The Influence of Technology on the Future of Learning

By:Karl M. Kapp, Ed.D.

Professor, Instructional TechnologyBloomsburg UniversitySeptember 25, 2013

Takeaway Challenge

Resources

Available January 2014

www.karlkapp.com/kapp-notes

Karl M. KappTwitter: @kkappEmail: kkapp@bloomu.eduBLOG: http://karlkapp.com/kapp‐notes/

Brief history of…

The World

We’ve learned and struggled for a fewyears here figuring out how to make a decent phone. PC guys are not going to just figure this out.

They’re not going to just walk in.

--Palm CEO Ed Colligan, 16 Nov 2006

This is our best iPhone launch yet — more than 9 million new iPhones sold — a new record for first weekend sales—Tim Cook, 2013.

Palm sold to HP in 2010, by 2011 Palm was done.

ENIAC's main control panel

4 23

What actions should I take based on this

information?

What variables do I balance to keep my

person happy?How should I

manage my time?

What leadershipstrategy should I

use?

What activities give me the most return

for my efforts?

Can I trust this person who wants to team with me to accomplish a goal?

What can we create together?

New Approaches are Needed

Let’s Play

Fact or Fishy…

Rules• A statement is presented

– If “true” indicate: FactX– If “false” indicate: FishyX

• Text Response:

Take out your text‐machines

Standard Texting Fees Apply!

We are five years away from truly adaptive learning?

Is that Fact or Fishy?

FISHY

“What is the first step you would take to solve this problem?”

2(3X-1)=1

Level of Learner

Level of Knowledge

Anticipated Response

Example Problem2(3X-1)=1

Skill

Novice Learner

Basic Incorrect AnswerI don’t know

No answer, no idea how to work problem.

None at this point.

Intermediate Learner

Intermediate Writing down the steps required to obtain the answer.

2*3X-2*1=16X-2=16X-2=1 6X=36X/3=3/32X=1X=1/2X=.5

Expanding values in brackets, work through the equation. Learner may start at any level of the steps.

Expert Advanced States the answer. No need to write down steps.

6X=3 or X=.5 Multiplying both sides of the equation by the same number while incorporating basic and advanced skills.

Concepts

ABCD

1234

Procedural Content

Assessment

A1C3

Identified Areas ofDeficiency/

CONTENT LEARNING NEEDS

Delivery

Give learner choices into the content.

What can you do?

Create choices for the learner when starting a learning module.

Adding points, badges and leaderboard to any training makes it awesome!

Is that Fact or Fishy?

Use game-based mechanics, aesthetics and game thinking to engage people, motivate action,

promote learning, and solve problems.

Gamification

… if it was that easy…this would be the most engaging game in the world.

Agenda

• Five Bottom Line Case Studies– Retail– Marketing Product– On Boarding

• Quick Engagement Case Studies• Lessons Learned

Pep Boys has over 700 stores in 35 states and Puerto Rico; those stores have more than 7,000 service bays. Does over $2 billion dollars of 

business a year by focusing on meeting the needs of the do‐it‐yourself crowd as well as people who come in for routine and emergency services and 

sales to professional garages. 

Associates received daily reinforcement of the monthly safety and loss prevention 

training.

In a quiz‐type game, associates answer quick, targeted questions related to risk, loss 

prevention, safety, and operational policies and procedures—standard questions in these 

areas. 

If they answered correctly, they played a slot‐machine game titled “Quiz to Win” for a chance to 

win cash prizes

If answered incorrectly, the system immediately presented a short training piece designed to 

specifically address the topic covered in the initial question. Questions repeated at various intervals until the associate demonstrated mastery of the 

topic. 

Business Results

• Voluntary participation rate of over 95 %. 

• Safety incidents and claim counts reduced by more than 45% with an increase in the number of stores and employees. 

• Reduction in shrinkage has been at a level of 55 %.

• In the case of internal loss, each time a burst of content related to employee theft is pushed out, they see at least a 60% increase in their “Integrity Pays” hotline calls, resulting in a direct reduction in inventory loss.

Business Results

• Voluntary participation rate of over 95 %. 

• Safety incidents and claim counts reduced by more than 45% with an increase in the number of stores and employees. 

• Reduction in shrinkage has been at a level of 55 %.

