Post on 02-Aug-2015
The last ones standing: why mammalogists should care about Caribbean bats
Liliana M. Dávalos Ecology and Evolution, SUNY at Stony BrookDanny Rojas Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro
ASM MeetingJacksonville, 15 June 2015
Caribbean mammal fauna
• Depauperate compared to mainland
• Shaped by extinction
• Native extant mammals are bats
• Rest is rounding error
• Except for present company
Drawing by A. Tejedor
This is not new
The number of peculiar genera in all classes of animals is so great in proportion to those in common with the adjacent mainland, as to lead us to conclude that, subsequent to the original separation from the Mexican area, a very large tract of land existed, calculated to support a rich and varied fauna, and, by the interaction of competing types, give rise to peculiar and specially modified organisms…
Wallace 1876 The Geographical Distribution of Animals
How can we measure this?
• Phylogenetic diversity (PD) = sum of branch length between root and tips for a community
• Identifies evolutionary information added by each species
• Mean pairwise distance (MPD) = mean distance between all pairs of species
• Reflects structuring across the entire tree
• Mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) = mean of branch lengths from each species to closest relative
• Reflects phylogenetic structure of tipsWinter et al. 2013 TREE
Hypothesis & prediction
• Richness alone severely underestimates Caribbean biodiversity
• Measures of evolutionary diversity (ED) will be comparable to communities on mainland
Data criteria
• Published or collected ourselves
• Local scale
• Community sampling
• Floor on richness
• ≥5 spp.
Photo by Jon Flanders
Island caves = 61 Mainland caves = 21 Mainland forests = 18
Photo @ GEPOG
Photo @ Guia Cavernas Santander
Artibeus anderseniArtibeus cinereusArtibeus phaeotisArtibeus watsoniArtibeus bogotensisArtibeus glaucusArtibeus gnomusArtibeus amplusArtibeus planirostris
Artibeus jamaicensisArtibeus obscurus
Artibeus lituratusArtibeus concolor
Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum
Ametrida centurio
Centurio senex
Phyllops falcatus
Stenoderma rufum
Ariteus fl
avescens
Ectophyl
la alba
Enchisthenes h
artii
Platyrrh
inus li
neatu
s
Platyrr
hinus
heller
i
Platyrr
hinus
brac
hyce
phalu
s
Platyrr
hinus
infus
cus
Vampy
rodes
carac
cioli
Vampy
ressa
meli
ssa
Vampy
ressa
pusil
la
Mesop
hylla
mac
conn
elli
Chiro
derm
a villo
sum
Chiro
derm
a tri
nitat
um
Chiro
derm
a sa
lvini
Vam
pyris
cus n
ymph
aea
Vam
pyris
cus b
rock
i
Vam
pyris
cus
bide
ns
Urod
erm
a bi
loba
tum
Urod
erm
a m
agni
rost
rum
Stur
nira
tild
ae
Stur
nira
ludo
vici
Stur
nira
mag
na
Stur
nira
liliu
m
Stur
nira
luisi
Rhi
noph
ylla
fisc
hera
e
Rhi
noph
ylla
pum
ilio
Gly
phon
ycte
ris d
avie
siG
lyph
onyc
teris
syl
vest
risTrinycteris nicefori
Carollia brevicauda
Carollia perspicillata
Carollia castanea
Lionycteris spurrelli
Lonchophylla dekeyseri
Lonchophylla robusta
Lonchophylla mordax
Hsunycteris thomasi
Phyllonycteris poeyi obtusa
Phyllonycteris poeyi poeyi
Phyllonycteris aphylla
Erophylla bombifrons
Erophylla sezekorni
Brachyphylla cavernarum
Brachyphylla pumila
Brachyphylla nana
Glossophaga soricina
Glossophaga commissarisi
Monophyllus redmani
Hylonycteris underwoodi
Lichonycteris obscura
Choeroniscus godmani
Choeroniscus minor
Anoura caudifer
Anoura geoffroyi
Scleronycteris ega
Lonchorhina sp
Lonchorhina aurita
Phyllostomus elongatus
Phyllostomus hastatus
Phyllostomus latifolius
Phyllostomus discolor
Phylloderma stenops
Gardnerycteris crenulatum
Lophostoma brasilienseLophostoma carrikeriLophostoma schulziLophostoma evotisLophostoma silvicolumTonatia bidensTonatia saurophilaMacrophyllum macrophyllum
Trachops cirrhosusChrotopterus auritusVampyrum spectrum
Mimon bennettii
Mimon cozumelae
Desmodus rotundus
Diaemus youngi
Diphylla ecaudata
Micronycteris megalotis
Micronycteris microtis
Micronycteris brosseti
Micronycteris hirsuta
Micronycteris homezi
Micronycteris minuta
Micronycteris sanborni
Micronycteris schmidtorum
Lampronycteris brachyotis
Macrotus waterhousii
