theymay be cell wardens,' block war-dens, 1abo r fro n t officials," strength through joy" officials,factory councilmen, anti-air raidprotection officials, welfare aS$O-ciation "volunteers," Workerswho refused to do this voluntarywork were warned that their" Nad reliability" would be in-vestigated.

(A•• oelated Pr•••• photo.)Hitler waves to celebrating laborers at ceremonie~ marking completionof a road project. At Der Fuehrer'a left ia Propaganda Minister Goebb.ls;

CIthis right, Fritz Todt.

the chemical industry must pay capitalistic era. The worker8 per cent. must be given a square deal.In view of the vast sums Ger- The social obligations may be

many is spending on research expensive, but they are our bestwork and to "create new raw safeguards against communism.materials," firms which receive One should not speak of regi-government orders are expected mentation in Germany, but ofto make big investments in new •directed economy' - which isexperimental plants. Should the only possible method in ourthey have money left after pay- times."ing all their sundry dues they If the employer has had a sue-may pay 6 per cent dividends- cessful year, and would like tono more. If they earn more the go traveling abroad to .get adifference is to be invested in change of atmosphere, he willgovernment bonds. Only com- have to prove to the authoritiespanies that can prove that they that his trip is of value to thealways paid higher dividends state. Otherwise he can takemay be allowed to pay more- along only the $4 which everyprovided they ••fulfilled all their German and foreigner maysocial obligations." Authorities carry in his pocketbook whensee to it that the employer does he leaves Germany. He maynot pay himself "more than is travel on German steamers, butjustifiable" out of his earnings. the pocket money he is allowedBanking secrecy no longer to take on land is so small that

exists in Germany. The authort- it cripples his freedom of action.ties may investigate your bank Only if his trip is deemed usefulaccount. If a person has a big " by the state may a German ofcash sum on hand he seems sus-. military age leave the country.plelous, Many business men Though he is under constant,who kept more than the normal strictest control, the employeramount of cash on hand received is severely criticized by Nazinotices from their bank remind- authorities if he fails "to showIng them of their duty to donate the proper spirit of enterprisemore for "winter relief." . and Vision," because the NazisThe newest development that insist that while they find it

is causing German employers a necessary to "direct all acttvt-great deal of worry is that they ties from a central point tohave been instructed to help achieve self -SUfficiency," theybuild homes for their workers. want" the employer to remainThe money they invest in these a creative factor."plants may earn at the maxl- The worker and employe,mum 1per cent a year. though he can help superviseThe seventeen national labor the activities of his employer

trustees, the local labor office through the labor council, hasworking with the labor ministry, his little niche carved out forthe price commissar, the "ex· himself, and he must stick topert groups" working in Goe- it. The farm hand is not allowedring's four-year plan offices and to leave the farm where he isthe ministry of economics, the working without special officialfactory or enterprise council permission. The workers, em-working with the labor front, allcollaborate to see that the em-ployer fulfills all the demandsof the Nazi organizations. "Weare mere puppets nowadays," aprominent industrialist whom Ihave known for years told merecently. "We cooperate andwork ourselves close to nervousprostration because there isnothing else to do." I asked himwhy he had not told of his ex-periences to American businessmen visiting him. "Most ofour American visitors,"" he reoplied, "cannot understand thatthey must not mention names.They leave us, and in some partythey repeat things we told themand mention our names. Manyof my friends have been calledto the Gestapo for cross-exami-nation after such visits. Wecannot take such risks," .

• • •It is humanly comprehensible

that with such an intricate or-ganization, and the countless"rules and regulations issueddaily, contractors and employ-ers live in constant fear of de-nunciation for violating somelaw or ruling they may haveoverlooked or underestimated inits importance. They must beon friendly terms with the menof the different Nazi organiza-tions, between whom there fre-quently is friction.The employers who are more

Nazi-minded accept the restric-tions with a great amount ofequanimity. "In our day andage," they say, "it is impossibleto carry on the traditions of the

•• •Nazi labor leaders proudly de-

clare that in former years theworkers were not paid on legalholidays, but now they are. Youcan find quite a number ofworkers who will say, "That isquite true, but on most of theselegal holidays· we must spendmost of our time attending "massdemonstrations."In the old imperial days work-

ers were fired if they attendedMay day celebrations. .Nowthey are fired if" they' fail tolisten to the May day speeches.Wherever they go, worker.

employe, and employer arewarned against If trade esplon-

age" and the ••enemy lurkingjust around the corner." Ger-man plants always had a "fac-tory police." Now it is frequent·ly affiliated with the Gestapo,which is always watching forthe ••possibility of the return ofthe Red fever." The Germanworker always enjoyed discus-sions over his glass of beer afterworking hours. Today the aver-age citizen is scared that whatever he says may be .mtsinter-preted by one of his colleaguesor some listening outsider. Heknows of too many men whowere arrested by the Gestapo.

•• •When there are local protests

because workers find their pay. envelopes too small for theirneeds, nothing is printed aboutthem in the German press. Butthe people hear about them.'fhey tell you death sentencesawait those who attempt to or-ganize a strike. As a conse-quence distrust, if not apprehen-sion, seem lurking whereveryou go.If the German turns on his

radio hemust be careful thatnobody hears him if he listensto foreign stations. Quite manyGermans do. If a German writesa letter or makes a telephonecall he reckons with the possl-bility that his letter is read orhis telephone call tapped by thepolice authorities. One of thefew amusing incidents aboutthis supervision which I heardwas from a good-looking Nazigirl who complained bitterlythat every time she acquired anew beau her relatives in the G.S. P. found out about it and saton her if they didn't like theswain.If a German receives a few

dollars in a letter from a friendor relative in America he mustwithin three days offer thesedollars to proper authorities andsell at the low official rate orrisk being apprehended. Deathis among the sentences threaten-ing one who commits" economicsabotage," and he knows it. Iftie has a few foreign coins leftin his desk from travels in theold days he may be caught when-ever his home is raided.If he goes to a theater or

movie he can see only plays,movies, actors, actresses, andnews reels sanctioned by thegovernment.If the German wants to be-

long to a club it must be a Naziclub. All clubs and associationshave been either smashed orNazified. A German cannoteven swap stamps with a friendabroad without official permts-

(Acme photos.)Regimented Germans. At top.members of the Hitl.r Youth organ-ization: below, Nazi girls aalute

Hitler.

sion. The export of old stampsis prohibited and can be carriedout only with official approval.Stamp collectors h a v e theirberths reserved in the stampclub of the ••strength throughjoy" movement. All sports ac-tivities are carried out underofficial supervision.If the German is unemployed

he cannot, as a rule, take achance and try his luck in someother .tewn. He must remainwhere he is inscribed until thelabor office provides him withnew orders. If his is a profes-sion that is overcrowded theauthorities can force him toacquire a new trade. They mayalso send him to the country todo farm work, whether heknows anything about it or not.The farmer is angry when un-

sktlled labor is sent to him, andthe relations between the farmerand the unskilled rarm hand callfor quite a lot of straighteningout. The farmer is ordered whatto plant, where to plant, whento plant, and how much to plant.Though he has been given acertain amount of financial sta-bility through the Nazi pricecontrol system, he complains

(Continued on page four.)

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