• In the case of internal loss, each time a burst of content related to employee theft is pushed out, they see at least a 60% increase in their “Integrity Pays” hotline calls, resulting in a direct reduction in inventory loss.

GamificationElements of

that Aid Learning

1. Challenge2. Mystery3. Avatars4. Stories & Challenges5. Levels6. Feedback7. Freedom to Fail

What can you do?

Intelligently add game elements to instruction, create a “drip” approach to instruction.

In a Meta-Analysis…

Games are more effective for learning than lectures.

Is that Fact or Fishy?

Type of Knowledge/Retention

% Higher

Declarative 11%Procedural 14%Retention 9%

Percentages of Impact OverTraditional Training

17% Higher than Lectures

5% Higher than Discussion

Sitzmann, T. (2011) A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games. Personnel Psychology .Review of 65 studies

FactType of Knowledge/Retention

% Higher

Declarative 11%Procedural 14%Retention 9%

Sitzmann, T. (2011) A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games. Personnel Psychology .Review of 65 studies

Wouters, P., van Nimwegen, C., van Oostendorp, H., & vam der S[el. E.D. (2013), February 4). A Meta-Analysis of the Cognitive and Motivational Effects of Serious Games. Journal of Educational Psychology. Advanced online publication. Doi: 10.1037/a0031311 39 Studies. Review of 39 studies 54% conducted in the last year.

Type of Knowledge/Retention

% Higher

Declarative 11%Procedural 14%Retention 9%

Percentages of Impact

Sitzmann, T. (2011) A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games. Personnel Psychology .Review of 65 studies

It wasn’t the game, it was level of activity in the game.

In other words, the engagement of the learner in the game leads to learning.

What can you do?

Focus on interactivity within the learning, force the learner interact with the content.

MOOCs (Massively Open Online Courses) have attrition rates as high as 90%.

Is that Fact or Fishy?

The absence of instructional design is often cited as a reason for the huge attrition rate that has been observed.

The problem-- Faculty are presented much as they appear in a classroom, with no interactivity or visuals.

What can you do?

Apply instructional design strategies to courses…interactivity, mystery, cliff hangers…Avoid Death by Lecture.

Simulation/games build more confidence for on the job application of learned knowledge than classroom instruction.

Is that Fact or Fishy?

Sitzmann, T. (2011) A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games. Personnel Psychology .

20% higher confidence

levels.

What can you do?

Simulate what the learner actually has to do on the job.

An on-screen character is distracting to the learner.

Is that Fact or Fishy?

On transfer tests involving different word problems, the group who had a character generated 30% more correct answers than the group with on-screen text.

Animated pedagogical agents (characters) can be aids to learning. A “realistic” character did not facilitate learning any better than a “cartoon-like” character.

Clark, R., Mayer, R. (2011) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers ofMultimedia Learning. New York: Pfeiffer. Pg. 194.

Who is more likely to run 24 hours later?

A. Person who watched an avatar that did not look like them running

B. Person who watched an avatar that looked like them running

C. Person watching an avatar that looked like them loitering /hanging out

Within 24 hours of watching an avatar like themselves run, learners were more likely

to run than watching an avatar not like them or watching an avatar like them

loitering .

Fox, J., Arena, D., & Bailenson, J.N. (2009). Virtual Reality: A survival guide for the social scientist. Journal of Media Psychology, 21 (3), 95-113.

If learners watch an avatar that looks like them exercising & losing

weight, they will subsequently exercise more in the real world as

compared to a control group.

Fox, J., Arena, D., & Bailenson, J.N. (2009). Virtual Reality: A survival guide for the social scientist. Journal of Media Psychology, 2195-113.

Avatar as Teacher

Research indicates that learners perceive, interact socially with and are influenced by

anthropomorphic agents (avatars) even when their functionality and adaptability are limited.

Baylor, A. 2009 Promoting motivation with virtual agents and avatars: R ole of visual presence and appearance.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal B Society. 364, 3559–3565

http://www.codebaby.com/showcase/elearning-showcase/

http://codebaby.com/elearning‐solutions/examples/

What can you do?

Use characters in your learning design.

Learners remember facts better…

When presented as bulleted list rather than presented as a story.

Is that Fact or Fishy?