Pteronotus macleayii
Pteronotus quadridens
Pteronotus davyi
Pteronotus gym
nonotus
Pteronotus parnellii
Mormoo
ps bla
inville
i
Mormoo
ps m
egalo
phylla
Noctilio
albiv
entris
Noctilio
lepo
rinus
Furip
terus
horre
ns
Thyro
ptera
discif
era
Thyro
ptera
tricolo
r
Pero
ptery
x mac
rotis
Pero
ptery
x kap
pleri
Corm
ura
brev
irostr
is
Pero
pter
yx le
ucop
tera
Dicli
duru
s albu
s
Dicli
duru
s scu
tatu
sCy
ttaro
ps a
lect
o
Sacc
opte
ryx
cane
scen
sSa
ccop
tery
x gy
mnu
raSa
ccop
tery
x bi
linea
taSa
ccop
tery
x le
ptur
aCe
ntro
nyct
eris
max
imilia
niCe
ntro
nyct
eris
cent
ralis
Rhyn
chon
ycte
ris n
aso
Cyn
omop
s pa
ranu
sC
ynom
ops
abra
sus
Cyn
omop
s gr
eenh
alli C
ynomops planirostris
Neoplatym
ops mattogrossensis
Molossops tem
minckii
Molossops neglectus
Nyctinomops laticaudatus
Nyctinomops m
acrotisEum
ops glaucinusEum
ops trumbulli
Eumops auripendulus
Eumops hansae
Molossus rufus
Molossus coibensis
Molossus sinaloae
Molossus currentium
Molossus barnesi
Molossus m
olossus
Promops centralis
Tadarida brasiliensis
Eptesicus furinalis
Eptesicus brasiliensis
Eptesicus diminutus
Eptesicus chiriquinus
Eptesicus lynni
Eptesicus fuscus
Rhogeessa tumida
Bauerus dubiaquercus
Pipistrellus subflavus
Lasiurus blossevillii
Lasiurus atratus
Lasiurus ega
Myotis riparius
Myotis elegans
Myotis simus
Myotis keaysi
Myotis albescens
Myotis nigricans
Myotis fortidens
Natalus major
Natalus jamaicensis
Natalus primus
Natalus stramineus
Natalus tumidirostris
Chilonatalus micropus
Chilonatalus macer
Nyctiellus lepidus
We need a phylogeny to calculate ED
Shi & Rabosky 2015 EvolutionRojas et al. Accepted Syst Biol
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island caves mainland caves mainland forestsGeographic location
Faith
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Mainland forests win PD, caves are alike, though PD = evo info added by species
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PD strongly depends on richness PD = evo info added by species
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Mainland caves win MNTD Standardized to richness
Extinction experiments
• Estimate effect of losing 1 species
• Remove species from phylogeny = extinct
• Remove species from community = extirpate
Photo by Jon Flanders
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island caves mainland caves mainland forestsGeographic location
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n Fa
ith's
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rsity
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Extirpation affects PD of mainland forests the most, island caves next
Photo by Jon Flanders
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island caves mainland caves mainland forestsGeographic location
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island caves mainland caves mainland forestsGeographic location
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n M
PDbe
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odifi
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omm
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omm
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Extirpation affects MPD of mainland caves the most, mainland forests next
Photo by Laurel Yohe
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island caves mainland caves mainland forestsGeographic location
Diff
eren
ce in
mea
n M
NTD
betw
een
the
mod
ified
com
mun
ities
and
the
orig
inal
com
mun
ities
Extirpation affects MNTD of mainland forests the most, island caves next
Photo by Laurel Yohe
To summarize
• Island caves
• Richness = mainland caves
• MPD > mainland
• MNTD > mainland forests
• Extirpation on island caves
• Reduces MPD more than for mainland caves
• Increases MNTD as for mainland forests Photo by Jon Flanders
Were we right?
• Richness underestimates island biodiversity
• Yes, richness also determines PD
• ED comparable to mainland communities
• Yes, MPD and MNTD
• Effect of loss comparable to mainland or even greater
• Endemicity
• Functional diversity (?)Photo by Jon Flanders