The Last West and the New South

1865-1900

Daniel AcostaZamir BorjaHelen Cai

The West-Settlement of

In the 1800s “Great

American Desert”

Arid Land Great Herds of

Buffalo Native

Americans

the Last FrontierBy the 1900s

Modernized 10 New States Endangered Buffalo Depleted Native

American Population and Culture

Pioneers: Miners, Cattlemen & Cowboys, Farmers

Land Between The Mississippi & The Pacific

The Mining Frontier

The West-Settlement of

the Last FrontierDiscovery of Gold Steady Migration of Prospectors Boomtowns Immigration Increased

Miner’s Tax Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Resolved Currency Crisis Native Americans Lost Land

The Cattle Frontier

The West-Settlement of

the Last Frontier Free, Wild Herds of Cattle Construction of Railroads

Cow Towns Were Established Eased Cattle Transportation Overgrazing

Winter Blizzard and Drought

Homesteaders Huge Ranches Beef Dominated

American Diets Legend of the Cowboy

Effects

Homestead Act of 1862 160 Acres of Free Land to

Encourage Farming on Great Plains

Best Land Went to Railroad Co. and Speculators

The West-Settlement of

the Last FrontierThe Farming Frontier

Invention of Barbed Wire & Mail-Order Windmills Drilled Deep Wells Helped

Severe Weather, Falling Crops Prices, and Rising Cost of New Machinery Ruined Many

“Dry Farming”, Deep-Plowing, Dams and Irrigation Saved Many

Turner’s Frontier Thesis End of Frontier with the

Settlement of Oklahoma Territory

Frederick Jackson Turner wrote “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” Frontier Promoted

Independence, Individualism, and Broke Down Social Divisions

Feared the end of Fresh Land Would Lead to Conflicts Similar to Europe

The West-Settlement of

the Last FrontierThe Farming Frontier

The Frontier was the Native American Homeland

Increased Settlement led to Removal and Loss of Freedom

Misunderstanding between U.S. govt and Plains Indians’ Lifestyle

The West-Settlement of

the Last FrontierRemoval of Native Americans

Reservationist Policy President Andrew

Jackson Removed Eastern Native Americans to Lands West of the Mississippi

Broken as Transcontinental Railroad was Planned, Wagons increased, and Reservations were Increasingly Assigned

Plains Tribes Refused to Cooperate

The West-Settlement of

the Last FrontierRemoval of Native Americans

Indian Wars Increased Migration of

Miners, Cattlemen, and Homesteaders

Fighting Broke Out Between Indians and U.S. Troops Sioux Wars Sand Creek, CO Little Big Horn

Treaties Made and Broken

Most of Buffalo Slaughtered

Assimilationists Helen Hunt Jackson, A

Century of Dishonor Emphasized Education,

Training and Conversion to Chritianity Carlisle School

The West-Settlement of

the Last FrontierRemoval of Native Americans

Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Divided Tribal Lands into

Plots of 160 Acres or Less per Family

25 Years or More Led to Citizenship

Best Land Sold Disease and Poverty

Ravaged Population

Ghost Dance Final Effort to

Drive Whites from Ancestral Lands

U.S. Govt Suppressed Movement Wounded Knee Sitting Bull

The West-Settlement of

the Last FrontierRemoval of Native Americans

U.S. Policy in 20th Century

1924- Grated U.S. Citizenship to All Native Americans

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Promoted

Reestablishment of Tribal Organization and Culture

The New South South was continuing to

recover from the devastating Civil War

Some had the vision of a self-sufficient Southern economy

Henry Grady, a newspaper writer began to write articles for economic diversity, and laissez-faire capitalism

The New South: Economic Progress

Prospering Southern Cities- Memphis, Tennessee Richmond, Virginia

South overtaking New England in Textile Industry and cotton because of cheap labor

Railroads helped in postwar growth in the South

The New South: Continued Poverty South was a poor,

agricultural area Economy was

dominated by the North

Most southerners were farmers, making it difficult for them to make a good living

The poverty of the majority was caused by two main factors: The South’s late start at

Industrialization A Poorly Educated

Workforce Failed to invest in

technical and engineering schools unlike the North

The New South: Agriculture “Cotton is King” However, some tried

to diversify the crops instead of staying on cotton George Washington

Carver Organizations were made to start political reforms to solve the farmers’ economic problems Farmers’ Southern Alliance Colored Farmers’ National

Alliance

The New South: Segregation Discrimination and the

Supreme Court- Civil Rights Cases of

1883 Plessy v. Ferguson

(1896) “Separate But Equal

Accommodations” Jim Crow Laws

Segregated Facilities for Balcks and Whites

The New South: Responding to Segregation

Bishop Henry Turner International Migration

Society Ida B. Wells

Fighting against lynching and the Jim Crow laws

Had to move to the North

Free Speech

The New South: Responding to Segregation

Booker T. Washington National Negro Business

League Teaching African

Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work and economic self help

WEB Du Bois Demanded an end to

segregation and the granting of equal rights civil rights to all Americans

Farm Problems: North, South, and West

Changes in Agriculture Falling Prices Rising Costs

Important Supreme Court Cases:

Munn vs. Illinois (1877): The Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

Wabash vs. Illinois (1886): Individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. This decision nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers.

Farm Problems: North, South, and West

Oliver H. Kelley

Farm Problems: North, South, and West

Important Acts of Congress: Interstate Commerce Act (1886): It

required that railroad rates be “reasonable and just”. Also it setup the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which was mainly useless for farmers and instead helped railroads.

Farm Problems: North, South, and West

The End!Don’t Worry, We’re More Than Halfway

Through Now People =]

Paul Says YAY!