Researchers have found that the human brain has a natural affinity

for narrative construction.

Yep, People tend to remember facts more accurately if they encounter them in a story rather than in a list.

And they rate legal arguments as more convincing when built into

narrative tales rather than on legal precedent.

g

Carey, B. (2007) this is Your Life (and How You Tell it). The New York Times. Melanie Green http://www.unc.edu/~mcgreen/research.html. Chapter 2 “The Gamification of Learning and Instruction.

1. Characters

Story Elements

5. Conclusion

2. Plot (something has to happen).

3. Tension

4. Resolution

NikePlus Stats for Karl

Think Radio talk-show, not lecture

Create a learning “reality” show.

What can you do?

Use stories. Provide the context for the learning.

Think NPR instead of “lecture.”

Graphic Novels and eBooks should not be used for “Serious Training.”

Is that Fact or Fishy?

http://www.worldwarfighter.com/hajikamal/activity/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=WOQhduHFp2I

What can you do?

Create a graphic novel for learning. Introduce a subject, reinforce learning.

Games can influence people to behave in a positive manner.

Is that Fact or Fishy?

Greitemeyer, T. & Osswald, S. (2010) Effective of Prosocial games on prosocialbehavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 98 . No. 2., 211-221.

Fact

28% helped to pick up pencils

33% helped to pick up pencils

67% helped to pick up pencils

22% intervened

56% intervened

What can you do?

Create a game to influence learners to interact favorably with your content.

One way to engage learners is to…

Present them with a difficult challenge.

Is that Fact or Fishy?

Fact. Provide a challenge

Jones, B., Valdez, G., Norakowski, J., & Rasmussen, C. (1994). Designing learning and technology for educational reform. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncrtec.org/capacity/profile/profwww.htm and Schlechty, P. C. (1997). Inventing better schools: An action plan for educational reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass

Re-design the Instruction to Start with a Challenge

Investigatory Training

• Course Objectives– Identify the Forms Required for an

Investigation– Practice Interview Techniques– Understand and Follow the Investigation

Model

It is your first day on the job as an investigator andJane, an employee in Accounting, just accused her boss of embezzling $10,000.

What is the first thing you should do?

For software training think “Koboshyi Maru”

What can you do?

Give your learners the “Koboshyi Maru.”

Let’s look at an example idea…

Choose Your Mentor

Mary, a stay at homeMom with two kids.

Rick a retiredmilitary officer.

Dashanna,recentlygraduated from 2 year college

Louis a retiredteacher.

Demonstration of Technique with Teaching Content

Hi, my name is Mary and I want to explain

to you how I take calls. Watch me as I answer

a customer inquiry.

Did you hear what I did when the customer started getting upset? I

follow our CUSTOMER FIRST rules. One of the steps is to empathize with the customer.

Notice how I mentioned that I too would be frustrated in a similar situation. That is because….

Let’s Review our CUSTOMER FIRST rules.

The first rule is …..

This rule is in place to allow the customer to..

Keep in mind the following;

• First• Second • Third

Guided Walk Through of Process with Content Tips

Now, you try. I’ll guide you through the process as you take the call. You’ll only hear audio

from the client because that’s how it is on an actual call.

Oops, you forgot to insert a key piece of information. This

information is needed if you are going to remove a feature from a customer’ plan. Why don’t you try

it again.

On Your Own

3:49 MinHello, yeah, I have a major problem with my service and I

am frustrated.

Your Turn….

Activity: Interactive Learning DesignYour Task• Create an interactive learning activity before lunch.The Process • Team up with others (How many? )• Pick a topic • Decide on an approach (story, game, radio show, etc.)• Determine a theme and a learning goal.• Decide what the instruction will look like• Create a prototype, defining the interactivity as you go!• Playtest in your group. 

You will then playtest your interactive learning design with another group!

Build your own story. • Learning Objective• Challenge• Feedback• Characters (create profile and

traits)• Activities

Game Design

Create a Learning Game. • Learning Objective• Challenge• Rules• How to Play

Covert Takeaways

• Learning should be engaging.• Stories provide a context for learning.• It is ok for a learner to struggle.• Bulleted lists should be avoided. • Add multiple levels to your online instruction. • Simply adding points, badges and leaderboards does not make learning effective.