THE LYMPHATIC THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMSYSTEM

ACHMAD AMINUDDINACHMAD AMINUDDIN

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• CONSIST OF ;

- LYMPH.

- LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

- ORGANS CONTAINING LYMPHATIC

TISSUE.

- RED BONE MARROW.

LYMPHATIC TISSUELYMPHATIC TISSUE

• IS A SPESIALIZED FORM OF RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CONTAINS LARGE NUMBERS OF LYMPHOCYTES.

• TWO TYPE OF LYMPHOCYTES ;

- B CELLS.

- T CELLS.

FUNCTIOS OF THE LYMPHATIC FUNCTIOS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMSYSTEM

• DRAINING EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID.• TRANSPORTING DIETARY LIPID.• CARRYING OUT IMMUNE RESPONSES. - IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES. T cells destroy the intruders by causing them to rupture or by reali- sing cytotoxic ( cell-killing ) substances. - IN ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that protec us against disease by producing antibody, proteins that combine with and cause destruction of specific foreign substances.

LYMPHATHIC ORGAN AND LYMPHATHIC ORGAN AND TISSUE.TISSUE.

• PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS - THE SITES WHERE STEM CELLS DEVIDE AND BECOME IMMUNOCOM- PETENT, THAT IS CAPABLE OF MOUN TING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE. - RED BONE MARROW AND THYMUS. - PLURIPTENT STEM CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW GIVE RISE TO MATURE, IMMUNO COMPETENT B CELLS AND TO PRE-T CELLS WHICH MIGRATE TO AND BECOME

IMMUNOCOMPETENT T CELLS IN THE THYMUS.

• SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS

SECONDARY LYMPHATIC SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANSORGANS

• ARE THE SITES WHERE MOST IMMUNE RESPONSES OCCUR.

• INCLUDE

- LYMPH NODES.

- SPLEEN.

- LYMPHATIC NODULES.

THYMUSTHYMUS

• IN THE MEDIASTINUM, BETWEEN THE STERNUM AND THE AORTA.

• CAPSULE – TRABECULAE – LOBULES.

• LOBULE CONSIST OF CORTEX AND MEDULLA.

• IN INFANT ABOUT 70 g, AND IN OLD AGE ABOUT 3 g.

LYMPH NODESLYMPH NODES

• CAPSULE – TRABECULAE – COMPARTEMENTS.

• STROMA CONSIST OF CAPSULE, TRABECULAE, RETICULAR FIBER, AND FIBROBLASTS.

• PARENCHYMA ;

- CORTEX.

- MEDULLA.

SPLEENSPLEEN

• LOCATED IN THE LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND DIAPHRAGM.

• STROMA CONSIST OF CAPSULE, TRABECULAE, RETICULAR FIBERS AND FIBROBLASTS.

• THE PARENCHYMA CONSIST OF ; - WHITE PULP. - RED PULP.

LYMPHATIC NODULESLYMPHATIC NODULES

• SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE LAMINA PROPRIA LINING THE GASTROINTESTINAL, GENITOURINARY AND RESPIRATORY TRACTS.

• MULTIPLE LARGE AGGREGATION ;

- TONSILS IN THE PHARYNGEAL

REGION.

- PEYER’S PATCHES IN THE ILEUM.

- IN THE APPENDIX.

MATURATION OF T CELLS AND MATURATION OF T CELLS AND B CELLS.B CELLS.

• T CELLS AND B CELLS DEVELOP IN PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGAN ( RED BONE MARROW AND THYMUS ).

• B CELLS COMPLETE THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN RED BONE MARROW.

• T CELLS DEVELOP FROM PRE T CELLS THAT MIGRATE FROM BONE MARROW INTO THE THYMUS, WHERE THEY MATURE.

• BEFORE T CELLS LEAVE THE THYMUS OR B CELLS LEAVE RED BONE MARROW, THEY BEGIN TO MAKE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR THAT ARE INSERTED INTO THEIR PLASMA MEMBRANE.

ANTIGENANTIGEN

• ANTIGEN - IMMUNOGENICITY. - REACTIVITY.• CHEMICAL NATURE - T CELLS respond only to antigen made up of proteins. - B CELLS respond to antigen made of proteins, certain lipid, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

EPITOPESEPITOPES

DIVERSITY OF ANTIGEN DIVERSITY OF ANTIGEN RECEPTORRECEPTOR

• The basis for the ability to recognize so many epitopes is an equally large diversity of antigen receptor.

• The diversity of antigen receptors in both B cells and T cells is the result of shuffling and rearranging a few hundred versuions of several small gene segments ( genetic recombination ).

• After transcription and translation, the receptor molecules are inserted into the plasma membrane.

MAJOR HISTOCOMPTABILITY MAJOR HISTOCOMPTABILITY COMPLEX ANTIGENSCOMPLEX ANTIGENS

• MHC molecules mark the surface of each of the body cells except r.b.c.

• Important role in transplantation.• Help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign,

not self.• Two types ; - class I MHC ( MHC I ) molecules are built into the plasma membrane of all body cells, except r.b.c cells. - class II MHC ( MHC II ) molecules appear on the surface of antigen-presenting

cells.

PATHWAYS OF ANTIGEN PATHWAYS OF ANTIGEN PROCESSINGPROCESSING

• For an immune response to occur, B cell and T cells must recognize that a foreign antigen is present.

• B cells can recognize and bind to antigen in lymph, interstitial fluid or blood plasma.

• T cells only recognize fragment of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in certain way

PROCESSING OF EXOGENOUS PROCESSING OF EXOGENOUS ANTIGENSANTIGENS

PROCESSING OF ENDOGENOUS PROCESSING OF ENDOGENOUS ANTIGENSANTIGENS

• Endogenous antigens ; foreign antigen that are synthesized inside body cells

• Fragments of endogenous antigens associate with MHC I molecules inside infected cells.

• The resulting endogenous antigen fragment – MHC I complex then move to the plasma membrane, where it is presented at the surface of the cell.

• Most cells of the body can process and present endogenous antigens.

• The dysplay of an endogenous antigen bound to an MHC – I molecule signals that a cells has been infected and needs help.

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYCELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITYANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

ACTIONS OF ANTIBODIESACTIONS OF ANTIBODIES

• NEUTRALIZING ANTIGEN.

• IMMOBILIZING BACTERIA.

• AGGLUTINATING AND PRECIPITATING ANTIGEN.

• ACTIVATING COMPLEMENT.

• ENHANCING PHAGOCYTOSIS.

CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINCLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN

COMPLEMENTCOMPLEMENT